Ce travail s’attache à comparer les politiques environnementales des deux ensembles que sont les Etats-Unis et l’Union Européenne. Plus précisément, il examine les convergences et les divergences de ces politiques et tente de mettre en lumière quelques-unes des raisons possibles à ces évolutions concourantes ou non, dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Dans une perspective propre à l’histoire des idées politiques, l’accent est mis sur les argumentaires scientifiques, juridiques et sociologiques. Ces arguments sont replacés dans leur contexte historique et culturel, ce qui permet d’en éclairer la portée stratégique. Plusieurs niveaux sont envisagés : l’étude des décisions portant sur l’atmosphère permet d’aborder l’esprit des lois et le cheminement des idées jusqu’à leur édiction législative sur les sols nationaux et d’en dégager les principaux points de concours et de différence ; l’intérêt porté aux stratégies de gestion des eaux et des sols permet de mettre en évidence l’importance de l’implication des deux ensembles dans les enjeux environnementaux transfrontaliers et dans la prise en charge mondiale des problèmes liés à l’environnement ; finalement, les questions de nature et de traitement des déchets autorisent une discussion sur l’histoire des idées et la prégnance des représentations dans la mise en place d’une/des politique(s) environnementale(s). Les conclusions auxquelles mène ce parcours sont rassemblées dans un bref chapitre conclusif dont le propos est à la fois de synthétiser l’ensemble des remarques préalables et d’ouvrir la discussion sur un possible rapprochement des politiques environnementales Américaines et Européennes dans un futur proche. / This thesis deals with a comparison between the environmental policies of two supranational entities: the United States and the European Union. More precisely, while their convergences and divergences are examined, attempts of explanations are provided. The study is essentially based on scientific, sociologic and legal arguments which are set in a cultural and historical context allowing a highlight of their strategic scope. Different aspects are discussed. The protection of the atmosphere and the related bills are analyzed to scrutinize the spirit of the laws and the national progression of ideas leading up to their enactment. The water and soil management strategies study enables to underline the great importance of the involvement of both the USA and Europe in world environmental decision-making. It also allows a questioning of their positions within a transborder context. Finally, the questions of nature and waste management are used to consider the American and European history of ideas and the imprinting of representations in the setting-up of environmental policies. The conclusions are grouped in a brief chapter which aims at both synthesizing the different elements studied and opening the debate on further evolution and even the possible rapprochement between the American and European environmental policies.

Cette thèse traite de la détection de zones de convergence dans une image, dans un cadre a contrario. C'est un travail théorique préliminaire qui explore différentes altérations du cadre a contrario. Elle a pour application dans le domaine médical la détection des lésions stellaires dans les mammographies, responsables de nombreux cancers du sein et qui se matérialisent par un centre intense vers lequel convergent les spicules, structures linéaires normalement présents dans le sein. Les lésions stellaires et distorsions architecturales ont suscité de nombreux travaux. La plupart des méthodes de détection sont basées sur l'extraction de caractéristiques locales de l'image (orientation du gradient, orientation des pixels, variance de l'histogramme de l'orientation...) puis utilisent une méthode de classification pour attribuer à chaque pixel une probabilité d'appartenir à une lésion stellaire. Ces méthodes nécessitent souvent l'utilisation de filtres en pré-traitement et en post-traitement afin de réduire le bruit, ou de seuiller les résultats finaux. La méthodologie a contrario offre un nouveau cadre pour la détection de structures dans les images. Elle s'appuie sur la définition d'un modèle de bruit, et sur une mesure de l'écart des observations à ce modèle. Le modèle porte sur des structures élémentaires et est souvent choisi "uniforme" : c'est-à-dire que les structures sont supposées suivre la loi uniforme et indépendantes. Or dans les mammographies on observe que les spicules ont une orientation privilégiée, et ne sont pas uniformément distribuées. Nous proposons l'utilisation de la méthode a contrario dans un cadre anisotrope pour mieux tenir compte de la distribution normale des spicules dans une mammographie. Les modèles anisotropes proposés modélisent le fait qu'une partie des structures linéaires est normalement convergentes vers un point commun. Ils portent soit sur les droites de l'image quand il s'agit de détecter les convergences globales, soit sur les segments quand on chercher les convergences locales dans une image. Concernant la détection des convergences locales, le cadre a contrario offre de nombreuses possibilités : sur le choix du nombre de fausses alarmes ou sur le choix du modèle de bruit. Ces choix sont détaillés sur des exemples synthétiques, sur des mammographies et sur des images naturelles. Les modèles a contrario que l'on étudie sont donnés sous la forme de mélanges paramétriques de deux termes : un terme uniforme et un terme "gaussien", modélisant le fait qu'une partie des structures est naturellement convergente. Pour ces différents types de modèles nous proposons d'estimer leurs paramètres. Le point de convergence globale est estimé par minimisation du nombre de fausses alarmes, et l'estimation des autres paramètres est faite par maximisation de la log-vraisemblance. Les modèles estimés sont ensuite testés en tant que modèles a contrario pour la détection des convergences et les résultats sont comparés à ceux que donnait le modèle uniforme. / This thesis deals with the detection of points of convergences in images, in an a contrario framework. This is a preliminar work which studies various alterations of the a contrario framework such as the naive model. An application in the medical field is the detection of stellate lesions in mammograms, which are highly suspicious signs of breast cancer and are characterized by a radiating pattern of spicules with a bright center. There are plenty of work regarding stellate lesions and architectural distortions. Most of them are based on the extraction of local features such as the gradient orientation, or the pixel orientation and more generally statistics of the orientation histogram. These features are then used in a classifier to assign to each pixel its probability of malignancy. The a contrario methods sets a different framework for the detection of geometric structures in images. A naïve model on line structures is defined and is often chosen as the uniform model, which is not well suited for mammograms where there is a privileged orientation of spicules. We propose in this thesis an anisotropic a contrario framework for a better description of the normal distribution of spicules in a mammogram. The designed models describe the convergence of some of the line structures to a single point. They either concern the lines or the line segments of an image wether we detect global or local convergences. In the last case we explore several definitions of the number of false alarms and several a contrario models on synthetic, natural images and mammograms. We give the a contrario models as two terms mixtures, one uniform and the other of Gaussian type. These are parametric models and we propose an algorithm to estimate their parameters (the point of convergence is estimated with an a contrario method and the other parameters are approached by maximization of the likelihood). The resulting models are used as a contrario models and the results are compared with those against the uniform model.

abstract: Convergences, one of the best known orchestral pieces by Marlos Nobre, was originally written in 1968 and scored for winds, percussion and piano; however, that version was neither performed nor published. Upon contacting the composer, the author learned that there was no performance-ready edition available. The purpose of this project, therefore, was to create a performance edition of Convergences Op. 28a by Marlos Nobre; to lead the premiere performance of the original version of the work; and to provide potential future performers with a descriptive analysis of the work, along with biographical information about the composer. After receiving revisions from the composer, the author created a new score, using a music notation program; the score appears at the end of this document. Additionally, performance parts were extracted from the new score. The analytical portion of this paper discusses the structure of the three movements (Vivo, Adagio, Vivo), their interrelationships, and the organic use of motivic transformation that binds the movements together. The work is approximately twenty-one minutes long and is scored for a small wind ensemble comprising: flute/piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, trombone, bass trombone, six percussionists, and piano. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2012

O texto versa inicialmente sobre campos, ou o que denomina protocampos da arte contemporânea em um recorte que observa as interações entre arte e tecnologia, arte sonora e performance, para propor questões sobre novos suportes de representação e reterritorialização nas artes, em relação aos conceitos de campos expandidos. Posteriormente discute a escrita sobre arte e a produção de conceitos no campo, para finalmente apresentar duas experiências práticas nas quais tentou-se aplicar ideias de hibridismo pela via dos processos e poéticas. / The text is initially about fields, or what it calls protocampos of contemporary art in a cut that observes the interactions between art and technology, sound art and performance, to propose questions about new supports of representation and reterritorialization in the arts, in relation to the concepts of expanded arts fields. Later he discusses writing about art and the production of concepts in the field, to finally present two practical experiences in which attempts were made to apply ideas of hybridity through processes and poetics.

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Cette thèse traite de la détection de zones de convergence dans une image, dans un cadre a contrario. C'est un travail théorique préliminaire qui explore différentes altérations du cadre a contrario. Elle a pour application dans le domaine médical la détection des lésions stellaires dans les mammographies, responsables de nombreux cancers du sein et qui se matérialisent par un centre intense vers lequel convergent les spicules, structures linéaires normalement présents dans le sein. Les lésions stellaires et distorsions architecturales ont suscité de nombreux travaux. La plupart des méthodes de détection sont basées sur l'extraction de caractéristiques locales de l'image (orientation du gradient, orientation des pixels, variance de l'histogramme de l'orientation...) puis utilisent une méthode de classification pour attribuer à chaque pixel une probabilité d'appartenir à une lésion stellaire. Ces méthodes nécessitent souvent l'utilisation de filtres en pré-traitement et en post-traitement afin de réduire le bruit, ou de seuiller les résultats finaux. La méthodologie a contrario offre un nouveau cadre pour la détection de structures dans les images. Elle s'appuie sur la définition d'un modèle de bruit, et sur une mesure de l'écart des observations à ce modèle. Le modèle porte sur des structures élémentaires et est souvent choisi "uniforme" : c'est-à-dire que les structures sont supposées suivre la loi uniforme et indépendantes. Or dans les mammographies on observe que les spicules ont une orientation privilégiée, et ne sont pas uniformément distribuées. Nous proposons l'utilisation de la méthode a contrario dans un cadre anisotrope pour mieux tenir compte de la distribution normale des spicules dans une mammographie. Les modèles anisotropes proposés modélisent le fait qu'une partie des structures linéaires est normalement convergentes vers un point commun. Ils portent soit sur les droites de l'image quand il s'agit de détecter les convergences globales, soit sur les segments quand on chercher les convergences locales dans une image. Concernant la détection des convergences locales, le cadre a contrario offre de nombreuses possibilités : sur le choix du nombre de fausses alarmes ou sur le choix du modèle de bruit. Ces choix sont détaillés sur des exemples synthétiques, sur des mammographies et sur des images naturelles. Les modèles a contrario que l'on étudie sont donnés sous la forme de mélanges paramétriques de deux termes : un terme uniforme et un terme "gaussien", modélisant le fait qu'une partie des structures est naturellement convergente. Pour ces différents types de modèles nous proposons d'estimer leurs paramètres. Le point de convergence globale est estimé par minimisation du nombre de fausses alarmes, et l'estimation des autres paramètres est faite par maximisation de la log-vraisemblance. Les modèles estimés sont ensuite testés en tant que modèles a contrario pour la détection des convergences et les résultats sont comparés à ceux que donnait le modèle uniforme.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T11:10:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T13:20:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T13:20:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Study of classical guitar technique aims at providing enabling tools to musical expression. This research investigated the different techniques in the traditional guitar methods. Our main objective was to identify the diverging and converging characteristics among such methods, as well as to elucidate elements and concepts that directly influenced the current approaches towards the instrument. For this purpose, the paper encompasses three chapters: the first one is about the structural changes in the guitar which interfered in the dawn of new technical approaches. It also presents a historical and bibliographical survey on classical guitar techniques from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The second chapter identifies and discusses the main distinguishing elements of each method’s suggestions. In the last chapter, we analyse the results by using the theoretical background previously discussed, the considerations concerning to the performance possibilities and the differences learnt throughout the study of the methods. By comparing all those elements, we were able to observe that the convergences or divergences emphasizing factors among the methods are wide, being specially influenced by the didactic philosophy in each one. Eventually, we verified that the divergences are highlighted as we compare the Spanish to the Italian method. / O estudo da técnica violonística tem a finalidade de fornecer ferramentas capazes de possibilitar a expressão musical. A presente pesquisa investigou as distintas linhas de condutas técnicas contidas nos métodos para violão que consideramos tradicionais. O intuito principal foi identificar os pontos divergentes e convergentes entre os métodos, bem como elucidar elementos e conceitos que influenciaram diretamente as atitudes atuais frente ao instrumento. Para tanto, este trabalho compreende três capítulos: o primeiro consiste na exposição das alterações estruturais no violão que intervieram no surgimento de novas abordagens técnicas, bem como em um levantamento histórico-bibliográfico acerca dos métodos para guitarra do século XVII, XVIII e XIX. O segundo capítulo identifica e discute os principais elementos que caracterizam as propostas de cada método. No último capítulo, discutimos os resultados a partir dos embasamentos teóricos, das considerações concernentes às possibilidades de execução e distinções colhidas através do estudo dos métodos. O emprego de uma ótica comparativa nos possibilita observar que os fatores que acentuam as convergências ou divergências entre os métodos são amplos, influenciados principalmente pela filosofia didática que cada um adota. Verificamos, ainda, que as divergências acentuam-se na medida em que comparamos os métodos espanhóis com os italianos.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T17:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3790722 bytes, checksum: 4beb3e4081730b4c31761e01e440ff53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T17:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3790722 bytes, checksum: 4beb3e4081730b4c31761e01e440ff53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The convergence culture has led to significant changes in the forms of production and consumption of fictional narratives. In this context, the blogs of characters emerge as one of the forms of narratives that lead transmídias the fictional TV content into cyberspace. Thus, it is important to analyze the configuration of this new communications ambience involving fictional narratives and not fictional, character and surfer, as well as the relationship that builds between them. Thus, this dissertation is to investigate general purpose, in the process of transmediação of soap operas for internet, similarities between the fictional and the real. We selected as the unit of analysis Blog Indra, the soap opera “Caminho das Índias” (Passage to Indias) (Rede Globo, 2009). The specific research objectives were: to analyze, from blog posts as they are constructed identity of the character and the identity profile of the public; identify the forms of sociality explored at the blog for the relationship characters/public and investigate how these forms of sociality promote convergences between presential and fictional world. The research, qualitative and interpretative nature, was conducted in two stages. At first, with reference to the concept of “Communication Contract” (CHARADEAU 2006, 2012), we did a descriptive and discursive approach to the blog, in which we demonstrate how the television narrative, blog, articulates the fictional and non-fictional. In the second step, we seek to understand the forms of sociality involved in the blo g, from the notions of presenteism (emphasis on everyday), ethics, aesthetics (sense of belonging) and tribalism (IDs). In this direction, we seek theoretical support in the comprehensive sociology of Michel Meffesoli (MAFESOLLI, 2007, 2010). The analysis of the posts in the first phase showed us that the identity of the character becomes Indra from discursive strategies that "simulate" the existence of a "blogger real world", being the identity profile of the Internet audience designed according to this perspective. The second step of the analysis showed that the identification of Internet users with the character extends to the "everyday" presented on the blog, thus indicating that the public creates links with the fictional: also sharing their stories, their feelings and affinities. Accordingly, we conclude that sociality is a majo r factor on the similarities between the fictional and the real of transmedia narratives. / A cultura da convergência vem provocando significativas transformações nas formas de produção e consumo de narrativas ficcionais. Nesse contexto, os blogs de personagens surgem como uma das formas de narrativas transmídias que levam o conteúdo ficcional da TV para o ciberespaço. Desse modo, faz-se relevante analisar como se configura essa nova ambiência comunicacional envolvendo narrativas ficcionais e não ficcionais, personagem e internauta, bem como a relação que se constrói entre ambos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação tem como propósito geral investigar, no processo de transmediação das telenovelas para a internet, convergências entre o ficcional e o real. Para tanto, selecionamos como unidade de análise o Blog do Indra, da Telenovela Caminho das Índias (Rede Globo, 2009). Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: analisar, a partir das postagens no blog, como são construídas a identidade do personagem e o perfil identitário do público; identificar as formas de socialidade deflagradas no blog para a relação personagens/público e investigar como essas formas de socialidade promovem convergências entre o mundo presencial e o ficcional. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira, tendo com referência o conceito de Contrato de Comunicação (CHARADEAU, 2006, 2012), fizemos uma abordagem descritiva e discursiva do blog, na qual demonstramos como a narrativa televisiva, no blog, articula o ficcional e o não ficcional. Na segunda etapa, buscamos compreender as formas de socialidade implicadas no blog, a partir das noções de presenteísmo (ênfase no cotidiano), ética da estética (sentimento de partilha) e tribalismo (identificações). Nessa direção, buscamos aporte teórico na sociologia compreensiva de Michel Maffesoli (MAFESOLLI, 2007, 2010). A análise das postagens na primeira fase nos mostrou que a identidade do personagem Indra se faz a partir de estrat égias discursivas que “simulam” a existência de um “blogueiro do mundo real”, sendo o perfil identitário do público internauta projetado em função desta perspectiva. A segunda etapa da análise demonstrou que a identificação dos internautas com o personagem se estende ao “cotidiano” apresentado no blog, indicando assim que o público cria vínculos com o ficcional: compartilhando, também, suas histórias, seus sentimentos e afinidades. Nesse sentido, concluímos que a socialidade é um fator preponderante nas convergências entre o ficcional e o real das narrativas transmidiáticas.

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Submitted by Anahi Rocha Silva null (anahiadv@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-06T12:46:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anahi Rocha Silva Mestrado.pdf: 3897496 bytes, checksum: 6873752911e288f712bb71733d31bdb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-06T20:34:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ar_me_mar.pdf: 3897496 bytes, checksum: 6873752911e288f712bb71733d31bdb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T20:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ar_me_mar.pdf: 3897496 bytes, checksum: 6873752911e288f712bb71733d31bdb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Sistema Nacional de Informações e Indicadores Cultural (SNIIC) é uma plataforma digital criada pelo governo federal como instrumento para o Plano Nacional de Cultura, com o objetivo de mapear e agregar, em base de dados única, informações referentes à cultura brasileira. Trata-se de um ambiente dinâmico de informações que reúne características de sistema complexo, convergente, híbrido, e que apresenta grandes desafios para sua implementação e execução. Nesse sentido nos propomos a analisar o SNIIC sob as perspectivas da Ciência da Informação e do Design da Informação, estabelecendo como objetivo geral identificar recursos e subsídios que ampliem as possibilidades de acesso, compartilhamento e apropriação da informação. A pesquisa é classificada como bibliográfica, exploratória, teórico-aplicada, uma vez que se dá a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico com intuito de conhecer e contextualizar os sistemas de informações e indicadores culturais e assim delinear o problema; é exploratória porque tem a própria plataforma como objeto para coleta dos dados, estudo e análise; teórico-aplicada, pois visa estabelecimento de um produto/serviço para melhorar o sistema de busca e recuperação da informação. Os resultados da análise confirmaram o grande potencial da plataforma, mas revelaram algumas dificuldades, tais como: deficiências na produção documental e no sistema de busca e recuperação da informação. O primeiro problema apontado pode ser corrigido com a adoção política arquivística e curadoria digital, com métodos e procedimentos relacionados ao tratamento de documentos arquivísticos eletrônicos que corrijam estas deficiências na produção documental; já com relação ao segundo, indicamos a aplicação prática de um tesauro sobre convertido no modelo Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) em padrão Resouce Description Framework (RDF), com vistas à organização, recuperação e interoperabilidade entre diferentes sistemas de informação e Web Semântica, permitindo que o usuário realize consultas utilizando seu vocabulário de comum uso, provendo assim uma maior acessibilidade às informações mantidas pelo SNIIC. / The National System of Information and Cultural Indicators (SNIIC) is a digital platform created by the federal government as a tool for the National Culture Plan, with the aim to map and aggregate in a single database, information related to Brazilian culture. It is a dynamic environment information that meets complex system characteristics, convergent, hybrid, and that presents great challenges for its implementation and enforcement. In this sense we propose to analyze the SNIIC from the perspectives of Information Science and Information Design establishing the general objective of identifying resources and subsidies that increase the possibilities of access, sharing and appropriation of information. The research is classified as literature, exploratory, theoretical and applied, since it starts from a literature survey in order to understand and contextualize the information systems and cultural indicators and thus outlining the problem; It is exploratory because it has the platform itself as an object for data collection, research and analysis; theoretical and applied, it aims to establish a product / service to improve the system of search and information retrieval. The test results confirmed the great potential of the platform, but had some problems, such as deficiencies in documentary production and search and information retrieval system. The first pointed problem can be fixed with archival policy adoption and digital curation, with methods and procedures related to the processing of electronic archival documents to correct these deficiencies in document production; already with respect to the second, indicate the practical application of a thesaurus on converted the model Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) standard Resouce Description Framework (RDF), with a view to the organization, retrieval and interoperability between different information and Semantic Web systems, allowing the user to perform queries using their vocabulary in common use, thus providing greater accessibility to information maintained by SNIIC.