During the so-called “Miljonprogrammet”, over a million homes were built in Stockholm. As the buildings mature, parts of the buildings reach their technical life times and it is time to renovate them. At a time when the environmental impact of humans is a hot topic, it is appropriate to take the environment into account when deciding upon which restoration method to use. The sewage pipes are one of the important building parts in need of repair. This can be achieved by for example traditional pipe replacement or Cure-In-Place-Pipes (CIPP-lining).The goal of this study is to investigate and compare the environmental impact of traditional pipe replacement versus the use of the relining method CIPP lining by conducting a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). The methods differ in the way that traditional pipe replacement demolishes the outer layers of the bathrooms and remove the old pipes to replace with new and restore the surface layers while CIPP-lining renovates the pipes from the inside with the use of a flexible liner.The purpose of the study has been to clarify the differences in environmental impacts of the different methods in a clear and easily understood way and thereby also simplify the decision-making process of property owners in need of renovation.With aid of the guidelines in ISO standards 14040 and 14044 a correct methodology has been used to ensure that the level of this work will be as high as possible. In combination with the software SimaPro specifically developed to handle the creation of various forms of life cycle assessments and the ISO standards a complex system been analyzed in detail.The results of the study show that CIPP-lining generally cause less environmental impacts than the traditional pipe replacement method. The analysis of 14 selected impact categories show that CIPP lining is preferable in 13 categories and that the traditional pipe replacement is preferable in 1 category. The sensitivity analysis show that the results change drastically depending on how much of the materials and energy used to demolish and reconstruct the outer layers of the bathroom one chooses to allocate to the new sewer pipes.The results show that the CIPP-lining results are dependent on the consumables and the liner assembly processes while the energy usage of the production process does not have a large impact on the results. For the traditional pipe replacement the results show that the consumable process is clearly the biggest impact while the piping production inflicts the least impact on the result.

Life-cycle assessment is being applied to an increasing number of building projects from one side while the usual dynamic thermal simulations are being conducted from the other side on the same projects. However, there are few observations in the literature linking these two types of calculations: embodied and operating energies are rarely directly compared. This paper compares those energies for some case studies. The challenge is to quantify to what extent chosen structural materials can change their global life-cycle energy balance. This question is raised by the different dynamic thermal behavior of materials. Consequently, the case studies focus on the influence of materials’ thermal mass on the operating energy consumptions.Nonetheless, few software programs can conduct both these calculations (LCA and dynamic thermal modeling). The Swiss regulatory tool LESOSAI has been implemented and offers now these two possibilities. However, its LCA database is arcane, this paper will first assess the LCA results of LESOSAI by comparing it with the French tool ELODIE developed by the CSTB. Measuring the reproducibility of their results provides boundaries to the LCA calculations that LESOSAI can perform. These identified limits enable to set the starting assumptions of the case studies. Two raw materials are compared: wood and concrete structures. Considering thermal mass as a dynamic property, different typologies of building usages and climates have been investigated for the materials comparisons. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the material that permits the lowest life-cycle impact for each typology and climate.

The housing and service sector in Sweden are estimated to be responsible for 40 % of the total primary energy usage (Energimyndigheten, 2011). There exist a lot of inventions that have the possibility to greatly improve the environmental performance of a building´s LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) (Swentec, 2012) (Rutqvist, 2008). In order to achieve implementation of new innovative sustainable installations in buildings it is important to understand the process during the investment decision. Understanding the decision making process used in practise, is the first step towards creating a strategy for how to get a new technology implemented. By conducting a survey including both contractors and developers in Sweden an overview of the building sectors standpoint on environmental sustainability is achieved. In order to refine the information and achieve a more detailed picture of the issue the survey was followed up by In-depth interviews.The findings show that valuation techniques are varying a lot between companies but surprisingly many of the companies do use inferior methods such as pay back-time for investment calculations. Overall in the construction business technical and economic risk aspects are not being valued explicitly but rather through the use of product ratings and brand promise of well-known suppliers. Negative externalities are not being included in the calculations and the valuation of intangibles is not done explicitly but rather seen as implicitly derived from the cost and value of sustainability certifications.

A well-structured and coordinated information management practice is central to promoting efficiency in construction. Building information management encompasses authoring, interpretation, communication, coordination and storage of building information. The benefits envisioned by utilizing IT developments such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the facility management and operations (FM&amp;O) sector are estimated to be far greater than in other sectors. There is, however, a gap between the knowledge available in the field of building information management and the actual demands of the architectural, engineering, construction and operation (AECO) industry, especially the FM&amp;O sector. The overall aim of this qualitative research is to develop knowledge that conceptualizes the lifecycle supporting implementation of BIM in the AECO industry with a focus on its implications for a BIM-enabled FM&amp;O practice. This applied research comprises a number of summative and formative components: paper 1 investigates the existing and emerging information management systems for the FM&amp;O sector and their characteristics. The focus of paper 2 is narrowed down to the technical requirements on building information management systems; while its temporal scope spans the entire lifecycle of buildings. Paper 3 is a further elaboration on the findings of paper 1 and covers the technical requirements of BIM-implementation in the FM&amp;O sector. Paper 4 investigates workflows – another category of the issues identified in paper 1. Paper 1 aims to provide a general understanding of the importance and implications of implementing BIM-enabled systems in the FM&amp;O sector and also identifies the main categories of the issues associated with this approach. This literary paper reports on a basic research with a descriptive approach and builds upon the information from a non-exhaustive set of literature. In this paper, workflows, contracts and information technology have been identified as three categories of the issues associated with implementing BIM-enabled systems in the FM&amp;O sector. Paper 2 is also a literary research which draws on the notion of BIM repositories and aims to clarify the technical requirements for a more collaborative building industry as well as depicting the current status of building knowledge management technologies, recent trends and future prospects. Open format BIM repositories have been suggested as the cornerstones of an integrated information management system for AECO firms. The aim of paper 3 is twofold: firstly, to summarize the current status of the building information management technologies applied in the facility operation activities and identifying prevailing issues; secondly, to devise some technical solutions for those issues based on a case project. In the first part of this study, a summarized description of information management configurations in eleven projects were extracted from literature and the technical issues within those systems were identified. Moreover, five major categories of contemporary technical solutions for enhancing information transfer from BIM to FM&amp;O software were designated. Then, a narrative and illustrative representation and reconstruction of an IT-implementation project was developed. Paper 4 is another literary study which aims to provide the theoretical basis for more focused studies on existing and desired processes in the FM&amp;O sector and their associated information transactions. In this paper, firstly, the more common definitions of the key concepts have been revisited and discussed. Then, the generic types of the processes, activities and organizational roles common to FM&amp;O firms, the types of information required by each actor and how such information are acquired have been presented. / <p>QC 20150423</p>

This project aims to examine the demands of the new NollCO2-certification from a practicalpoint of view and to identify what it would mean for a real estate company to certify newconstructions according to NollCO2. Through investigation of a case-study object, a newbuilding at ICA Fastigheter, both climate impact and possible climate compensation measuresare analyzed in order to investigate how net-zero balance can be reached by 2045. By executing life cycle assessments and sensitivity analyses, both performed using MicrosoftExcel, the carbon footprint of the case-study building is evaluated within the NollCO2-certification framework. The project examines climate compensation measures related to bothenergy efficiency measures, and grid delivered renewable electricity. In the investigation,climate compensation measures are put in relation to both the NollCO2-framwork and ongoingsustainability work at ICA Fastigheter. The results show that there are many possibilities to decrease a building’s carbon footprint. Thegreatest decrease is retrieved by choosing materials with less carbon emissions such as greenconcrete or fiberglass insulation. In comparison to the case-study building’s original 512 tonsCO2eq, effective energy usage supplied from a green energy source can reduce the climateimpact further to approximately 415 tons CO2eq. To reach net-zero balance, offsite energyproduction can be installed. A solar park would need to produce 505 – 657 MWh which woulddemand approximately 15 000 - 20 000 square meters and cost 3.8 – 4.7 million Swedishcrowns. If ICA Fastigheter instead chooses to invest in wind power, the energy productionneeded would be 486 – 634 MWh, approximately 3% of the total production of an averagewindmill in Sweden. By investing in efficiency measures in existing buildings net-zero balancewould be reached with the expected expenses being a minimum of 7.6 million Swedish crowns. When analyzing the result of this case-study it is evident that an implementation of the NollCO2-certification is possible for ICA Fastigheter. However as of now, there are too many estimatesfor the result to be reliable. When taking ICA Fastigheter’s current long-term plans into accountit is evident that the most suitable climate compensation measure is to develop their energyefficiency projects in existing buildings. Efforts to increase energy efficiency in the real estateportfolio currently has a functioning workflow but must be improved to work as a sufficientclimate compensation measure when the number of new constructions aiming for the NollCO2-certification increases.

Detta projekt är en kartläggning över energiförbrukningen på fleraidrottsanläggningar i Uppsala och hur denna energiförbrukning ärberoende av faktorer som antalet användare, kön och utomhustemperatur. Denna kartläggning fann att energiförbrukningen är ojämnt fördeladmellan män och kvinnor och att energiförbrukningen mest beror på typenav anläggning och utomhustemperaturen eller tid på året. Slutsatsen är att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter på både ett socialtoch ekologiskt hållbarhetsplan, men att dessa lösningar kommer att krävaekonomiska investeringar eller nya tekniska möjligheter.

In a context of increasingly ambitious climate objectives after the Paris Agreement in 2015, this thesis investigates a scenario for sustainable development in Sweden in 2050 in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. The scenario is built around the idea of a development of collaborative economy in a context of low growth or degrowth. The concept of “collaborative economy” encompasses the sharing of services and underused and unwanted goods between individuals, a focus on the access to services rather than the ownership of products, and new ways of sharing space and time (cohousing, time banks, etc). The present study focuses on the implications of the Collaborative Economy scenario for transports and the built environment at a municipal scale, and aims at modeling the corresponding greenhouse gases emissions. A literature review was carried out to identify the main aspects of the scenario and exemplify the changes it entails. Two spreadsheet models were then developed for transports and the built environment, estimating greenhouse gases emission levels based on a range of assumptions elaborated from the literature review. The municipality of Malmö was used as a case study. Overall, the results of the models and the sensitivity analysis indicate a rather weak influence of collaborative economy strategies on greenhouse gases emissions. Strategies related to changes in the energy mix for heating, materials used in construction, fuels, etc seem to be much more impactful. However, such strategies only impact greenhouse gases emissions, whereas collaborative economy strategies can have other benefits. In particular, cohousing can increase social capital and foster sharing, which in turn could decrease energy and material use for the production of goods. Ridesharing, remote working among others, can decrease congestion and the daily distance traveled. Most of these strategies also provide energy savings, improving the resilience of the system and freeing the energy supply for other purposes. / Bortom BNP-tillväxt

De flesta människor reser dagligen till arbete, skola eller för att uträtta ärenden, men dessvärre utgör sätten som vi reser på en belastning på miljön som inte är förenlig med en långsiktigt hållbar samhällsutveckling. I Sverige står transportsektorn för ungefär en fjärdedel av landets energianvändning och cirka 30 procent av landets totala klimatutsläpp. En stor del av utsläppen genereras av persontransporter och forskare menar att en minskad energianvändning genom ett smartare och mer hållbart resande är en viktig utveckling för att minska transportsektorns miljöpåverkan. Då arbetsrelaterade resor utgör hälften av alla persontransporter i Sverige, spelar företag en betydande roll, eftersom de har möjlighet att påverka både arbets- och tjänsteresor. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur ett företag och arbetsplats, ÅF i Solna, kan skapa förutsättningar för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor. Vidare är syftet att ta fram åtgärdsförslag baserat på ÅF:s mål med att minska miljöpåverkan från resor. Mot bakgrund av utförda litteraturstudier, som redogör för bakgrunden till företags arbete för hållbara resor, som beskriver svenska arbetsmetoder för ändamålet och som diskuterar goda exempel på åtgärder som utförts av organisationer i Sverige, har en studie av platsförutsättningar och en resvaneundersökning genomförts på ÅF i Solna. Resultaten visar att tjänsteresor står för 73 procent av koldioxidutsläppen från resor och arbetsresor för 27 procent. Nästintill samtliga internationella tjänsteresor görs med flyg. Cirka 50 procent av alla nationella tjänsteresor görs med bil, 25 procent med flyg och 25 procent med tåg. Vid lokala tjänsteresor utgör bilresor ungefär 65 procent och kollektivtrafiksresor utgör cirka 30 procent. På ÅF i Solna görs ungefär 40 procent av arbetsresorna med bil, 40 procent med kollektivtrafik och 20 procent med gång, cykel och övriga färdsätt, sett över hela året. Studien visar att de anställda är intresserade av frågor som rör hållbart resande och efterfrågar satsningar på området. I studien konstateras att ÅF i Solna kan underlätta för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor genom att informera om hållbara resor och de möjligheter som redan finns på kontoret. Vidare kan ÅF utveckla och förbättra de befintliga förutsättningarna, genom att till exempel genomföra mindre fysiska åtgärder för att se över tillkortakommanden som kan utgöra hinder för förändrade resvanor. Dessutom kan ÅF i Solna utreda möjligheten att införa incitament som underlättar för hållbara resvanor och att arbeta med en grön resplan. / Most people travel to work, school or run errands on a daily basis, but the way that we travel constitute an environmental impact that is not consistent with a long term sustainable development. In Sweden the transport sector accounts for about a quarter of the country’s energy use and about 30 percent of its total carbon emissions. A large share of the emissions is generated by passenger transport and researchers argue that reduced energy usage by smarter and more sustainable travel is important to reduce the transport sector’s environmental impact. Since work related travel accounts for half of all Swedish passenger transport, companies play a significant role, as they can affect both journeys to work and business travel. The purpose of the degree project is to investigate how a company and a workplace, ÅF in Solna, can create conditions for sustainable commuting and business travel. The aim is further to develop action proposals based on ÅF’s goal to reduce its carbon footprint. On the basis of conducted literature studies, which explain the background of companies’ efforts towards sustainable travel, describe Swedish work methods and discuss good examples of undertaken measures by Swedish organisations, a study of site conditions and a travel survey is carried out at ÅF in Solna. The results show that business travel accounts for 73 percent of the carbon emissions from travel and commuting for 27 percent. Nearly all international business travel is made by flight. Approximately 50 percent of national business travel is made by car, 25 percent by flight and 25 percent by train. Cars account for about 65 percent of local business travel and public transport for about 30 percent. At ÅF in Solna approximately 40 percent of commuting is made by car, 40 percent by public transport and 20 percent by walk, bike and other modes of travel, for a full year. The study shows that employees are interested in issues related to sustainable travel and ask for commitments in the field. The study concludes that ÅF in Solna can facilitate sustainable commuting and business travel by providing information on sustainable travel and the opportunities that already exists at the office. Further, ÅF can develop and improve existing conditions, for example by carrying out minor physical measures to revise shortcomings that may prevent changing travel habits. Additionally, ÅF in Solna can investigate the possibility of introducing incentives that facilitate sustainable travel habits and working with a travel plan.

Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka svenska kommuners bemötande och hantering av översvämningsrisker kopplade till en höjd havsvattennivån. Undersökningen belyser problematiken med översvämningsrisk både ur ett globalt perspektiv men också i ett svenskt. Detta då runt en tredjedel av Sveriges befolkning bodde i kustnära områden 2007 (inom fem km från strandlinjen), och det verkar vara en trend som håller i sig med att vilja bo i kustnära område. En översvämning i Sverige hade kunnat innebära stora materiella skador på exempelvis infrastruktur såsom vägar, elförsörjning och byggnader. Vidare tar undersökningen upp olika orsaker till varför havsvattennivån stiger och vad som påverkar detta. Exempelvis lyfts globala orsaker som termisk expansion av havsvatten, smältande av glaciärer och inlandsisar. Men också mer lokala företeelser som exempelvis den rådande landhöjningen och lokala väderförhållanden är några som tas upp i kunskapsöversikten. Liksom framtagen forskning inom ämnet och då främst från FN:s klimatpanel IPCC, vilka är dem som tagit fram fyra olika scenarier om framtida klimatutveckling. IPCC:s scenarier ligger också till grund för flera framtagna rapporter av bland annat MSB och SMHI. Det tas även upp relevant aktuell lagstiftning i form av lagar och förordningar från riksdagen respektive regeringen, samt EU-direktiv från Europeiska rådet. Men också vad dessa styrande dokument innebär för klimatanpassningsarbetet och vad de reglerar.

Dagens linjära materialflöde leder till att nyttjandegraden av råvaror är låg, vilket tömmer ut världens resurser och mängden avfall ökar. Samtidigt skapar den ökande världsbefolkningen och världsekonomin ett större tryck på dagens resurser vilket inte är hållbart i längden. Genom att övergå till cirkulär ekonomi betraktas genererat avfall som en resurs, vilket ökar resursutnyttjandet i samhället. Byggbranschen är den verksamhet som genererar mest avfall i Sverige och stor del av den genererade mängden är träavfall. Idag energiutvinns i stort allt trä som kasseras och samtidigt sker ett ökat intresse för användning av materialet. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur och i vilken mängd träavfall från bygg- och rivningsarbete kan materialåtervinnas före energiutvinning.  Denna studie har kartlagt innehållet av tre containrar med träavfall från olika byggskeden; stomme, inredning och rivning. Kartläggningen utfördes med en sorteringsmetod som togs fram med hjälp av litteraturstudie och samtal med företag. De fyra möjliga sorteringsalternativ som togs fram under studien var Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä, Lamellträ och Spånplattor.  Kartläggningen visar att fördelningen av träavfall varierar stort beroende på byggskede. Vid inredning är det mycket lastpallar, träskivor och reglar, detsamma gäller för stomme dock med en färre andel skivmaterial.   Vid maximal utdelning för stomme kan 19 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä  2 %,  Lamellträ 35 % och Spånplattor 100 %. Vid rivning fanns endast treetex och råspont vilket endast kan användas till Spånplattor. För inredning kan 12 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä 3 %, Lamellträ 10 % och Spånplattor 100 %. För stomme och inredning är resultatet baserat på en accepterad sortering för grånat och smutsigt virke för de två förstnämnda alternativen. Slutsatsen blir att allt träavfall kan användas till bättre alternativ än energiutvinning. Tills problemen med Korslimmat trä och Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning har lösts bör sortering ske utefter Lamellträ och Spånplattor. / Today's linear material flows leads to a low utilization of raw materials, which depletes the world's resources and the amount of waste increases. At the same time, the growing world population and world economy are creating more pressure on today's resources which is not sustainable in the long run. By converting to a circular economy, generated waste is regarded as a resource, which increases the utilization of resources in society. When it comes to generated waste, the construction industry is the biggest sector in Sweden and wood waste is a large part of the generated amount. Almost all wood waste today is combusted for energy recovery, and at the same time, there is an increased interest in using the material. The purpose of the study is to find out how, and in what amount, wood waste from construction and demolition work can be recycled before energy recovery.  This study has made a survey of the contents of three containers with wood waste from different construction stages; frame, fixing and demolition. The survey was carried out using a sorting method that was developed by studying literature and speaking with companies. The four possible sorting options that were found during the study were Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber, Laminated wood and Particleboard.  The survey shows that the distribution of wood waste varies greatly depending on the stage of construction. In the fixing stage, there are a lot of pallets, wooden boards and studs. The same goes for the frame stage, however, with a smaller proportion of board material. The maximum percentages for each of the sorting options for the frame stage are        19 % to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 2 %, Laminated wood 35 % and Particleboard 100 %. During demolition, there were only treetex and tongued and grooved board that can only be used for Particleboard. For the fixing stage, 12 % of the wood waste can go to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 3 %, Laminated wood 10 % and Particleboard 100 %. For the frame and fixing stage the results are based on an accepted sorting of gray and dirty wood for the two first mentioned sorting options.  The conclusion is that all wood waste can be used for better alternatives than energy recovery. Until problems with Cross-laminated timber and Finger jointed / Reuse have been solved, sorting should be based on Laminated wood and Particleboard.