Estudos sobre a relação da poluição atmosférica e saúde apontam que há relação entre as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar e internações hospitalares, gerando custos para a sociedade. Este trabalho apresenta uma aplicação do Método de Avaliação Contingente para valorar os custos do bem-estar causados pela queimada de cana-de-açúcar. O fogo utilizado em um largo processo gera vários problemas para os moradores, passando por problemas de saúde pelo inconveniente causado pela fuligem que cai sobre as cidades no período de abril a novembro. A aplicação é feita na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, um dos maiores produtores de cana-de-açúcar e álcool no Brasil. Por meio dos métodos logit censurado, Heckman em dois estágios adaptado e Máxima Verossimilhança, calculou-se a disposição a pagar média e os resultados obtidos indicam que o custo estimado é em torno de R$ 180 milhões, para o período de 2009 a 2017. Tal valor está provavelmente subestimado já que o custo do bem-estar envolvendo as queimadas de cana-de-açúcar também passa pelos gastos com as internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias. Dessa forma, propôs-se a verificação da relação entre as internações e a presença de cana-de-açúcar nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo. De acordo com dados do DATASUS, a região Sudeste gasta em torno de R$ 20 milhões por ano com esse tipo de internação, porém esse custo também está subestimado já que não leva em consideração os custos com inalação, atendimento ambulatorial e outros tratamentos posteriores à internação. / Studies on the relation of air pollution and health said that there is a relationship between sugar cane burning and hospital attendance, generating costs to society. This work presents an application of Contingent Valuation Method to evaluate the welfare costs of sugar cane fire. The use of fire in the process of sugar cane leads to many problems to near fire residents such as health problems caused by the soot over the cities from April to November. The application was made for the city of Ribeirão Preto, the major city in production of sugar cane and alcohol in Brazil. Using Censored Logit, Two Stage Heckman adapted and Maximum Likelihood methods an average willing to pay was estimated and the results indicate that the estimated cost is about R$ 180 millions from 2009 to 2017. This estimated value probably is underestimated since welfare costs of sugar cane burning for health also involve spending in hospitals admissions and respiratory diseases. Therefore, it is verified the relation of hospital admissions and the presence of sugar cane in São Paulo State cities. Using DATASUS database the Southeast region of Brazil spends R$ 20 millions a year with this type of hospital admissions, however this cost is also underestimated because it doesn\'t account for inhalation costs, ambulatory services and posterior treatment due admission.

O pressuposto desta pesquisa é de que a divulgação de informações ambientais, no âmbito das provisões e passivos contingentes, reagiu aos avanços na normatização contábil. A normatização contábil genérica sobre evidenciação de obrigações incertas era restrita, em meados de 1976, à Lei no 6.404, e assim permaneceu ao longo de pelo menos uma década e meia, quando começou a ser desenvolvida. Ao longo dos anos foram criados padrões obrigatórios de divulgação, com critérios de julgamento mais detalhados para a classificação da obrigação incerta em provável, possível ou remota. Embora ainda apresente algum grau de subjetividade, o desenvolvimento destes critérios pode ter contribuído para a diminuição da assimetria informacional: a empresa passou a contar com um conjunto de orientações mais claras e, portanto, com melhores condições de averiguar e divulgar suas obrigações incertas. Esse avanço contribuiu para que as obrigações ambientais passassem a ter maior exposição, principalmente no âmbito das empresas potencialmente poluidoras, como as do setor de energia elétrica, que utilizam recursos naturais e modificam o meio ambiente. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as evidências de passivo ambiental divulgadas pelas empresas do setor de energia elétrica, de 1997 a 2014. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e longitudinal, por meio da análise de conteúdo de 941 notas explicativas, de uma população de 64 empresas do setor de energia elétrica, de acordo com listagem na BM&FBovespa, em maio de 2015. A amostra foi constituída de 26 empresas, que divulgaram o total de 468 notas explicativas no site da CVM, de 1997 a 2014. Ao longo destes 18 anos, 14 empresas da amostra (53,85%) evidenciaram passivos ambientais ao menos uma vez e 12 instituições (46,15%) não o fizeram e, do total de 468 notas explicativas, 100 (21,37%) evidenciaram passivo ambiental. O número de evidências de passivos ambientais era pequeno em meados de 1997, mas ascendeu, com um aumento mais consistente a partir de 2006, ano que coincide com a aprovação da Norma e Procedimento de Contabilidade 22 - Provisões, Passivos, Contingências Passivas e Contingências Ativas, emitida pelo IBRACON. Adicionalmente, a materialidade quantitativa estava na média de 0,61% para provisões ambientais e 0,89% para os passivos contingentes ambientais, desconsiderando-se os outliers. A dimensão das notas explicativas, em termos de quantidade de palavras, foi crescente e diversificada. Em conclusão, a evidenciação contábil pode, em adição à evidenciação voluntária, ser um meio plausível para a divulgação de questões ambientais e redução da assimetria informacional, principalmente quando a normatização contábil se faz mais clara e detalhada. / The assumption of this research is that the dissemination of environmental informations, under the provisions and contingent liabilities, reacted to developments in accounting standard setting. The general accounting regulation on disclosure of uncertain obligations was restricted to the Law no 6.404 in mid-1976, and remained so for over at least a decade and a half, when it began to be developed. Over the years mandatory disclosure standards were created, with more detailed judgment criteria for the classification of an uncertain obligation as probable, possible or remote. Although still carrying some degree of subjectivity, the development of these criteria may have contributed to the reduction of the information asymmetry: the company has now a set of clearer guidelines and, consequently, it is in a better condition to assess and disclose its uncertain obligations. A greater exposure ofthe environmental obligations was brought about by these advancements, especially in the context of potentially polluting companies, such as the electricity sector, which use natural resources and impact the environment. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyse the evidences of provisions and environmental contingent liabilities, diclosed by the eletricity sector, from 1997 to 2014. For this purpose, we developed a qualitative, descriptive and longitudinal study, using the content analysis of 941 notes, of a population of 64 companies in the electricity sector, according to listing on the BM&FBovespa, on May 2015. The sample is composed of 26 companies, which provided their financial statements on the CVM website from 1997 to 2014, and reported the total of 468 notes. Over the 18 years period analyzed, 14 of these companies (53.85%) showed at least one environmental liability and 12 (46.15%) did not, and, from the 468 notes, 100 (21,37%) reported environmental liability. The number of environmental liabilities evidences was small in mid-1997, but it rose progressively, with a more consistent increase from 2006, the year that coincides with the adoption of Accounting Standard and Procedure 22 - Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Asset, issued by IBRACON. In addition, the quantitative materiality averaged 0.61% in the case of the environmental provisions and 0.89% for environmental contingent liabilities, disregarding the outliers. The notes extent, in terms of the number of words, showed growth and diversity. As a result, the accounting disclosure may be, in addition to the voluntary disclosure, a plausible way to divulge environmental issues and reduce information asymmetry, especially when the accounting standard-setting becomes clearer and more detailed.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le débat scientifique actuel autour de l’évaluation économique des services écosystémiques fournis par les aires marines protégées (AMP) dans les pays en voie de développement. Appliquant la méthode de l’évaluation contingente, elle s’est intéressée à l’analyse de la perception de la population mauritanienne des services écosystémiques fournis par l’aire marine protégée du parc national du banc d’arguin (PNBA) en Mauritanie et la valeur qu’elle consente à payer pour maintenir l’offre de ces services dans son état actuel. A travers l’analyse des résultats de trois enquêtes réalisées au PNBA (niveau local), à Nouakchott (zone adjacente) et à Tidjikja (arrière-pays), la thèse discute l’impact de la distance, dans le sens de l’éloignement et du temps nécessaire pour accéder à l’AMP, tant sur la perception des services écosystémiques fournis par le PNBA que sur le consentement à payer pour sa conservation. Par ailleurs, elle aborde l’applicabilité de la méthode de l’évaluation contingente dans les pays en voie de développement et propose quelques améliorations du protocole de l’enquête pour améliorer la fiabilité des résultats. / This thesis is part of the current scientific debate around the economic evaluation of ecosystem services provided by marine protected areas in developing countries. Using the contingent valuation method, it focused on the analysis of the Mauritanian population's perception of ecosystem services provided by the marine protected area of Banc d'Arguin National Park in Mauritania and the value that this population agrees to pay to maintain the supply of these services in its current state. Through the analysis of the results of three surveys conducted at the PNBA (local level), Nouakchott (adjacent zone) and Tidjikja (inland), the thesis discusses the impact of distance, in the sense of the remoteness and the time required to access the MPA, both on the perception of the ecosystem services provided by the PNBA and on the Willingness To Pay for its conservation.In addition, it discusses the applicability of the contingent valuation method in developing countries and proposes some improvements to the survey protocol to enhance the reliability of the results.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-08T13:44:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edileia Gonçalves Leite.pdf: 1663632 bytes, checksum: ad93bdcfd39269a3ce2e0bd98608ee88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T13:44:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edileia Gonçalves Leite.pdf: 1663632 bytes, checksum: ad93bdcfd39269a3ce2e0bd98608ee88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as práticas de controladoria adotadas por empresas atuantes no Brasil sob a ótica da teoria da contingência. Ela busca identificar as práticas adotadas pelas empresas, as características dos fatores contingenciais, os valores das variáveis de desempenho e analisar a relação entre as práticas, os fatores e o desempenho. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 73 empresas listadas no Anuário Valor 1000 – Edição 2012. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. A análise foi realizada através de distribuição de frequência, da análise de cluster, do teste Exato de Fisher, do Kruskal-Wallis e da Mediana. Os principais resultados, sob a percepção dos gestores das empresas, apontam que as práticas de controladoria mais utilizadas são: orçamento operacional, avaliação de desempenho e planejamento tributário. Os ambientes da maioria das empresas são marcados por dinamismo, diversidade, complexidade e hostilidade. A estrutura é mecanicista. Os processos são rotineiros, complexos e padronizados. Possuem núcleos de tecnologia que visam maior eficiência nos processos. O maior desempenho das empresas do Cluster 3 pode ter sido favorecido pelo fator ambiente, pelo alinhamento entre os fatores ambiente e estratégia, ambiente e estrutura, estratégia e tecnologia, e pelo grau de adoção do orçamento de capital e do valor econômico adicionado. O desempenho intermediário das empresas do Cluster 1 pode ter sido decorrente do ajuste entre os níveis do ambiente e a estratégia prospectora, entre esta e a tecnologia e o alto grau de adoção do orçamento de capital, visto que apresentam falta de ajuste entre os fatores estrutura e tecnologia, estrutura e estratégia, e os maiores graus de adoção do custeio meta e padrão que são incoerentes com a estratégia adotada. O menor desempenho das empresas do Cluster 2 pode ser decorrente do desajuste entre o fator estratégia com os fatores estrutura e tecnologia, e pelos menores graus de adoção do orçamento de capital e do valor econômico adicionado. Conclui-se que o maior alinhamento entre os fatores contingenciais e a adoção de práticas de controladoria pode influenciar o desempenho das empresas. / This research aims to analyze the controllership practices adopted by firms operating in Brazil from the perspective of contingency theory. It seeks to identify practices adopted by the firms, characteristics of contingent factors, values of the performance variables and analyze the relationship between practices, factors and performance. The survey sample consists of 73 firms listed in the yearbook Valor 1000, in its 2012 edition. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The analysis was conducted through frequency distribution, cluster analysis, Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Median. Our main results, from the firms’ managers viewpoint, indicate that the most used controllership practices are the following: operating budget, performance evaluation, and tax planning. The environments of most firms are marked by dynamism, diversity, complexity, and hostility. Their structure is mechanistic. Their processes are routine, complex and standardized. They have core technology aimed at greater efficiency in the process. The higher performance of the firms in the Cluster 3 may have been favored by the factor environment, and by the alignment between the factors environment and strategy, environment and structure, strategy and technology, the degree of adoption of capital budget and the economic value added. The intermediate performance of firms in the Cluster 1 may have been due to the alignment between environment and prospector strategy, and between this strategy and the high degree of adoption of capital budget, since they show lack of fit between the factors structure and technology, structure and strategy, as well as higher degrees of adoption of target costing and standards inconsistent with the adopted strategy. The lower performance of firms in the Cluster 2 may be due to the mismatch between the factor strategy with the factors structure and technology, as well as by smaller degrees of adoption of capital budget and economic value added. It follows that a greater alignment involving contingent factors and the adoption of controllership practices can affect fhe firms’ performance.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma Teoria de Mercados Financeiros com custos de penalidade. Os custos de penalidade sao atribuídos a posicoes vendidas a descoberto. Estes custos diferem dos custos de transacao, pois nao dependem de mudancas nas estrategias de negociacao. No caso da venda de acoes a descoberto, o agente aluga a ação e depois realiza a venda; nesse caso, o custo de penalidade representa o custo do aluguel. Para o caso do título livre de risco, o custo de penalidade representa o diferencial ou spread no custo para o agente tomador de recursos (credito). O trabalho e desenvolvido em um espaco de estados discreto e finito; a matematica envolvida e a mesma dos textos tradicionais de finanças e envolve conceitos de algebra linear, programacao linear e calculo estocastico discreto. A utilizacao dessa estrutura vem ao encontro dos objetivos deste trabalho que consistem em introduzir uma nova teoria sem perder a intuicao financeira ou a capacidade de implementação computacional, ou seja a aplicacao pratica dos conceitos desenvolvidos. Iniciamos o estudo para o caso Uni-Período e em seguida estendemos os resultados para o caso Multi-Período. Em particular, apresentamos as condicoes necessarias e suficientes para a nao existencia de arbitragem; vale notar que essas condicoes se tornam as mesmas do modelo tradicional quando os custos sao nulos. Mostramos ainda que a condicao necessaria e suficiente para que o modelo seja completo e a mesma no modelo com penalidade e tradicional. A introducao do custo de penalidade implica na existencia de uma diferenca no valor da estrategia replicante do título contingente -X e X; os precos iniciais destas estrategias serao denominados preco de compra e preco de venda, respectivamente. Por fim, mostramos que sob certas condicoes podemos construir um algoritmo para calcular uma estrategia maxima que replica um título contingente de forma consistente, ou seja, podemos calcular os precos de venda e compra de um título contingente sem que exista arbitragem. / In this work we present a financial theory with penalty costs on short selling positions. Penalty costs differ from transaction costs for they do not depend on changes on trading positions (strategies). In the case of short selling in stocks, the investor borrows and then sells the position; in this case, the penalty costs are associated with the borrowing rate. For the risk free asset the penalty costs are associated with the spread between the credit and deposit rates. The work is developed in a discrete and finite framework; the mathematics involved is the same found in traditional financial literature; roughly, it runs through concepts of linear algebra, linear programming and discrete stochastic calculus. This framework is aligned with the objectives of this work which consist of developing a new theory without losing its financial intuition or the computational feasibility to implement solutions; in other words, the ability to apply the theory in practical applications. We begin by studding the Single-Period case and then extend the results to the Multi-Period case. In particular we present the necessary and sufficient conditions for the non existence of arbitrage, these conditions become the same as in the traditional model if the penalty costs are zero. Also, we show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the model to be complete are the same in both cases. The introduction of penalty costs induces a difference in the costs of replicating the contingent claims -X and X; the replicating prices will be denominated bid and ask prices, respectively. To finish, we show that under certain conditions we can build an algorithm to calculate the maximal replicating strategy in a consistent manner, that is, we can calculate the bid and ask prices free of arbitrage.

A relação economia e meio ambiente, retratada pela teoria econômica desde autores como David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus e Marx, tornou-se mais evidente após a década de 60 (século XX) em função dos processos de industrialização nos principais países do mundo. Intelectuais, como os que formaram o Clube de Roma, ressaltavam a tendência à escassez dos recursos naturais pela superexploração. Porém, uma área ainda é bastante polêmica dentro da relação entre economia e meio ambiente: a da valoração econômica. Os métodos usualmente propostos tendem a valorar os recursos naturais através da revelação das preferências. Normalmente, os recursos naturais não possuem um mercado real, fazendo-se necessário recorrer-se a um mercado hipotético para revelar a preferência dos agentes econômicos. Para fazer uma discussão acerca do tema, esta tese está dividida em três ensaios. No primeiro fez-se uma revisão sobre as teorias que evidenciam a relação entre economia e meio ambiente. No segundo aplicou-se o método da valoração contingente usando a Represa Dal Bó, em Caxias do Sul, como objeto no qual se desejou encontrar a disposição a pagar por sua preservação. Para o tratamento das informações aplicou-se uma regressão logística do tipo Logit. Por fim, no terceiro apresentou-se a Análise Custo Efetividade como uma alternativa a valoração ou precificação de um recurso natural. Para tanto, utilizou-se a situação dos recursos hídricos de Caxias do Sul para um exercício aplicando a ACE. Como conclusão, tem-se que a relação entre economia e meio ambiente é polêmica, sobretudo no que diz respeito à valoração. Ao aplicar o MVC, este apresentou resultados econométricos não muito significativos, confirmando as limitações do método. Mesmo assim, aponta com uma probabilidade de 69% uma disposição a pagar de mais de R$ 4,00/mês. Já para a aplicação da Análise Custo Efetividade, ao considerar-se apenas o setor industrial, tem–se que uma tarifa incitativa seria, no mínimo, de R$ 636,68 ton/ano representando o custo marginal para tratar a matéria orgânica medida pela demanda química de oxigênio. Ao acrescentar outros setores tem-se que a tarifa diminui para R$ 572,32 ton/ano devido ao custo marginal menor do setor doméstico. Pelos exercícios propostos a análise custo efetividade se mostra viável para valorar os recursos naturais sem, necessariamente, os precificar diretamente. / Economy and environment relationship, portrayed by economic theory from authors like David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and Marx, became more apparent after the 1960s (Century XX), standed out by the industrializing processes in main countries of the world. Intellectuals such as members of The Club of Rome gave emphasis to the natural resources scarcity tendences caused by super exploration. However, there is still a controversial area within the relationship between environment and economy: the economic valuation.Usual proposed methods tend to value natural resources through disclosure of preferences. Normally occurs that natural resources do not have a real market, making it necessary to resort to a hypothetical market to reveal the preference of economic agents. For a discussion on the issue, this thesis is divided into three essays. In the first, a review about the theories that highlight the relationship between economy and environment is made. In the second, the contingent valuation method is apllied using the Dal Bó dam, at Caxias do Sul, as the object in which is wanted to find the disposition to pay for its preservation. For the information treatment is applied a logistic regression, Logit type. Finally, in the third, an Effectiveness Cost Analysis is presented as an alternative to a natural resource valuation or pricing. Therefore, the hydric resources situation in Caxias do Sul was considered in an exercise using the ECA. By conclusion, the relationship between economy and environment lead to polemics, especially what refers to the valuation. When applied the contingent valuation method the econometric results was not very significant, confirming your limitations. Nevertheless, with a probability of 69%, a willingness to pay was more than R$ 4.00/month. For Effective Cost Analysis application, when considering only the industrial sector, an inciting fare would be, at least, R$ 636,68 ton/year which represents the marginal cost to treat organic material measured by the oxygen chemical demand. When adding other sectors the fare diminish to R$ 572,32 ton/year due to lower marginal cost of domestic sector. By the proposed practices the Effectiveness Cost Analysis presents itself proper for valuing natural resources, without, necessarily, price them directly.

The environment is abundant with visual information. Each moment, this information competes for representation in the brain. From billboards and pop-up ads to smart phones and flat screens, in modern society our attention is constantly drawn from one salient object to the next. Learning how to focus on the objects that are most important for the current task is a major developmental hurdle. Fortunately, rewards help us to learn what is important by providing feedback signals to the brain. Sometimes, in adolescence for example, reward seeking can become the pre-potent response. This can ultimately lead to risky and impulsive behaviors that have devastating consequences. Until recently, little has been known about how rewards operate to influence the focus of attention. In this document, I first demonstrate the robustness of various behavioral paradigms designed to measure reward processing in vision. I found that even mundane rewards, such as images of money, are effective enough to prime the attentional system on the basis of value. Remarkably, this effect extended to images of Monopoly money. This observation suggests that whole classes of visual stimuli, such as food, pornography, commercial logos, corporate brands, or money, each with its own reward salience value, are likely vying for representation in the brain. This work has implications for the growing digital economy as it suggests that novel value systems, such as the digital currency Bitcoin, could eventually become as psychologically relevant as physical currency provided sufficient use and exposure. Likewise, this work has implications for gamification in the industrial setting. Next, I examined the sensitivity of the system to make optimal economic decisions. When faced with an economic choice normative theories of decision-making suggest that the economic actor will choose the response that affords the greatest expected utility. Contrary to this account, I developed a new behavioral paradigm (reward contingent capture) and reveal that the attentional homunculus is a fuzzy mathematician. Specifically, I found that low-level attentional processes conform to the same probability distortions observed in prospect theory. This finding supports a unified value learning mechanism across several domains of cognition and converges with evidence from monkey models. Then, I demonstrate the influence of rewards on high-order search parameters. I found that images of money can implicitly encourage observers to preferentially adopt one of two search strategies – one that values salience versus one that values goals. Together, my results expose two distinct ways in which the very same rewards can affect attentional behavior – by tuning the salience of specific features and by shaping global search mode settings. Lastly, I draw from my empirical results to present a unified model of the manifold role of rewards on visual attention. This model makes clear predictions for clinical applications of rewarded attention paradigms because it incorporates a dimension of complexity upon which learning processes can operate on attention. Thus, future work should acknowledge how individual traits such as developmental trajectory, impulsivity, and risk-seeking factors differentially interact with low- and high-level attentional processes. In sum, this document puts forward the notion that rewards serve a compelling role in visual awareness. The key point however is not that rewards can have an effect on attention but that due to the nature of visual processing, reward signals are likely always tuning attention. In this way we can consider reward salience an attentional currency. This means then that deciding where to attend is a matter of gains and losses.

There are three broad areas of public administration that require valuation for public goods. One of these areas is concerned with value for cost benefit analysis. The concept here is quantitative, in money terms, and the purpose is to aid decision making. Planners and economists either calculate, or estimate total costs and total benefits of programs or projects as an aid to decision making. The second broad area involves justifying, or allocating public resources. Benefits bestowed by intangibles such as the arts, or questions that affect the environment are difficult to quantify as value may involve concepts the beneficiaries find difficult to identify or describe. The concept of value involves total costs, but also may involve perceptions of the community about value. Valuation costs may be calculated from the aggregate demand, but estimating demand can be difficult. The third broad area involves estimating demand for government services such as those provided by the Bureau of Statistics, and the Department of Administrative Services, as well as many others, who are being required to charge fees for services previously provided without direct charge. This development is part of the trend called corporatisation now occurring in many countries, including Australia. Economists and planners have a range of approaches available to assist them in the estimation of value, whether it be for the purpose of comparing costs with benefits, or for estimating the demand for tangible or intangible items like the arts or statistics. Surveys have been used for many years to assist a wide range of decisions by private enterprise. The use of surveys by government in Australia has been limited, but is increasing. US and European governments have used surveys to value both more and less tangible public goods since 1970. Surveys have also proved useful to assist many other decisions, including policy making, developing the means for implementing policies, monitoring and adjusting programs, and evaluation. This paper is primarily concerned with surveys. A particular type of survey, known as contingent valuation (CV), has been developed to assist the estimation of value for intangible public goods. Also discussed are other applications of surveys for government decision making, and other ways of imputing or estimating values, largely developed by economists and planners to assist cost benefit analysis. Three examples of surveys used to estimate values are discussed. These include a survey of Sydney households to help estimate the value of clean water; an Australia wide survey to help estimate the value of the arts; and a survey of Australians to help estimate the value of Coronation Hill without mining development. While the paper suggests that surveys have potential to assist a range of government decisions, examples also demonstrate the care required to obtain results that are reasonably precise and reliable.

<p>Tidigare forskning har funnit samband mellan självkänsla och olika hälsotillstånd. Forskning har även påvisat att personer med låg självkänsla förklarar misslyckanden med hjälp av inre faktorer till skillnad från personer med hög självkänsla. Detta kan påverka graden av välbefinnande. Syfet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur bassjälvkänsla, kompetensbaserad självkänsla samt attributionsstil predicerar subjektivt välbefinnande. En kvantitativ enkätstudie genomfördes på 132 gymnasieungdomar. Resultatet visade att bassjälvkänsla och kompetensbaserad självkänsla korrelerade, positivt respektive negativt med subjektivt välbefinnande. Vidare visade resultatet att bassjälvkänsla var starkast prediktor för subjektivt välbefinnande men även kompetensbaserad självkänsla var av signifikans. Det fanns inget signifikant samband mellan vilken attributionsstil deltagarna uppvisade samt uppmätt subjektivt välbefinnande. Den föreliggande studien påvisade vikten av en god bassjälvkänsla.</p>

Graduation date: 2005