This thesis sets out to research the phenomenon that is extraterritoriality within Americancounterterrorism, doing as such by analyzing four policy reports from four differentpresidential administrations. The purpose of this thesis is to research the evolution ofextraterritoriality within counterterrorism policy based on the knowledge that there has been achange regarding the matter, significantly following the events of the 11th of Septemberterrorist attacks in 2001. This thesis, however, researches more than merely before and afternine-eleven. By analyzing policy report from Bill Clintons, George W. Bush’s, BarackObamas and Donald Trumps administrations, the study examines the evolution ofextraterritoriality over a larger time period. The two research questions ask what the view ofextraterritoriality within American counterterrorism has been and, in what sense have changesbeen made within American counterterrorism regarding extraterritoriality.Extraterritoriality has challenged a foundational norm within the modern international worldand that is state sovereignty. Extraterritoriality can be described as one actor asserts theirjurisdiction over another actor within a specific territory of another state. In this thesis, theAmerican military base in Cuba called Guantanamo Bay will be frequently referenced to as anexample of a place where extraterritoriality is present, a so-called extraterritorial domain.In order to analyze the empirical material, a qualitative, descriptive textual analysis has beenused and dimensions have been used as an analytical tool in this thesis.The main conclusions drawn are that there has been an evolution of extraterritoriality withinAmerican counterterrorism during the time these four presidents were in office. The evolutionhas not, however, been simply linear and this study shows that extraterritoriality can bevisible in all the different policy reports. The amount of extraterritoriality noticeable andregarding which matters of extraterritoriality is the primary difference.

The contingent valuation method (CVM) is used to evaluate the minimum compensation landowners require to forego production on farm riverbanks areas. The elicitation format used in the survey is a yes-no participation question followed by an open-ended question. Chapter 2 presents the results of the survey. The Heckman approach is used in the econometric analysis to take care of the self-selection problem arising with this formatting of the questions. Chapter 3 is devoted to further examining the potential for undertaking valuation exercises using the willingness-to-accept format (WTA) WTA estimates obtained with open-ended format are compared to WTA estimates obtained when respondents are placed in a "contingent first-price sealed-bird auction" setting. Results indicated that WTA values obtained in the two different settings were not statistically different. More generally, this chapter shows that the use of auctions can be successfully applied to the provision of public goods in the case of compensation demanded.

Ten experimentally naive children between the ages of six and eight served in three generalized imitation experiments using symbolic models. Subjects were presented videotaped behaviors to imitate via closed circuit television, and their responses were mechanically defined, recorded, and reinforced in an effort to control social influences from the presence of the experimenter. In Experiment 1, imitation of three behaviors was reinforced and imitation of a fourth behavior was never reinforced for four subjects. Two other subjects received noncontingent reinforcement. The following independent variables were tested: (1) the presence and absence of an experimenter, (2) instructions to "Do that," and (3) contingent and noncontingent reinforcement. Results of Experiment 1 demonstrated the apparatus could be used to produce and maintain generalized imitation, even in the absence of the experimenter, so long as differential reinforcement was available. ''Do that'' instructions were not necessary, and the presence of the experimenter served to maintain imitation when contingent reinforcement was not available. In Experiment 2, four subjects produced generalized imitation in the absence of both a n experimenter and any instructions with two reinforced and two nonreinforced imitations. Using the same four subjects in Experiment 3, congruent, incongruent, and "Do what you want" instructions given before sessions demonstrated that instructions could override the effect of reinforcers or produce differential responding in most subjects. When given a choice to imitate or not imitate, subjects continued generalized imitation. The data tend to support the theory that imitation is itself a response class, and the effect of instructions is to divide that response class into a class of imitated responses and a class of instruction-following responses. The influence of instructions, even in the absence of an adult experimenter, was obvious.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19977号 / 工博第4221号 / 新制||工||1653(附属図書館) / 33073 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 川﨑 雅史, 教授 中川 大, 准教授 久保田 善明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Open space provides a wide range of ecosystem services to communities. In growing communities, open space offers relief from congestion and other negative externalities associated with rapid development. To make effective policy and planning decisions pertaining to open space preservation, it is important to estimate monetary values of its benefits. In addition, assessing public opinions regarding open space provides information on demand and how residents value open space. This study estimated the monetary value of open space in Mississippi and Alabama Gulf Coast communities. The study also collected information on coastal residents’ attitudes towards open space, working waterfronts, and their willingness to support waterfront open space preservation monetarily. Two methodological approaches were employed to estimate the monetary value of waterfront open space: contingent valuation (CVM) and hedonic price (HPM) methods. Data were collected using a mail survey, the Multiple Listing Service (MLS), and publicly available data sources such as the U.S. Census. Data were analyzed using an interval regression, ordinary least squares, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. Mail survey results indicated that the majority of residents valued open space and were willing to pay from $80.52 to $162.14 per household as estimated by four different interval-censored econometric models. Respondent’s membership in groups promoting conservation goals, income, age, and residence duration were major factors associated with their willingness to pay. Results from the HPM indicated proximities to waterfronts, with the exception of bayous, were positively related to home prices, suggesting open space produced positive economic benefits. Findings from the HPM analysis using publicly available data were consistent and comparable with the results from the HPM that used MLS data. This similarity of results indicates the use of publicly available data is feasible in HPM analysis, which is important for broad applications of the method during city planning. In addition, GWR estimates provided site specific monetary values of waterfront open space benefits, which will be helpful for policymakers and city planners in developing site-specific conservation and preservation strategies. Findings can help formulate future decisions related to alternative development scenarios of coastal areas and conservation efforts to preserve open space.

Hypothetical bias continues to be a challenge for practitioners of the contingent valuation method (CVM). This study compared the effect of three hypothetical bias mitigation techniques in a CVM survey focused on estimating maximum willingness to pay for a beach conditions monitoring service among U.S. Gulf Coast beachgoers. Beach conditions information is known to affect beach patronage but no valuation study has yet estimated its value. The two techniques tested are: budget and substitutes cheap talk treatments and certainty follow-up. We presented a theoretically consistent model of budget-constrained utility maximization which accounts for the respondents’ subjective probability of a good beach trip with and without the beach conditions information. Interval regression was used to estimate respondents WTP for beach conditions monitoring service. Both mitigation treatments were unable to mitigate HB. The mean WTP was $3.39 and the net benefit for the program was between $188,531,063 and $391,474,452.

Flygresor utrikes har ökat markant sedan 1990. För att begränsa utsläppen av växthusgaser kan andra transportmedel som tåg vara väsentliga för att ersätta flyg. Emellertid har ofta tågresor en längre restid och ett högre biljettpris. En effektiv åtgärd för att jämna ut prisförhållandet mellan flygresor och andra transportmedel kan vara genom koldioxidskatter. Studien ska ge en uppfattning om studenters betalningsvilja för en koldioxidskatt, eftersom det finns en forskningslucka för det området, samt att det finns en kontrovers om villigheten att stödja miljöbeskattning. Syftet är att förbättrade policys ska kunna utvecklas utifrån studenters åsikter och tankar kring betalningsvilja och koldioxidskatter. Syftet är även att undersöka vilket sambandet är mellan betalningsvilja och upplevd kunskap och attityd till miljön. Studien är utförd genom Contingent valuation method där studenter ställs inför en hypotetisk resa för att kunna undersöka deras betalningsvilja, priskänslighet vid prisökningar, samt skäl och drivkrafter för valet av transportmedel. Resultatet från studien visar att respondenternas betalningsvilja är hög och att det finns en villighet att betala för en koldioxidskatt. Resultat indikerar att det finns ett samband mellan stor kunskap om klimatförändringar och hög betalningsvilja. Generellt sett visar sig samtliga respondenter ha en miljövänlig attityd men inget samband till betalningsviljan kan identifieras. / Air travel abroad has increased significantly since 1990. In order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from flights, other transport such as trains could be an essential alternative. However, train travels often mean longer travel time and a more expensive ticket price. An effective measure to even the price ratio between flights and other transport could be through carbon taxes. The study should provide a perception of students' willingness to pay since this area has shown a research gap. Also, there is a controversy of people's willingness to support environmental taxation. The study seeks to look into students' opinions and thoughts regarding willingness to pay and a carbon tax so improved policies could be developed. The purpose was also to study how willingness to pay for a carbon tax relates to an experienced state of knowledge of climate changes and attitude towards the environment. The study was performed with the Contingent valuation method where students were faced with a hypothetical trip, in order to examine their willingness to pay, price sensitivity when price increases, also reasons and driving forces for the choice of means of transport. The results show that the respondent’s willingness to pay is high and that there is a willingness to pay for a carbon tax. The results also indicate a relation between high knowledge of climate changes and high willingness to pay. In general, all respondents reveal an environmentally friendly attitude, however it does not show a connection to their willingness to pay.

The objective of this study is to estimate the willingness to pay of U.S. Gulf Coast residents to support oyster reef restoration. The Gulf Coast is the leading commercial oyster- producing region in the United States, accounting for approximately 46% of the total commercial oyster harvest in 2021. My benefit estimates were based on data obtained from a contingent valuation survey of 6,475 Gulf Coast respondents. I estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for oyster reef restoration using interval regression and Turnbull lower-bound methods. The estimated mean WTP value is in the range of $142 and $436 per household. The results show respondents who eat oysters and those that hold saltwater fishing licenses have significantly higher WTP.

The objective of this study was to estimate willingness-to-pay the population in Luleå is putting on the possibility to do recreation and outdoor life activities in an urban forest. The study has been limited to the area Ormberget-Herstölandet. A contingent valuation method has been applied which asks about willingness-to-pay to conserve current recreational activities by assuming other plans for the area. A total of 151 answers were received, of which 111 was used for the analysis. This study found that willingness-to-pay for recreation was estimated to be 173 SEK per person and as one-time-payment. Total estimated value for Luleå population was 13,500,000 SEK. Willingness-to-pay was positively influenced by the number of visits, time spent, income and preferences for cross-country skiing. Negatively influenced if the respondents are male and have high environmental concern.

Sea level rise (SLR) is posing a great risk of flooding and inundation to coastal areas in Florida. Some coastal nesting species, including sea turtle species, have experienced diminished habitat from SLR. In an effort to assess the economic and ecosystem service loss to coastal areas with respect to sea turtles Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) were used. The CVM was used to measure the economic impacts of SLR on sea turtles. Open-ended and dichotomous choice CVM was used to obtain the willingness to pay (WTP) values of Florida residents to implement certain mitigation strategies which would protect Florida’s east coast sea turtle nesting areas. The problem of sample selection bias was reduced by surveying residents of two cities that would potentially have varying interest in coastal conservation due to their relative distance from the coast. The hypothetical WTP of Florida households to implement policies designed to protect sea turtle habitat from development encroachment was estimated to be between $21 and $29 per year for a maximum of five years. Characteristics of respondents were found to have statistically significant impacts on their WTP. Findings include a negative correlation between the age of a respondent and the probability of an individual willing to pay the hypothetical WTP amount. Counter intuitively, it was found that WTP of an individual was not dependent on prior knowledge of the effects of SLR on sea turtle habitat. As the level of this awareness increased, the probability to pay the hypothetical WTP value decreased. The greatest indicators of whether or not an individual was willing to pay to protect sea turtle habitat were the respondents’ perception regarding the importance of sea turtle population health to the ecosystem, and their confidence in the conservation methods used. iii Concepts of Habitat Equivalency Analysis were used in order to determine the ecosystem service lost due to SLR. The study area of Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge (ACNWR) has a continually increasing sea turtle population due to various conservation efforts. However, how the inundation of the coastal area will injure this habitat was assessed, and if mitigation strategies to compensate for the loss are necessary. The carrying capacity (CC) of the refuge was chosen as the metric of the ecosystem service. Using the estimated area of ACNWR and the approximate area needed by a sea turtle to nest, the theoretical number of sea turtle nests possible on the refuge was calculated. This value was then projected to the year 2100 using the sea level rise scenarios provided by IPCC (2007) and NRC (2010). In order to quantify the injury caused by the decrease in the refuge’s CC, the number of sea turtle nests on the refuge was projected to the year 2100 using the data obtained over the past 30 years. The analysis concludes a potential loss of service to be experienced as early as 2060’s due to the carrying capacity of the refuge diminishing with the loss of the habitat due to the increase in the mean sea level.