O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência do ciclo menstrual nas alterações de limiar de dor à pressão (LDP) na musculatura mastigatória de mulheres com sinais e sintomas de Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM). Inicialmente 47 voluntárias entre 18 e 40 anos participaram do estudo, das quais 36 foram incluídas no experimento: 15 com sinais e sintomas de DTM (7 sob terapia com contraceptivos orais (CO) e 8 sem CO) e 21 saudáveis, sem sinais e/ou sintomas de DTM (8 com CO e 13 sem CO). Os LDPs dos músculos masseter e temporais (anterior, médio e posterior), e do tendão de Aquiles foram medidos bilateralmente, por meio de um algômetro, durante 2 ciclos menstruais consecutivos, nas 4 diferentes fases: menstrual (dias 1-3), folicular (dias 5-9), periovulatória (dias 12-16) e lútea (dias 19-23). Em cada fase do ciclo, as voluntárias relataram sua dor em uma Escala de Análise Visual (EVA). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância a 3 critérios para mensurações repetidas, a um nível de significância de 5%.Foram encontrados LDPs significativamente menores nos músculos temporal e masseter e no tendão de Aquiles das mulheres com DTM quando comparado às mulheres assintomáticas, independentemente da fase do ciclo e do uso de contraceptivos (p < 0,05). De uma maneira geral, os LDPs foram maiores em mulheres em terapia com contraceptivos orais, quando comparado às mulheres sem terapia. Parece não existir influência das diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual no LDP, independentemente da presença ou não de DTM. / The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the menstrual cycle on the Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) figures of the masticatory muscles in women with signs and symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). Forty-seven volunteers (ages between 18-40 years-old) were initially recruited for this purpose. According to the criteria adopted, 36 were included. The experimental group was composed of 15 women with myofascial pain (RDC/TMD) (7 under oral contraceptive medication), while 21 women with no TMD signs or symptoms (8 under oral contraceptive medication) composed the control group. The PPT values of masseter and temporalis (anterior, middle, and posterior regions) muscles, as well as the Achilles? tendon were bilaterally screened during two consecutive menstrual cycles, in the following phases: menstrual (day 1-3), follicular (day 5-9), periovulatory (day 12-16) and luteal (day 19-23). A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to address subjective pain in each menstrual phase. Data were submitted to 3-way ANOVA for repeated measurements, with a 5% significant level. The PPT values were significantly lower in the temporalis, masseter, and the Achilles? tendon of TMD patients when compared with the asymptomatic controls, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase or the use of oral contraceptives (p<.05). Overall, the PPT values were higher for patients under oral contraceptive therapy, while VAS was, in general higher at the menstrual phase (p<.05). It appears that the different phases of menstrual cycle have no influence on the PPT values, regardless of the presence of a previous condition, as myofascial pain.

<p>The purpose of this research is to study the effect of different demographic and socio economic factors on the contraceptive use among currently married women of age 15-49 in the two regions of Ethiopia, Amhara (17,214,056) and Oromiya (27,158,471). Data are obtained from the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Information on contraceptive use was provided by current use 1334 (14.7), future use 4017 (52.0), unmet need for spacing 1817 (20.0) and limiting 1249 (13.3) currently married women aged 15&ndash / 49 interviewed in the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS).</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to inestigate Swedish adolescents' perceptions and behaviours regarding sexual risk taking. Specific objectives were to explore teenagers' perceptions of contraceptive use, unintended pregnancy, and abortion; teenage girls' experiences of decision making process and support connected to abortion; and male adolescents' perceptions of sexual risk taking and barriers to practicing safe sex. Another objective was to evaluate the effect of advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills to teenage girls. The methodologies included focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and a randomized controlled trial. Among the adolescents in our studies, teenage parenthood was generally viewed as a "catastrophe", and the majority expressed supportive attitudes towards abortion (studies I-IV). Occasions of failure to use contraceptives were common, especially when sex was unplanned (studies I-V). Pregnancy prevention was perceived as the woman's responsibility. However, many girls were reluctant about using homonal contraceptives due to worries about negative side effects (I, III). Initiating condom use was difficult for girls, as well as for boys, for a number of reasons (I-IV): fear of ruining an intimate situation, associations with disease, distrust, pleasure reduction, and (for the boys) the fear of loosing one's erection. Males generally perceived personal and partner-related risks connected to unprotected intercourse as low. Few males were worried that an unintended pregnancy would be carried to term, and the majority would urge the girl towards abortion if she seemed ambivalent (II, IV). Girls viewed the abortion decision as a natural, yet difficult choice, strongly influenced by attitudes of partners, parents, peers and societal norms (III). Teenage girls provided with emergency contraceptive pills in advance used it more frequently and sooner after unprotected intercourse compared with controls, without jeopardising regular contraceptive use (V).

<p>The purpose of this research is to study the effect of different demographic and socio economic factors on the contraceptive use among currently married women of age 15-49 in the two regions of Ethiopia, Amhara (17,214,056) and Oromiya (27,158,471). Data are obtained from the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Information on contraceptive use was provided by current use 1334 (14.7), future use 4017 (52.0), unmet need for spacing 1817 (20.0) and limiting 1249 (13.3) currently married women aged 15&ndash / 49 interviewed in the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS).</p>

Thesis (M.A. (Population and Reproductive Health Research))--Mahidol University, 2003.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1996.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1996.

This study explored knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding contraception and contraceptive practices among secondary school learners in the Limpopo Province. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 612 Grade 8 and 332 Grade 12 learners from 24 randomly selected secondary schools. The study found that permissive attitudes prevailed towards sex, characterised by casual sexual activities commencing at 12 years of age. The availability of contraceptive and termination of pregnancy (TOP) services did not enable learners to utilise them, because of social, cultural, financial and service barriers. Most learners were sexually active without being knowledgeable about contraceptives, emergency contraceptives and TOP services. Two workshops conducted with learners produced similar results to those obtained from the completed questionnaires. Semi-structured interviews conducted with nurses, providing contraceptive and TOP services in the Limpopo Province, also substantiated the findings from the questionnaires. Secondary school learners in the Limpopo Province require more knowledge about and ready access to contraceptives to enable them to delay child bearing until they are emotionally, financially and physically ready for these responsibilities. Nurses and teachers in this province can enhance the learners' contraceptive knowledge and utilisation to help learners make better informed decisions about their own and their future children's lives. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Este trabalho se inscreve no campo dos estudos sobre sexualidade e práticas reprodutivas e contraceptivas, no contexto do Município de Porto Alegre onde muito recentemente passou a ser disponibilizado, na rede pública de saúde, um novo método contraceptivo, o implante subcutâneo Implanon. Partindo de um caso específico de implementação de uma ação governamental na área de saúde reprodutiva, este estudo tem como objetivo compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, os significados da prática contraceptiva de implantes subcutâneos para as jovens residentes na região geográfica da cidade, a Restinga e seu entorno, que foi alvo privilegiado desta intervenção pública. Como pano de fundo descreve-se e apresenta-se o processo de idealização, implementação e debate em torno desta política de saúde, assim como o conjunto de atores e agencia que participaram do mesmo. Com a finalidade de conhecer o universo cultural das mulheres que optaram pela tecnologia contraceptiva oferecida pela política municipal, analisam-se as práticas sexuais, reprodutivas e contraceptivas das mulheres entrevistadas, evidenciando algumas categorias e valores imputados a estas práticas e experiências. Discutem-se, a partir do contexto específico pesquisado, os significados e o universo de relações onde se dá a prática contraceptiva de implantes subcutâneos. Enfatiza-se, nesta parte final, como é que tal prática contraceptiva se conecta com as relações afetivo-sexuais, contraceptivas e reprodutivas. A partir desta contextualização foi possível perceber que os eventos envolvidos no processo de gestar e evitar gravidez pode significar e gerar diferentes consequências para os sujeitos neles envolvidos. Igualmente, a abordagem centrada nas especificidades do grupo social "alvo" da ação governamental, evidenciou as diferentes perspectivas e apropriações desta política municipal. / Situated within the field of studies on sexuality and reproductive and contraceptive practices, this study takes as its context the municipality of Porto Alegre, where a new contraceptive method - the subcutaneous implant, Implanon - was recently made available through the public health system. Departing from a specific case of the implementation of a governmental action in reproductive health, the objective of this study is to understand, from an anthropological perspective, what the contraceptive implants mean for young female residents of a particular area of the city - Restinga and its surroundings - that was a target of this public intervention. As background, the process of the health policy's formulation and implementation, and the subsequent debates regarding it, is described, and the collection of participating actors and agencies is presented. With the aim of becoming familiar with the cultural universe of the women who opted for the contraceptive technology proffered by the municipal policy, the sexual, reproductive, and contraceptive practices of interviewed women are analyzed; these data bring to light some of the categories and values ascribed to aforesaid practices and experiences. The meanings and the universe of relationships in which the contraceptive practice of the implants takes place is discussed with specific reference to the research context. The last section emphasizes how such contraceptive practices connect with affective-sexual, contraceptive and reproductive relationships. Through contextualization, it is possible to perceive that the process of both becoming pregnant and avoiding becoming pregnant can mean different things and generate diverse consequences for the subjects involved. Likewise, an approach focused on the specificities of the target population of this governmental action makes plain the different perspectives on and appropriations of municipal policy.

Este trabalho se inscreve no campo dos estudos sobre sexualidade e práticas reprodutivas e contraceptivas, no contexto do Município de Porto Alegre onde muito recentemente passou a ser disponibilizado, na rede pública de saúde, um novo método contraceptivo, o implante subcutâneo Implanon. Partindo de um caso específico de implementação de uma ação governamental na área de saúde reprodutiva, este estudo tem como objetivo compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, os significados da prática contraceptiva de implantes subcutâneos para as jovens residentes na região geográfica da cidade, a Restinga e seu entorno, que foi alvo privilegiado desta intervenção pública. Como pano de fundo descreve-se e apresenta-se o processo de idealização, implementação e debate em torno desta política de saúde, assim como o conjunto de atores e agencia que participaram do mesmo. Com a finalidade de conhecer o universo cultural das mulheres que optaram pela tecnologia contraceptiva oferecida pela política municipal, analisam-se as práticas sexuais, reprodutivas e contraceptivas das mulheres entrevistadas, evidenciando algumas categorias e valores imputados a estas práticas e experiências. Discutem-se, a partir do contexto específico pesquisado, os significados e o universo de relações onde se dá a prática contraceptiva de implantes subcutâneos. Enfatiza-se, nesta parte final, como é que tal prática contraceptiva se conecta com as relações afetivo-sexuais, contraceptivas e reprodutivas. A partir desta contextualização foi possível perceber que os eventos envolvidos no processo de gestar e evitar gravidez pode significar e gerar diferentes consequências para os sujeitos neles envolvidos. Igualmente, a abordagem centrada nas especificidades do grupo social "alvo" da ação governamental, evidenciou as diferentes perspectivas e apropriações desta política municipal. / Situated within the field of studies on sexuality and reproductive and contraceptive practices, this study takes as its context the municipality of Porto Alegre, where a new contraceptive method - the subcutaneous implant, Implanon - was recently made available through the public health system. Departing from a specific case of the implementation of a governmental action in reproductive health, the objective of this study is to understand, from an anthropological perspective, what the contraceptive implants mean for young female residents of a particular area of the city - Restinga and its surroundings - that was a target of this public intervention. As background, the process of the health policy's formulation and implementation, and the subsequent debates regarding it, is described, and the collection of participating actors and agencies is presented. With the aim of becoming familiar with the cultural universe of the women who opted for the contraceptive technology proffered by the municipal policy, the sexual, reproductive, and contraceptive practices of interviewed women are analyzed; these data bring to light some of the categories and values ascribed to aforesaid practices and experiences. The meanings and the universe of relationships in which the contraceptive practice of the implants takes place is discussed with specific reference to the research context. The last section emphasizes how such contraceptive practices connect with affective-sexual, contraceptive and reproductive relationships. Through contextualization, it is possible to perceive that the process of both becoming pregnant and avoiding becoming pregnant can mean different things and generate diverse consequences for the subjects involved. Likewise, an approach focused on the specificities of the target population of this governmental action makes plain the different perspectives on and appropriations of municipal policy.