I Sverige står bostads- och servicesektorn för ca 40 procent av den totala energianvändningen. Riksdagen hade fram till år 2012 ett specifikt mål om att halvera energianvändningen i sektorn till år 2050. I väntan på att ett nytt mål antas skrivs att innebörden för målet kvarstår. Till 2050 ska energianvändningen ha halverats. Denna rapport är en backcastingstudie som har som mål att analysera vad som krävs för att uppnå halveringsmålet genom satsning på fyra huvudåtgärder; nyproduktion, ombyggnad, stegvis förbättring och effektivare användning av bostadsbeståndet. Sex scenarion har satts upp, ett för varje huvudåtgärd och två scenarion som kombinerar de övriga fyra. Resultatet visar vilken väg som kan tänkas vara bäst att gå och at tstora insatser för att nå målet kommer att krävas. Dessa berör bostads- och servicesektorns alla aktörer samt beslutsfattare på samhällets alla nivåer. En beräkning för den potentiella besparingen i koldioxidutsläpp till följd av energiminskningen har också gjorts. Utsläppsminskningarna kan som följd komma att bli av betydande storlek och kan bidra till att Sverige blir ett föregångsland i omställningen till ett hållbart samhälle. / In Sweden, the dwelling and service sector accounts for approximately 40 percent of the total energy use. Up until 2012, the parliament had a specific goal to reduce the energy use by half in the sector to 2050. While waiting for a new goal to be set however, the parliament states that the implication of the goal remains. The energy use shall be reduced by half before the year 2050. This report is a back-casting study that has the aim to analyze what it takes to reach the goal by focusing on four main measures; new construction, reconstruction, gradual improvement and more efficient use of the heated areas in residential buildings. Six scenarios have been set up, one for every main measure and two scenarios that combine the other four. The result shows what path might be best to choose and that extensive and rapid transformationis necessary to reach the goal. These contributions affect all the involved actors as well as stakeholders on all the different levels of society. Resulting reductions in carbon dioxide emissionsdue to the decrease in energy use have also been calculated. The potential reduction can become significant in size and contribute to making Sweden a pioneer in the transformation to asustainable society.

Sommaren 2019 fick Boverket i uppdrag från Regeringen att inleda ett förberedandearbete med klimatdeklarationer. Klimatdeklarationer är en sammanställning avbyggprodukternas utsläpp av växthusgaser vid uppförandet av byggnaden. Lagen omklimatdeklaration för byggnader trädde i kraft 2022-01-01 där syftet med lagen är attbåde öka kunskapen och minska klimatpåverkan på byggnader som uppförs. Lageninnefattar enbart vissa byggnadsdelar och utsläppen i byggskedet fram till färdigbyggnad men kommer succesivt utvecklas och förändras för att leda branschen i rättriktning mot netto noll klimatavtryck 2045. Studien analyserar möjligheten att klimateffektivisera byggnader genom nyamaterialval och nya konstruktionslösningar. Målet med arbetet är att genomsamarbete med Myresjöhus ta fram en klimatdeklaration för ett av deras kataloghusoch för att sedan ta fram alternativa lösningar i konstruktionen som ger en positivinverkan på klimatdeklarationen. Undersökningen baseras på ett kataloghus som heterSmart 150 från Myresjöhus där en klimatdeklaration upprättas av kataloghuset iByggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg. Beräkningar i BM utförs enligt Boverketsrekommendationer där programmets generiska värden byts ut mot produktspecifikavärden med hjälp av EPD:er. Utsläppet från husmodell Smart 150 beräknades fram till 99,08 kg CO₂e per m². De alternativa materialen som undersöktes var grön betong,Koljer Foamglas T3+, cellulosaisolering vägg, fibergips, Recoma packwall och Cellulosaisolering i vind. Slutsatsen av studien är att de alternativa materialen grönbetong, cellulosaisoleringi vägg och tak samt Recoma packwall klimateffektiviserar byggnaden med 35%. / In the summer of 2019, the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning wascommissioned by the Government to begin preparatory work on climate declarations.Climate declarations are a compilation of the building products' fuel and energyconsumption used to build the building. The Act on Climate Declaration for Buildingsentered into force on 2022-01-01, where the purpose of the Act is to both increaseknowledge and reduce the climate impact on buildings that are constructed. The lawonly covers certain parts of the building and the emissions in the construction phaseup to the finished building but will gradually be developed and changed to lead theindustry in the right direction towards a net zero climate footprint by 2045. The study analyzes the possibility of climate efficiency in buildings through newmaterial choices and new design solutions. The goal of the work is throughcollaboration with Myresjöhus to produce a climate declaration for one of their cataloghouses and then develop alternative solutions in the design that have a positive impacton the climate declaration. The survey is based on a catalog house called Smart 150 from Myresjöhus where a climate declaration is constructed by the catalog house in theConstruction Sector's environmental calculation tool. Calculations in BM areperformed according to the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning'srecommendations, where the program's generic values are replaced by productspecific values with the help of EPDs. The emissions from the Smart 150 house modelwere calculated up to 99,08 kg CO₂e per m2. The alternative materials examined weregreen concrete, Foams Glass T3 +, Cellulose insulation wall, fiber gypsum, Recomapackwall and Cellulose insulation in attic.  The conclusion of the study is that the alternative materials green concrete, celluloseinsulation in walls and ceilings and Recoma packwall climate-efficient buildings by35%.

Buildings from the record year era are now 40 – 55 years old and in many cases in need of extensive renovation measures. This need for renovation could be seen as an opportunity to achieve overarching sustainability target levels and to perform renovation with a holistic approach. This thesis aims at creating support for the formulation and achievement of adequate environmental targets that relate to overarching Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives. The overall aim of the thesis is to contribute to an understanding of the current situation of environmental management in renovation processes. The scope of this thesis is limited to the aspects energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy use and material production. This thesis contributes to this aim with a stepwise procedure for evaluation of measures together with a proposal for target levels for three environmental aspects. The first paper appended to this thesis investigates how six Swedish property owners performed renovation projects. From this paper it can be concluded that the main barrier (except economic ones) are characterized by lack of knowledge about overarching objectives and what aspects define a sustainable built environment. The second paper assesses embodied GHG emissions due to material production for the totality of measures needed to reduce operational energy demand per unit heated floor area by 50% compared with 1995. On a national level, embodied GHG emissions are estimated to be 12% of the reduction of GHG emissions achieved by operational energy demand reduction. The final paper appended to this thesis uses a case study building to illustrate a working procedure to identify project-specific target levels for three environmental aspects. In addition, it identifies indicative improvements necessary for the achievement of long-term targets for those aspects, which could be focused and further investigated in later project stages with the help of a long-term plan of action. / <p>QC 20160926</p>

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring movement, deformation and displacement in wooden façade-systems by terrestrial laser scanning. An overview of different surveying techniques and methods has been created. Point cloud structure and processing was explained in detail as it is the foundation for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of laser scanning.    The boundaries of monitoring façades with simple and complex façade structures were tested with the phase-based laser scanner FARO Focus 3DS. In-field measurements of existing facades were done to show the capabilities of extracting defect features such as cracks by laser scanning. The high noise in the data caused by the limited precision of 3D laser scanners is problematic. Details on a scale of several mm are hidden by the data noise. Methods to reduce the noise during point cloud processing have proven to be very data-specific. The uneven point cloud structure of a façade scan made it therefore difficult to find a method working for the whole scans. Dividing the point cloud data automatically into different façade parts by a process called segmentation could make it possible. However, no suitable segmentation algorithm was found and developing an own algorithm would have exceeded the scope of this thesis. Therefore, the goal of automatic point cloud processing was not fulfilled and neglected in the further analyses of outdoor facades and laboratory experiments. The experimental scans showed that several information could be extracted out of the scans. The accuracy of measured board and gap dimensions were, however, highly depended on the point cloud cleaning steps but provided information which could be used for tracking development of a facade’s features. Extensive calibration might improve the accuracy of the measurements. Deviation of façade structures from flat planes were clearly visible when using colorization of point clouds and might be the main benefit of measuring spatial information of facades by non-contact methods. The determination of façade displacement was done under laboratory conditions. A façade panel was displaced manually, and displacement was calculated with different algorithms. The algorithm determining distance to the closest point in a pair of point clouds provided the best results, while being the simplest one in terms of computational complexity. Out-of-plane displacement was the most suitable to detect with this method. Displacement sideways or upwards required more advanced point cloud processing and manual interpretation by the software operator. Based on the findings during the study it can be concluded that laser scanning is not the correct methods for structural health monitoring of facades when the tracking of small deformations, especially deformations below 5 mm and defects like cracks are the main goal. Displacements, defects and deformations of larger scale can be detected but are tied to a large amount of point cloud processing. It is not clear if the equipment costs, surveying time and the problems caused by high variability of scans results based on façade color, shape and texture are in a positive relation to the benefits obtained from using laser scanning over manually surveying.

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The Candy Factory area is located at Brynäs district, and its history is known as Gävle's most important industrial area in the 1870’s. The area is under construction and plans to tie Gävle Strand with Brynäs and make the area more attractive. In the Candy Factory area in Gävle there is a building, Läkerol building that is owned by AB Gavlegårdarna, and is a part the areas renovation process. It’s exterior must be preserved but must be made more energy efficient since the building is to be used as a residential building and other activities. It is part of a cultural environment, such as national interests. The retention of its characters is particularly important, making changes to the building more complex. The starting point for this study was to investigate the effects of energy efficiency methods and costs with a focus on windows in view of conservation needs of the Läkerol building. In the implementation, characteristics of the building have been assessed along with literature research, previous research, books studied in support of the work and energy balances and cost calculations for window changes have been made. The results for this study shows what is most profitable among different efficiency methods and how different building envelope components leak heat. The windows cause great thermal losses and cost savings can be reduced by choosing the efficiency measure window with extra glass with low investment cost compared to brand new windows.

As the construction sector in 2019 accounted for 21% of Sweden's greenhouse gasses and 40% of Sweden's waste, recycling is something that will be required if Sweden are to become climate neutral by 2050, which has been decided upon. By reusing building materials, it contributes to a reduction of greenhouse gasses in the manufacturing, transport and recycling of building materials. Reusing means that the material does not change into anything else hence time, money and work are therefore saved compared to recycling. The project has been carried out to report the possibilities of reusing materials between Vasakronan and Atrium Ljungberg. This report delves into bricks, metal sheet roofs and suspended ceiling tiles and reports the potential for reusing them. Ceiling tiles, metal sheet roofs and bricks have all shown potential to be reused not only to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but they have also proven to be economically viable to reuse. Metal Sheet roofs proved to be good to recycle from a carbon dioxide perspective and reusing proved economically viable even if by less of a margin than for ceiling tiles and bricks. The report is based on a literature study about reusing, as well as interviews with five participants in different companies. The report contains calculations for the profitability of reusing selected materials as well as carbon dioxide emissions in the production and transport phases. The market for reusing materials is underdeveloped in large parts of the country, but the market has begun to develop in recent years partly with initiatives from companies in the construction industry but also that Sweden's municipalities have begun to investigate the issue to help establish local markets for reusing materials. Even though not much is reused today, there is hope that material reuse will be one of the pillars in the construction industry in the future. Therefore, this rapport was done to show how such a collaboration could be operated.

The greenhouse effect is a global threat to our planet. If the world is to achieve the goals set, drastic changes need to take place. 21% of greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden stem from the construction and real estate sector. From 1 January 2022, a new legal requirement is introduced where a climate declaration will be required on all building permits applied for. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of new legal requirements like the law of climate declarations. A great focus was placed on the legal requirement for climate declarations, but questions were also asked regarding older legal requirements by examining how the implementation of previous and current legal requirements has gone, the writers will then also examine how one should approach new legal requirements. Furthermore, the writers examine what adjustments worker and their workplaces made for these legal requirements. The writers held interviews, sent out a survey and calculated a climate declaration. The calculation was aimed to deepen the writer’s knowledge in calculations and to evaluate problems brought up from both the interviews and from the survey. This bachelor's thesis has been carried in collaboration with Bjerking. It was concluded that it benefits companies to start early. Exactly when to start and with what is further specified in the paper. Another important part of the implementation is effective methods for quantifying models. With the current legal design of climate declarations, construction does not have to reach a limit value. Yet the writers see the value in starting the implementation of new working methods and acquiring knowledge about the new legal requirements as soon as possible to facilitate when these are introduced.  In order to make companies more competitive and put the company in the forefront of the industry. This paper was concluded with a check list. This checklist makes the implementation of the new legal requirement trouble-free by avoiding common mistakes. / Växthuseffekten är idag ett globalt hot mot vår planet. Om Sverige skall nå upp till de mål som satts upp av regeringen i det klimatpolitiska ramverket behöver drastiska förändringar ske. Av Sveriges klimatpåverkan kommer 21% av växthusgaserna från bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Från och med 1 januari 2022 gäller det nya lagkravet där det kommer krävas en klimatdeklaration på alla bygglov som söks för att få ett slutbesked på ett byggprojekt.   I samarbete med Bjerking har detta examensarbete genomförts i syfte att klargöra och undersöka implementeringen av nya lagkrav. Genom att sedan klargöra hur implementering av tidigare och nuvarande lagkrav har gått skall sedan undersökas även hur man bör ställa sig till nya lagkrav. Det har lagts ett stort fokus på lagkravet om klimatdeklaration och detta har använts som utgångspunkt. Dessutom ställdes frågor gällande delen av arbetsmiljölagen som täcker Byggarbetsmiljösamordnare för planering och projektering (BAS-P) och Byggarbetsmiljösamordnare för utförandet av arbetet (BAS-U) och utöver detta även lagkravet kring energideklarationer. En klimatdeklaration beräknades för en lagerbyggnad. Beräkningen var ämnad att fördjupa kunskaperna kring klimatberäkning samt att finna de utmaningar som nämns i intervjuer gällande klimatberäkning. Resultatet från klimatberäkningen jämfördes sedan med klimatberäkningar från andra vetenskapliga källor. Hädanefter jämfördes olika byggnadstyper för att kunna identifiera olika utmaningar med dessa. Resultatet visar att det gynnar företag att börja tidigt.  Med den nuvarande lagutformningen av klimatdeklarationer behöver byggnader inte uppnå gränsvärden. Det finns dock ett värde i att påbörja implementeringen av nya arbetssätt och införskaffa kunskap kring de nya lagkraven redan nu för att underlätta när dessa införs. Detta kan göra företag mer konkurrenskraftiga eftersom företaget då ligger i framkant i branschen. En annan viktig del av implementeringen är effektiva metoder för ta fram ingående material i en given byggnad baserat på dess modeller, detta kallas mängdning. Detta då effektiv mängdning är centralt för att de nya arbetssätten ska gå smidigt. För att underlätta denna process uppfördes slutligen en checklista där de vanligt uppstående problemen hanteras.

The island of Gotland, one of the most popular summer destinations in the Baltic Sea region, has the vision to become northern Europe's most sustainable and attractive destination by 2027. Therefore, all-year-round tourism is encouraged by the municipality and the Tourism Association to reach this goal. Food tourism is introduced as one of the main strategies due to its high potential to be used as a competitive advantage to attract visitors in the low season and enhance regional development all-year-round. Therefore, this research aims to explore local stakeholders’ perceptions of developing food tourism as a new season on Gotland and understand its contribution to the regional sustainable development’s goal. Qualitative methods were used for the data collection which are ethnographical study and semi-structured interviews among different stakeholders in food tourism on Gotland. The results represent that Gotland has a high potential to develop food tourism as a new season to attract a new group of travelers. The establishment of food tourism in a new season can contribute to the sustainable regional development in terms of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. However, Gotland must overcome its challenges of providing primary facilities to accommodate tourists and residents, developing a long-term food tourism collaboration, and create efficient tourism plans to avoid the negative impacts of mass tourism.

Introduction: Sweden's climate creates several challenges to achieve habitable indoor climate. In Sweden, it is most common for detached houses of wooden construction to use mineral wool or wood fibre to insulate the exterior walls. While mineral wool and wood fibre are the most popular choices, there are several other alternative insulation materials that can be beneficial. The thesis deals with four insulation materials where stone wool and wood fibre are pitted against the more modern materials PIR and PUR to investigate which is most advantageous with the help of life cycle analysis, life cycle cost analysis and energy use in production, installation and end of life. The three criteria are then summed up in a multi-criteria analysis to decide which material is most beneficial.  Method: To reach a result, a literature study and case study is conducted with life cycle analysis, life cycle cost analysis and energy use. The life cycle assessment answers question 1, the life cycle cost analysis answers question 2 and the multi-criteria analysis answers question 3.  Results &amp; Analysis: Four different insulation materials in a wood-constructed wall were studied where PIR and PUR were considered in two different forms, onewith the same U-value as the stone wool and wood fibre, the other with the same thickness as the stone wool and wood fibre. The different variants are studied using the different criteria in the multi-criteria analysis. The material that has the best environmental impact in the life cycle analysis is wood fibre and then the thin PIR, stone wool, thick PIR, thin PUR and lastly thick PUR. In the life cycle cost analysis, the stone wool is most price efficient, then wood fibre, thin PIR, thick PIR, thin PUR and the most expensive price has the thick PUR. The material with the least energy use throughout the life of the material is wood fibre which is 100 % recyclable, after the wood fibre comes stone wool, thin PIR, thick PIR, thin PUR and the most energy use for the life of the material has thick PUR. Finally, the different results are summarized and show that wood fibre is the material that is most advantageous with the criteria chosen, while the thick variation of PUR is the least advantageous in both environmental aspect and cost.  Discussion: The three methods of analysis that have been used in this work have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that they show concrete answers, and the disadvantages are mainly the programs they are performed on. Input into these programs has been thorough, but as they are slow and difficult to navigate, there may be a risk of errors. The multi-criteria analysis should be reviewed, and more criteria examined is recommended.