For some years now, the phenomena of urban agriculture have been present in the public discourse on cities and sustainability. It is often assumed that urban agriculture has the potential to contribute to an increased sustainability of the cities. However, many practical and theoretical obstacles might have to be overcome in order to realize this potential. One ambition of this thesis is to analyse urban agriculture as a “sustainability multiplier” – that is, as a practice that can positively affect a large number of dimensions of sustainability. Another ambition is to study how urban agriculture can contribute to lower the “ecological footprint” of our cities. Two concepts are essential in the discussion and have been given special attention in the thesis: “ecological footprint” and “sustainability”.

The Mediterranean is the world’s number one tourist destination and the biggest tourism region in the world, which has been visited by 260 million tourists in 1990 and what is more, it is expected that this number will increase to 655 million by the year 2025. In the last 10 years Croatia and Turkey became two of the most popular Mediterranean destinations, and joined the trend of a growing number of European cities that are promoting the development of tourism in order to overcome the post-industrial crisis, or as in the case of Croatia, the post-war crisis. Consequently, today both countries see tourism as their economic future. However, to achieve continuous and sustainable development of tourism, three interrelated aspects should be taken into consideration: economic, social, and environmental. The main question that we tried to answer is in what ways tourism is contributing to the sustainable development of the local community - based on the case studies of Alanya in Turkey, and Dubrovnik in Croatia. Both communities have experienced rapid development of the tourism sector in the last 10 years, which still seems to rise continuously. As a result, various impacts have occurred. Some of them are positive and there is an obvious contribution to sustainable development, while some of the impacts have negative influence on sustainability. Alanya is characterized by the 3S or mass tourism, while Dubrovnik is a world heritage city, which is offering cultural tourism. Notably, mass tourism in Alanya and cultural tourism in Dubrovnik have different impacts on a place. Although Alanya has the opportunity to diversify their tourism, mass tourism is still the main tourism activity. Since mass tourism generally involves a large number of people visiting a small area, it can change an area dramatically. What is interesting about Dubrovnik is that its tourism has suffered a series of devastating events throughout history, such as a major earthquake in 1979 and war between 1991 and 1995, which has left the local tourist economy in tatters. However, cultural tourism in Dubrovnik has been proven as a more sustainable type of tourism than the mass tourism in Alanya, which can be mostly seen through the environmental impacts. In Dubrovnik, tourism is used to increase environmental awareness of the local population, and moreover, the city has recognized the financial values of cultural sites, which are used for the protection and preservation of the heritage.While Dubrovnik is putting a lot of effort to preserve its culture and heritage, Alanya’s main aim is to attract more tourists. For that reason, Alanya is much more sensitive than Dubrovnik concerning the possible threats to become an overdeveloped and overcrowded destination. The rich cultural and historical heritage make Dubrovnik a special and unique tourist destination, and therefore it is facing less risk than Alanya that it will be replaced by the other destinations in the near future. What is important for both communities is to be aware that positive consequences of tourism can arise only if, and when tourism is carried out and developed in a sustainable way. In order to achieve positive correlation between tourism and the local community, an involvement of the local population is essential. In Dubrovnik, the local population has been already involved in the implementation of the tourism, but the potential is still not completely used and there is much more to be done. On the other hand, the priority for Alanya perhaps should be a development of the alternative types of tourism with the special focus on the cultural tourism, which would enable Alanya to become a year-round tourist destination and provide more jobs for the local population, as well as greater income for the community. Moreover, earned money could be used for the protection of the environment and cultural heritage, and involvement of the local population in the planning process would arguably lead to more sustainable tourism. / Ana Beban +385 98 389 420 +385 1 3768 230 anabeban@yahoo.com Huseyin Ok huseyinok@gmail.com

When Sweden first implemented Natura 2000 in 1995, it was done in a hurry and not all the information from the European Commission was interpreted as it was intended. The fact is that it took a long time for the authorities in Sweden to really understand Natura 2000 and its potential. The big break came in 2000 when the Swedish environmental Code was changed to match the regulations of Natura 2000. This created problems for already planned projects in Sweden that now had to follow the new rules. The implementation also provided the environmentalist management to advance at the expense of the spatial planning in a struggle about the governance over the landscape. In this thesis the Natura 2000 network is described as an instrument and compared to other nature protections in Sweden. The thesis also gives a description on how Natura 2000 is built up and how it was and is implemented in Sweden. The Environmentalist paradigm and planning paradigm are described and presented in the case studies Tre Toppar and Botniabanan. The development of the two cases is also described to get a picture of how differently they were managed and how different they turned out in the end. / Examination name of the thesis: Natura 2000- The implementation and the Use in Sweden, Case study of Botniabanan and Tre Toppar. Johan Johansson Gomér: +46703089306 Erika Wärneryd: +46735070737

Our bachelor thesis is a visualisation made in 3D-graphics of how the horserace track in Tingsryd perhaps will look like in the future, complete with a miletrack, steeplechase, and other horserace courses. Today, the race track is only in it’s building phase. The inner field-group in Tingsryd needed presentation material to show their eventual sponsors, so they contacted us at Media Technology, and we instantly decided to give their idea a try. / Vårt examensarbete är en visualisering gjord i 3D-grafik av hur travbanan i Tingsryd kanske kommer att se ut i framtiden, komplett med milebana, fälttävlan, flera ridbanor o.s.v. Idag är travbanan endast i byggfasen. Innerplansgruppen från Tingsryd behövde presentationsmaterial att visa upp för sina eventuella sponsorer, så de kontaktade oss på Medieteknik, och vi hoppade genast på deras idé. / Detta är en reflektionsdel till en digital medieproduktion. Johan Laszlo, tel: 0454-18800, mob: 070-2666665. Mattias Persson, tel: 0454-14818, mob: 070-3456128.

This paper gives a general review on renewable electricity production in the European Union based on the example of Sweden, Denmark and Germany. It gives the answer to the question which forms of renewable electricity production are competitive in Europe and why. Furthermore it describes how and why renewables are used in different member states of the EU. This review is based on existing literature on the subject, statistical data of national and international organisations and departments as well as recent articles in journals and newspapers. As a result it becomes clear that there are different boundaries to the use of renewable electricity production in the EU due to specific demands for an economic use. But even though these demands are met, the success of renewable electricity production depends on several factors like the historic development and the supply of fossil resources, political support or external events such as the oil crisis. It also becomes clear that the use of renewables can cause environmental problems (hydropower) or problems in the field of security of supply (grid stability). One can draw the conclusion that countries with a continuous support system in the past are performing well in the objective to increase the share of power produced by renewables and serve as good example for countries lagging behind in this goal.

Both Bangladesh and the Netherlands are the most flood prone countries in two continents Asia and Europe. Bangladesh is known to be highly vulnerable to floods. Frequent floods have put enormous constraints on its development potential. Unfortunately, the frequency of high intensity floods is increasing every year. So far the country has struggled to put a sizeable infrastructure in place to prevent flooding in many parts of the country with limited success. Where, the Netherlands has developed a massive success in their flood management. The paper will represents the present flood management situation of the two countries Bangladesh and the Netherlands and by making comparison of flood management between these two countries, give some recommendation for further flood management. Historically Bangladesh has developed the flood management laws but lack of implementation and continuous inconsistencies of these laws make Bangladesh backward in their flood management, in compare to the Netherlands. Bangladesh has been practicing the construction of earthen flood control embankments is an established practice for protecting people’s lives and homes, agriculture and infrastructures since the beginning of flood management. Where, the Netherlands has developed spatial construction to control flood and different strategies have been implementing to minimize the flood hazards according to their needs. On the basis of overall present situation in Bangladesh, the paper also tried to suggests some solutions to minimize the extent of flood hazards in the long run.

Road transport is most commonly used out of other modes in terms of freight and passenger transportation on local and regional levels. For European citizens it is a primary mean of their access to services, social activities and employment. The scope of road infrastructure differs in some regions. The major disparity appears when the East of Europe is compared with the West. Actions to link periphery with the core of Europe are being continuously performed, what in this case represents itself in constructing Pan-European Transport Corridors, which will contribute to the connection of the whole territory of Europe. The Via Baltica, chosen as a case for this thesis, is a route to connect Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Budzisko and Warsaw. It is the common initiative of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In addition, it is to be an express road and part of the I Pan-European Transport Corridor, which is going to connect Baltic countries with the West and South part of Europe. We focus on presenting how the Via Baltica is introduced in official documents and compare it with the process in practice. Our final goal is to assess the planning process of the Via Baltica route in Poland according to top down planning approaches and sustainability criteria. We are trying to find out what are the advantages and disadvantages of the ongoing process. After introducing results of the analysis made for the Via Baltica by Polish experts, we present how stakeholders and local authorities try to reinforce the process, regardless of environmental issues, to achieve economic and social profits. As the result we try find out how are the dimensions of sustainable development handled in the Via Baltica case in Poland. The conclusions are based on our findings concerning several conflicts which appeared during the planning process. They are also based on one-dimension as well as multi-criteria analyses. / angelikakowalczyk@o2.pl monika.m.kustra@gmail.com

The Thesis examines the implementation of the ESDP in the planning systems of North West Europe (Denmark, North Germany, Netherlands). For that it shows the influence of the ESDP on programmes and policies in the respective planning system, and also provides ideas to improve the interaction.

“Re:Regional” is a diploma work by Sanna Alm and Ylva Hedin, for the Master’s Programme in Spatial Planning presented at the Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden. “Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition” was the starting point of this study. The competition was launched the 15th of December 2006 and the closing date was the 31st of May. During the spring term of 2007 we focused on developing and completing our entry. The competition organizers asked for visionary solutions and fresh new-thinking. This gave us, as participants, a great freedom of action and possibilities to form visionary plans for the future. The main assignment was to illustrate a land use plan for the Helsinki region. The regional planning perspective permeates every part of this study. When the entry had been sent to the jury we wanted to gain higher knowledge about different planning models regarding city planning in regional contexts. Our diploma work is therefore divided into two main chapters. The first chapter has a practical orientation and the second chapter is more theoretical: Part 1. Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition: Apart from a presentation of our competition entry, the first part of this study contains information about the competition, the main assignment, required documents e.t.c. Our proposal “Re:Regional”, that is the regional plan and the detailed studies, is presented after a review of our process of thought. We don’t want to see Greater Helsinki develop into a grown-together grey mass with a centralized and standardized monocentric structure. In our proposal the three cities Nummela, Hyvinkää and Mäntsälä are being developed and strengthened. Less pressure is therefore put on the Helsinki metropolitan area regarding the fast building development that is needed. We suggest that today’s big city district develops inwards with different projects and solutions regarding cheaper dwellings, larger living spaces, new living forms and new forms of urban greenery. “Re:Regional” shows Greater Helsinki as a region with a multicentric structure, where old typologies and dichotomies have faded and where centralizing and decentralizing forces are not seen as opposites. We claim that differentiation can create integration, therefore the region is divided into areas with different characteristics and different levels of urbanity. These are the four so called “Regional Blocks”: - Helsinki Metropolitan Area - The mid-dense centres Nummela, Hyvinkää och Mäntsälä - ”Polycentric Space”, an area within the roads that link Helsinki and the mid-dense centres together - Block number four consists of sparse polycentricity, mainly woodland and agricultural landscape The comprehensive idea to form an integrated regional structure, with well-connected cities and smaller communities, can be described as an important task in many regions today – the fast population growth demands flexible and multicentric solutions. Our working method “Regional Blocks” can be developed and applied in other regions where the aim is to create widened but yet coherent structures. Part 2. Study objects/Comparison/Discussion: In the theoretical part of this study we introduce six study objects that we have chosen together and then divided between us. During the selection of objects we first and foremost didn’t look at the physical structures, instead we focused on the underlying aspects – how the cities in the regions have developed due to different trends in society. Our study objects and the literature we have analysed: A CITY CONCEPT - Social City - Sanna Alm – The book “Sociable Cities The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard” from 1998, by Peter Hall and Colin Ward. AN UTOPIAN REFORM - Urban Field - Ylva Hedin – The article ”Urban Field” from ”Journal of the American Institute of Planners” vol. 31: 4 from 1965, by John Friedmann och Johan Miller. A PLAN OF ACTION - The big city region Portland - Ylva Hedin – The homepage: www.metro-region.org (available: 2007-10-10). A DEVELOPMENT PLAN - The Stockholm Region - Sanna Alm – ”Regional utvecklingsplan 2001 för Stockholmsregionen”, by The Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation. A STRATEGY FOR URBAN RENEWAL - Urbana England - Sanna Alm – The report ”Towards an Urban Renaissance” from 1999, by The Urban Task Force. A MODEL FOR SOCIETY FORMATION - Linear Grid - Ylva Hedin – A vision for the Helsinki Regions urban structure from 1993, by Arken Arkitekter. First our study objects are introduced and analysed one by one, then follows a text where the objects are compared with each other and with our regional plan “Re:Regional” on the basis of seven factors: Central idea, Density, Green space, Transport network, Social structures, Planning perspective and The future. The conclusions are drawn in the chapter ”Jämförelse och diskussion” (Comparison and discussion). The study objects are also analysed in relation to different trends in society. Through an evaluation of the study objects and our own regional plan interesting points of comparison are being illustrated under the headlines “Att bygga inåt” (To build inwards), “Tydligare flerkärnighet” (Clearer polycentricity) and “Planeringsperspektiv och fysiska strukturer” (Planning perspectives and physical structures). In the last chapter we discuss ecological and social sustainability in a regional context – these two dimensions of sustainable development was focused on during the work with “Re:Regional” and are also discussed in the text where the objects are compared with each other. / Utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete, som vi valt att kalla ”Re:Regional”, har varit arkitekttävlingen ”Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition”. Tävlingen utannonserades den 15 december 2006 och sista dag för inlämning av bidrag var den 31 maj. Under vårterminen 2007 fokuserade vi alltså enbart på att arbeta fram ett tävlingsbidrag. I en arkitekttävling är de huvudsakliga ramarna för projektet redan formulerade i ett tävlingsprogram. Samtidigt efterfrågas i denna tävling nytänkande och idérikedom, vilket gav oss som deltagare stor frihet och stora möjligheter att forma och arbeta fram visionära planförslag och konceptuella idéer. Den huvudsakliga uppgiften var att illustrera en regionplan, en framtidsvision för Helsingforsregionen. Det regionala planeringsperspektivet i tävlingsuppdraget genomsyrar innehållet i hela examensarbetet. Efter att bidraget lämnats in ville vi få djupare kunskap om olika planeringsmodeller för stadsutveckling i regionala sammanhang. Vårt examensarbete har därmed delats in i två huvudkapitel: Del 1. Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition: Förutom en presentation av vårt tävlingsbidrag, ges i den första delen av detta arbete information om själva tävlingen och vad uppgiften omfattade. Vi presenterar även vår tankeprocess inför utformningen av regionplanen, samt inför de detaljerade studierna. Denna del av arbetet består av material på både engelska och svenska. Då tävlingsspråket var engelska, har de delar som ingick i vårt bidrag ej översatts. ”Re:Regional” är vår vision för hur storstadsregionen Helsingfors skulle kunna utvecklas fram till år 2050. Visionen har bland annat varit att skapa en regional struktur där skillnaderna mellan centrum och periferi kan suddas ut. Vi har inte velat skapa en megastad, eller en struktur inom vilken all fokus riktas mot en central stadskärna. Då Helsingfors är en relativt glest bebyggd storstad anser vi att det finns stora möjligheter att komplettera och förtäta redan bebyggda områden. Vi föreslår därför en utbyggnadsgräns runt storstaden. Samtidigt vill vi öka mångfalden och valmöjligheterna inom regionen genom att skapa fyra s.k. ”Regional Blocks” (regionala typer/delområden) med olika grader av urbanitet: - storstaden Helsingfors - städerna Nummela, Hyvinkää och Mäntsälä - “Polycentric Space”, det område som ringas in av de fyra städerna och som ska innehålla mindre samhällen - ett större område med skogs- och jordbruksmark med en gles småkärnig struktur Den övergripande och huvudsakliga idén om att forma integrerade, bättre sammanhållna stads- och samhällsstrukturer inom Helsingforsregionen, känns minst sagt aktuell. Den snabba befolkningstillväxt som sker i många regioner idag kräver flexibla, flerkärniga lösningar. Om fokus endast är inställt på att förtäta och bygga ut en regions storstadsområde, finns det risk för att resten av regionen utvecklas till en stor, gles periferi, inom vilken befolkningen hela tiden måste förhålla sig till ett storstadsområde. Vår arbetsmetod ”Regional Blocks” skulle även kunna användas i andra regioner där det finns en målsättning att skapa vidgade men ändå sammanhållna strukturer. Del 2. Studieobjekt/Jämförelse/Diskussion: I den mer teoretiska delen av examensarbetet presenteras sex studieobjekt vi valt ut tillsammans och sedan fördelat mellan oss. Vid valet av studieobjekten utgick vi i första hand inte från objektens fysiska former, det vill säga hur de i olika sammanhang etiketteras (som till exempel centralorts- eller nätverksregioner). Istället har vi utgått ifrån de bakomliggande aspekterna, hur städerna i regionerna utvecklats med bakgrund i olika samhällstrender. Våra studieobjekt och den litteratur vi utgått ifrån: ETT STADSKONCEPT - Social City - Sanna Alm – Boken “Sociable Cities The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard” från 1998, av Peter Hall och Colin Ward. EN UTOPISK REFORM - Urban Field - Ylva Hedin - Artikeln ”Urban Field” från tidskriften ”Journal of the American Institute of Planners” vol. 31: 4 från 1965, skriven av John Friedmann och Johan Miller. EN HANDLINGSPLAN - Storstadsregionen Portland - Ylva Hedin - Det regionala planeringsorganet Metros hemsida: www.metro-region.org (tillgänglig: 2007-10-10) där handlingsprogrammet ”2040 Growth Concept” finns tillgängligt. EN UTVECKLINGSPLAN - Stockholmsregionen - Sanna Alm - ”Regional utvecklingsplan 2001 för Stockholmsregionen” (planen vann laga kraft i november 2002), framtagen av Regionplane- och trafikkontoret. EN STRATEGI FÖR URBAN FÖRNYELSE - Urbana England - Sanna Alm - Rapporten ”Towards an Urban Renaissance” från 1999 skriven av The Urban Task Force. EN MODELL FÖR SAMHÄLLSBILDNING - Linear Grid - Ylva Hedin - En vision för Helsingforsregionens stads- och samhällsstrukturer framtagen av Arken Arkitekter 1993. Studieobjekten presenteras och analyseras först var och en för sig, sedan följer jämförelser mellan dem, inklusive vår regionplan utifrån sju olika faktorer: Bärande idé, Täthet/Gleshet, Grönska, Transportnät, Sociala strukturer, Planeringsperspektiv och Framtiden. I kapitlet ”Jämförelse och diskussion” dras slutsatser av analyserna utifrån de sju faktorerna, studieobjekten analyseras även i förhållande till övergripande samhällstrender. Med hjälp av studieobjekten görs även en utvärdering av vår regionplan där särskilt intressanta jämförelsepunkter belyses utifrån underrubrikerna ”Att bygga inåt”, ”Tydligare flerkärnighet” samt ”Planeringsperspektiv och fysiska strukturer”. I det avslutande kapitlet för vi var sin diskussion om ekologisk respektive social hållbarhet – två hållbarhetsdimensioner vi fokuserade på i tävlingsbidraget, och som även belyses i jämförelserna mellan studieobjekten. / Alla illustrationer i detta examensarbete (om inget annat uppges) är skapade av Sanna Alm och Ylva Hedin. saal02@student.bth.se, ylhe02@student.bth.se

Sprawl seems an inevitable phenomenon because of the rapid expansion in urban area. It has some negative consequences, such as long transport distance to work, high car dependence and inadequate facilities. Recently, it pointed as causing a lot of urban problems and the situation has been worsening. This thesis asks the question: could there be a conscious way to prevent this issue? To deal with it, this thesis firstly conducts an intensive study about theories of compact city and satellite city. In the second part, in order to investigate how those theories are reflected and implemented in real examples, this thesis analyzes two cases and discusses about how urban sprawl happened in London and Shanghai as well as to what extent theories were served in these two cities. The investigation produces some results related to the process of urbanization, common actions which authorities would take towards it, and some highlights in the pre-experience. So when facing with urban sprawl, the measure might be dealt with it in a more conscious way.