The consumer protection is very topical area because it has reference to the majority of citizens which are consumers, producers and also salespersons. Shoping and using services is everyday activity for all of us but it bears some risks to shoppers especially from sellers and that is why should be the consumer protection priority for every one and the society should take actions to improve it. The role of consumer organizations is crucial as the role as agency which offer important information and gives advice to the consumers in situation in which their rights are in repressed or in danger. Those organizations are participating in the education of consumers. The main objective of the diploma paper {$\neg$}{\clq}qThe analysis of the position of non-governmental organizations in the area of consumer protection`` is to implement the research in area of knowledge of consumer organizations from the side of consumers and the research of consumer interest in membership in such organizations. The fragmental objectives were to evaluate the contemporary situation in consumer organization in the Czech market using the questionary research and propose the possible solutions that will help to improve the present state. The theoretical part refers to the consumer protection. In the practical part are discribed best known consumer organizations in the Czech Republic. There are also characterised results from the questionary research and from the comperative analysis of main actions of organizations. The results of the questionary research showed that the consumer protection is not strong enough. The problems are not only legislative, but the main problem is that consumers aren´t informed enough about their rights and about consumer organizations. My suggestions faces particularly for better awareness of consumers about consumer organizations and their role in the Czech market. My recommendations are to improve awareness of consumers from the side of consumer organizations, and their rights by using of communication medias and to introduce new ways of propagation of consumer organizations. Very important is also the good motivation for new members in those organizations etc. The level of the consumer protection is not still on the same high level as in the more advanced states in EU. The consumers have not big consciousness of the consumer organizations and their role in the market and of the possible help from the side of those organizations.

In my master{\crq}s thesis I focused on problems of protection of consumer in travel agencies related sale tours, offering information, guaranties and at last but not least on situations in the case of bankruptcy. The main regulation in this thesis is the article 159/1999 Coll. and follow norms. One of the main goals of this paper work is the evaluation whether a travel agency as the servant is also servant of consumer defense. The basic element of consumer defense in a traveling agency is an insurance of the traveling agency for the case of bankruptcy according to the article 455/1991 Coll. The next very important step is also providing truthful and completed information towards their clients from the travel agency and their partners. Guarantee of consumer defense in tourism is irreplaceable and it is connected with consumers´ knowledge of rights and obligations.

Esta dissertação analisa a estrutura do controle da concentração empresarial prevista na Lei de Defesa da Concorrência brasileira e realizada pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC) a partir da perspectiva do consumidor. Considera a legislação atualmente em vigor e verifica sobretudo a atuação do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). Verifica o protocolo de apreciação da concentração pela Administração Pública, destacando a interpretação conferida ao artigo 54, § 3º da Lei 8.884/1994 e a sua efetividade. Analisa as formas de mensurar os benefícios decorrentes dos atos de concentração empresarial e de garantir que esses benefícios sejam distribuídos equitativamente entre os seus participantes e os consumidores ou usuários finais, como determina a Lei de Defesa da Concorrência. Os três capítulos que formam a presente dissertação apresentam as características das concentrações de empresas e do seu controle e analisam os principais modelos que têm pautado a atuação administrativa neste tema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que crescem diuturnamente os atos de concentração de empresas apresentados ao CADE e que há um modelo específico de análise de eficiências, já utilizado pela autarquia, que demonstra de forma mais fidedigna a efetividade do requisito da distribuição equitativa dos benefícios decorrentes da concentração econômica entre os seus participantes e os consumidores ou usuários finais. / This work analyzes the structure of merger control under the Brazilian Antitrust Law as performed by the Brazilian Competition Defense System from the consumer perspective. It considers the currently legislation and checks the work of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense and checks the protocol of assessment of the merger by the Administration, highlighting the interpretation given to the article 54, § 3º of the Law 8.884/1994 and its effectiveness. The text looks at possible ways to measure the benefits of mergers and to ensure that these benefits are distributed equitably among its participants and consumers or final users, as required by the Antitrust Law. The three chapters that make up this work present the characteristics of merger and of their control and analyze the main models that have guided the administrative action in this regard. The results show that there is currently a growth of merger submitted to the Administrative Council for Economic Defense and that there is a specific model that analyses the efficiencies, already used by the Council, which shows more reliably the effectiveness of the requirement for equitable distribution of economic benefits arising from the merger between its participants and consumers or final users.

The term "suitability" is understood as the correspondence between what a consumer expects and what he actually receives. In that sense, to clarify what is meant by "duty of suitability" it is necessary to analyze theconcept of "consumer” as well.However, when it comes to our consumer protection system, can we say it is protecting the reasonable consumer, the average consumer or the negligent consumer? In this regard, what are the implications of opting for the protection of one or the  other?  In this article, the author seeks to answer these questions through an analysis of national jurisprudence regarding consumer protection. / Se entiende por “idoneidad” la correspondencia entre lo que un consumidor espera y lo que en efecto recibe. En ese sentido, para dilucidar qué debe entenderse por “deber de idoneidad” no puede dejarse de analizar lo relativoal concepto de “consumidor”.Ahora bien, en nuestro sistema de protección al consumidor, ¿se protege al consumidor razonable, al consumidor promedio o al consumidor negligente? Al respecto, ¿cuáles son las implicancias de optar por la protección del uno o el otro? En el presente artículo, el autor busca responder a estas preguntas a través de un análisis de la jurisprudencia nacional deprotección al consumidor.

Esta dissertação analisa a estrutura do controle da concentração empresarial prevista na Lei de Defesa da Concorrência brasileira e realizada pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC) a partir da perspectiva do consumidor. Considera a legislação atualmente em vigor e verifica sobretudo a atuação do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). Verifica o protocolo de apreciação da concentração pela Administração Pública, destacando a interpretação conferida ao artigo 54, § 3º da Lei 8.884/1994 e a sua efetividade. Analisa as formas de mensurar os benefícios decorrentes dos atos de concentração empresarial e de garantir que esses benefícios sejam distribuídos equitativamente entre os seus participantes e os consumidores ou usuários finais, como determina a Lei de Defesa da Concorrência. Os três capítulos que formam a presente dissertação apresentam as características das concentrações de empresas e do seu controle e analisam os principais modelos que têm pautado a atuação administrativa neste tema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que crescem diuturnamente os atos de concentração de empresas apresentados ao CADE e que há um modelo específico de análise de eficiências, já utilizado pela autarquia, que demonstra de forma mais fidedigna a efetividade do requisito da distribuição equitativa dos benefícios decorrentes da concentração econômica entre os seus participantes e os consumidores ou usuários finais. / This work analyzes the structure of merger control under the Brazilian Antitrust Law as performed by the Brazilian Competition Defense System from the consumer perspective. It considers the currently legislation and checks the work of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense and checks the protocol of assessment of the merger by the Administration, highlighting the interpretation given to the article 54, § 3º of the Law 8.884/1994 and its effectiveness. The text looks at possible ways to measure the benefits of mergers and to ensure that these benefits are distributed equitably among its participants and consumers or final users, as required by the Antitrust Law. The three chapters that make up this work present the characteristics of merger and of their control and analyze the main models that have guided the administrative action in this regard. The results show that there is currently a growth of merger submitted to the Administrative Council for Economic Defense and that there is a specific model that analyses the efficiencies, already used by the Council, which shows more reliably the effectiveness of the requirement for equitable distribution of economic benefits arising from the merger between its participants and consumers or final users.

O trabalho é um estudo dos contratos eletrônicos à luz do direito do consumidor. Discorre sobre a proteção do consumidor no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, segundo a Constituição da República de 1988, o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o Código Civil brasileiro de 2002. Expõe a criação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor e a relação deste com o Código Civil. Ressalta a importância de um “diálogo de fontes” entre o Código Civil e o Código de Defesa do Consumidor, que devem ser interpretados conforme a Constituição. Analisa como ocorre a formação do vínculo e a manifestação da vontade nos contratos eletrônicos, com base nas relações estabelecidas entre consumidor pessoa física e fornecedor, tendo como enfoque os contratos de adesão e os contratos à distância. Examina o contrato eletrônico como contrato de consumo e aborda a aplicabilidade do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos celebrados pela Internet. Faz referência às regulamentações do comércio eletrônico concebidas por outros países, como sugestões que podem ser adotadas pelo Brasil, caso o legislador entenda ser preciso regulamentar. Conclui que a legislação brasileira já existente de proteção e defesa do consumidor é plenamente aplicável aos contratos eletrônicos celebrados entre consumidores e fornecedores e que o aplicador da lei deve conhecer a experiência legislativa de outros países para conferir uma proteção mais eficaz do consumidor que utiliza o meio eletrônico para se relacionar com fornecedores. / The paper is a study on electronic contracts under the light of the consumer rights. It considers the consumer protection in the Brazilian legal system pursuant to the Constitution of 1988, the Consumer Defense and Protection Code, and the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002. The text expounds on the creation of the Consumer Defense and Protection Code, and its association with the Civil Code. It points out the importance of a “dialogue of legal sources” between the Civil Code and the Consumer Defense Code, which must be construed according to the Constitution. It analyses how the formation of an agreement and the manifestation of consent occur in electronic contracts, based on the established relationships between individual consumers and suppliers, focusing on adhesion contracts and distance contracts. It examines the electronic contract as a consumption contract and approaches the applicability of the Consumer Defense and Protection Code to contracts entered via the Internet. Reference is also made to the electronic commerce regulations conceived by other countries, which are treated as recommendations that could be adopted by Brazil in the event that a legislator feels more effective regulation to be necessary. This work finally assesses that existing Brazilian legislation on consumer protection is wholly applicable to electronic contracts enacted between consumers and suppliers and that the law enforcer should understand the legislative experience of other countries so as to ensure more efficient protection for the consumer who utilizes the electronic medium to do business with suppliers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento reológico dos 11 molhos comerciais para salada, tratados pelo processo de irradiação por raios gama, nas doses: 3 kGy e 5 kGy. Essa avaliação foi realizada por meio de reogramas traçados por medidas de viscosidade e tensão de cisalhamento por taxa de cisalhamento. Parâmetros matemáticos, obtidos destas medidas, também contribuiram para a conclusão do comportamento apresentado e do melhor modelo matemático aplicável a cada molho. As medidas foram realizadas em um viscosímetro de Brookfield modelo LVDV III. O banho térmico Neslab foi empregado para manter a tempertura ambiente durante toda a análise. Realizou-se o protocolo de estudo em duas fases. Na fase 1, a avaliação ocorreu logo após as amostras terem sido irradiadas, as quais se encontravam próximas a suas datas de fabricação. Na fase 2 as amostras foram reavalidas após um período de armazenamento, próximo a data de expiração de suas validades. Paralelamente realizou-se medida de pH para avaliar sua estabilidade diante dos tratamentos e análises sensoriais, de dois dos onze molhos estudados, a fim de verificar a aceitação desses diante da irradiação. O comportamento pseudoplástico foi confirmado para todos os molhos através do modelo matemático, da lei da potência, que melhor se aplica a este, nas duas fases das análises. A irradiação, nas doses absorvidas estudadas, não influênciou nesse comportamento. Os resultados da análise sensorial indicaram boa aceitação dos molhos irradiados, pelos provadores. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Consumer protection policy measures can enable consumer behaviour shifts in favour of more sustainable choices. Whilst government is responsible for developing consumer protection policy in a particular country, business is central in the implementation of such policy. In South Africa, there is disassociation in consumer protection policy and environmental policy where consumer protection policy is the responsibility of the Department of Trade and Industry, whilst sustainability is located under the Department of Environmental Affairs. As a result, South African consumer protection policy does not holistically incorporate sustainability. A six-step qualitative research process was adopted to develop a framework to implement sustainability into consumer protection policies. First, a theoretical framework for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection policy was developed to structure the qualitative research. Four dimensions for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection were then identified. Qualitative data was collected using an open-ended questionnaire and also content analysis of existing data. Two sets of experts further reviewed and critiqued the proposed framework. The results of the qualitative enquiry, in particular, showed that for all the countries examined, some at least had sustainability consideration elements in their policies, but this was evident to a lesser extent in African countries, particularly those with less-developed economies. On the other hand, policy mechanisms that promoted sustainability were more evident in the policies and laws of developed countries. In the case of most African countries, basic needs were foregrounded as the primary concerns of consumers, ahead of sustainability concerns. Further, poverty limited consumer choices, particularly if more sustainably produced and eco-efficient goods came at a higher price. The research also underscored the importance and centrality of consumer education and stakeholder engagement for achieving sustainability policy intentions. It further confirmed that the basic needs of poor consumers in South Africa, and the impact of poverty on sustainability policy intentions must underpin the proposed framework. Factors that created an enabling environment for the implementation of the framework were identified as policy harmonisation within government policy domains, joined-up government, good corporate governance and shared value that considered the needs of future generations and consumer education. These factors would create an enabling environment for policy implementation. Consumer policy could play a key role in the choices that consumers make and, if well-designed and implemented, could direct consumer spending in support of the goal of sustainability and sustainable consumption. The proposed framework provides a foundation on which to futher refine and develop consumer protection policy that incorporates the well-being of consumers and social justice. Using consumer spending to drive sustainability requires a deliberate intention on the part of policy makers to move away from the more conventional framing of consumer policy, which has tended to focus on the economic interests of consumers, such as price, quality, choice and redress. However, modern business is shifting towards a more holistic conceptualisation of sustainability, as a value that needs to be deliberately and consciously built into the design and essence of a business. Doing so is not only good corporate citizenship, but offers a competitive advantage, which could drive product demand and attract consumers.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse in detail the issue of consumer protection within the Brussels I bis regulation, establishment of the international court jurisdiction and the question of recognition and enforcement of a judgement. The thesis concentrates especially on a different position of consumer and measures that amend his situation. The thesis is composed of 9 chapters that are further divided into subchapters and points. Chapter One is an introductory chapter focusing on a consumer and defining reasons for his protection. Chapter Two explains the topic of international private law and european international private law, including the European judicial area. Chapter Three describes the development of legislation in the area of judicial cooperation in civil matters since the Brussels convention up to the Brussels I bis regulation and mentions respective changes. The chapter also focuses on different status of certain countries within the European judicial cooperation. Chapter Four examines the subject of regulation of Brussels I bis, lists the types of jurisdictions and looks at its specifics. It also investigates the applicability of regulation from the temporal, material, territorial and personal scopes of application. Chapter Five concerns several institutes. It defines the term...

D.Litt. et Phil. / This thesis constitutes an investigation into the complexity of Afrikaans legal language and explores the challenges of plain language in South Africa. It argues that language is a powerful tool, which can either be used for inclusion or exclusion. The requirement for the use of plain language as stipulated in the National Credit Act and the Consumer Protection Act is intended to improve the quality and accessibility of consumer-related documents, with vulnerable consumers in mind. South African businesses, organisations and suppliers are required to make their consumer documents available in plain and understandable language. This requirement has far-reaching implications for both the consumer industry and the language industry. Although the definition of plain language in the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 is comprehensive and theoretically sound, its practical implementation remains a challenge. Some empirical work has been done on the comprehensibility of institutional and other documents in South Africa, but these studies are mainly limited to health texts and the focus is primarily on English. In light of the language distribution and the fact that less than 10% of South Africans speak English as a home language, coupled with alarming educational attainment rates, it does not automatically follow that consumer documents that are written in plain English will be accessible to all consumers. In the framework of plain language legislation in South Africa, there is now a pressing need to extend plain language research to the other official languages as well, and to find ways to incorporate South Africa’s language distribution into a plain language policy. This study is in Afrikaans, about Afrikaans and for Afrikaans. Morever, in the absence of guidelines for methods or standards of assessing whether a consumer-related document satisfies the requirements for plain and understandable language, plain language practitioners are working in a vacuum, without any indication of the assessment criteria that will be applied to measure compliance.