Recent measurements show that the spectrum is under-utilized by licensed users in wireless communication. Cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed as a suitable solution to manage the inefficient usage of the spectrum and increase coverage area of wireless networks. The concept is based on allowing a group of secondary users (SUs) to share the unused radio spectrum originally owned by the primary user (PUs). The operation of CR should not cause harmful interference to the PUs. In the other hand, relayed transmission increases the coverage and achievable capacity of communication systems and in particular in CR systems. In fact there are many types of cooperative communications, however the two main ones are decode-and-forward (DAF) and amplify-and-forward (AAF). Adaptive relaying scheme is a relaying technique by which the benefits of the amplifying or decode and forward techniques can be achieved by switching the forwarding technique according to the quality of the signal. In this dissertation, we investigate the power allocation for an adaptive relaying protocol (ARP) scheme in cognitive system by maximizing the end-to-end rate and searching the best carriers pairing distribution. The optimization problem is under the interference and power budget constraints. The simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed adaptive relaying protocol in comparison to other relaying techniques, and the consequence of the choice of the pairing strategy.

Thesis advisor: Masayuki Wasa / Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda / This dissertation describes the development of cooperative catalyst systems that contain an achiral Lewis acid and a chiral Lewis acid that may have overlapping functions but play their independent roles to promote enantioselective C–C bond formations. Chapter 1 provides a summary of recent advances made in the field of enantioselective cooperative catalysis that served as intellectual foundations for this dissertation research. As it will be discussed in the first chapter, key limitations of cooperative catalysis are: (1) undesirable catalyst deactivation which occurs due to acid/base complexation, (2) requirement for base sensitive pronucleophiles and acid sensitive electrophiles, and (3) poor reaction efficiency. In an effort to overcome these fundamental limitations, we have developed “frustrated” Lewis pair (FLP)-based catalyst systems that consist of potent and sterically encumbered Lewis acids used in pair with bulky N-containing Lewis bases. To demonstrate the potential of the novel FLP catalyst system, we describe our work involving the enantioselective Conia-ene-type cyclization (Chapter 2). In the subsequent chapter (Chapter 3), we discuss the application of the FLP catalysts for enantioselective β-amino C–H functionalization reactions. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

The aim of the research is to find relationships that explain co-operative housing institutions through understanding the institution, management board and their decision making preferences. In the process of achieving the explanatory relationship, an analysis and overview of co-operative housing institutions is conducted with reference to the individual board member’s understanding of the institution. Individuals are reviewed in context of their contractual relationship within the management structure using a principal-agent continuum conceptualized from agency theory. Individual board members are subsequently required to make a practical decision based on their now defined understanding of the co-operative institutional context. This decision records individuals’ degree of self-interest behaviour as opposed to the institutional interest and individuals’ responsibility of equitable distribution of common pooled resources. Significant relationships were found to explain the degree of self-interest portrayed by board members for the cooperative institution and a relationship construct was devised to illustrate the various aspects. Recommendations were made to reduce the degree of self-interest behaviour that board members portray in favour of behaviour that is within the best interest of the institution. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / zkgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

The Cooperative Extension System has focused on nutrition education for low-income families for approximately 29 years via the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). In response to the need for a comprehensive economic evaluation of EFNEP, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) was awarded a grant from the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Services, United States Department of Agriculture (CSREES, USDA) to conduct a cost benefit analysis (CBA) of nutrition education programs, with emphasis on EFNEP. Virginia EFNEP served as the pilot program to test the evaluation procedure. This study is a part of the CBA of Virginia EFNEP. The purpose is to calculate the indirect tangible benefits derived from participation in EFNEP. The indirect tangible benefits are classified as 1) delaying productivity loss due to mortality and 2) avoiding productivity loss due to morbidity. This study also uses sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of two critical assumptions pertaining to retention of dietary behaviors and to incidence rate of diseases in the low-income population. Finally, the discount rate is analyzed via sensitivity calculations. There were two major conclusions drawn from this study. First, the indirect benefits accounted for more than $1 million of the total benefit generate by EFNEP. Second, the sensitivity analyses support the positive outcome (i. e., positive return on every dollar invested) derived from the CBA of Virginia EFNEP. / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / L. Harold DeWolf's participation in the Cooperative Curriculum Project is examined in order to set forth the mutual relationship between theology and religious education described in DeWolf's thoughts. DeWolf's emphasis on experience and relationships in both educational and theological questions offsets the programmatic curriculum approach characteristic of the project. [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

In the current situation in the housing market and in particular the inner city much attention is directed towards achieved prices per square meter in sales. The indicator is as a principle an appropriate measure of the housing market’s health and development, and can to some extent be used to make approximations of the general economic health status of municipalities and counties. It occurs occasionally that questions about whether prices are based on fundamentals at all times.The thesis questions that very issue, not from a macro accompanying financial perspective but rather from a microeconomic perspective, where each tenant ownership in the study is a micro-object. Are the observed prices per square meter rational relative to housing cooperative’s assets or is there a lack in the observed prices anchoring the respective association's finances. A result that does not enhance the image that the observed prices are rational in relation to housing cooperative’s assets should be seen as a warning signal that the macro-economic part of the housing market in the area may be subject to irrational pricing, and as a consequence one might argue that the market as a whole is unbalanced. The result is that there are variations in the observed square meter prices and net assets. In most cases, the net asset is not huge, the average is just over 3000 sek per square meter, which means that the market is definitely not completely out of balance. But in this study, an image that reinforces the theory that the market would be rational has not been found. The link between the square meter price and net asset is not linear, in fact there is little to no correlation. The correlation between the fee and net assets, however is stronger, although it is not fully capitalized. The difference is that net assets is a key that shows how strong economy housing cooperative has, and as such it is directly connected to have large fee the cooperative has to charge its members to retain a sustainable economy. It has been shown in previous studies that the fee capitalization on housing prices is not very strong, at least not in Stockholm's inner city, especially Östermalm 1. With that conclusion in mind it is not entirely surprising that the net asset would have even smaller capitalization effect. There are some measures that reasonably ought to change the way the market is acting. Greater financial accountability of developers and estate agents and a better understanding and deeper insight into the economic factors that are directly related to the ownership of the housing cooperative sought. The market is not out of balance, but it would be more rational if the market looked beyond prices per square meters. / I dagens situation på bostadsmarknaden och i synnerhet innerstan riktas stor fokusering på uppnådda kvadratmeterpriser vid försäljningar. Nyckeltalet är som princip ett lämpligt mått på hur bostadsmarknaden utvecklas och mår, och kan i viss mån användas för att göra generellare ekonomiska hälsostatusar på kommuner och län. Det uppkommer emellanåt frågetecken kring om priserna är baserade på fundamenta alla gånger. Examensarbetet ifrågasätter just denna fråga, inte ur ett makroekonomiskt perspektiv utan snarare ur ett mikroekonomiskt perspektiv, där varje bostadsrätt i studien utgör ett mikro-objekt. Är de faktiska kvadratmeterpriserna rationella i förhållande till föreningars tillgångar och låneskulder eller saknar de observerade priserna koppling till respektive förenings ekonomi. Ett resultat som inte stärker bilden av att de observerade priserna är rationella i förhållande till föreningens ekonomiska situation bör ses som en varningssignal att den makro ekonomiska bostadsmarknaden för området inte är i balans. eftersöks. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men den skulle kunna bli mer rationell om marknaden tittade längre än kvadratmeterpriset Resultatet är att det finns variationer i de observerade kvadratmeter priserna och respektive objekts nettotillgångar. I de flesta fall är substansvärdena inte enorma, den genomsnittliga netto tillgången är drygt 3000 kronor per kvadratmeter, vilket innebär att marknaden definitivt inte är helt ur balans. Men i denna studie har en bild som som förstärker bilden av att marknaden skulle vara rationell inte funnits. Kopplingen mellan priset per kvadratmeter och netto tillgångar är inte linjär, i själva verket finns det liten eller ingen korrelation mellan dessa. Korrelationen mellan avgiften och nettotillgångar är starkare, även om det inte är helt kapitaliserad. Skillnaden mellan de två korrelationerna är att nettotillgångarna är en faktor som visar hur stark ekonomi bostadsrättsföreningen har, och som sådan är direkt ansluten till hur stor avgift föreningen måste belasta sina medlemmar med för att upprätthålla en hållbar ekonomi. Det har visats i tidigare studier att avgiftens kapitalisering på bostadspriserna inte är särskilt stark, åtminstone inte i Stockholms innerstad, särskilt beträffande Östermalm. Med den slutsatsen i åtanke är det inte helt förvånande att nettotillgångarna har ännu mindre kapitaliserings effekt. Ökad finansiell redovisningsskyldighet för föreningar och en bättre förståelse och djupare insikt i de ekonomiska faktorer som är direkt relaterade till ägandet av bostadsrättsföreningen borde eftersträvas. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men det skulle vara mer rationellt om marknaden såg bortom priserna per kvadratmeter.

Demand for high data rates is increasing rapidly for future wireless systems.This trend is due to the increase in the number of mobile subscribers that need bandwidth hungry multimedia applications anywhere, anytime. Fourth generation cellular systems like IMT-advanced are being developed to meet these requirements. The unreliable nature of the wireless medium is one of the main hinderance in providing high data rates. Cooperative communication in cellular networks is emerging as a new paradigm to deal with the channel impairments. User cooperation via fixed relays in cellular systems form multiple access relay channels (MARCs) and provide an effective and cost efficient solution to achieve spatial diversity gains. Network resources can be utilized efficiently by using network coding at cooperating nodes. A lot of research work has focused on highlighting the gains achieved by using network coding in MARCs. However, there are certain areas that are not fully explored yet. For instance, the kind of the detection scheme used at the base station receiver and its impact on the link performance has not been addressed. In most cases, the outage probability has been used as a performance measure of MARCs. However, it is well known that the outage probability gives information about the signal availability, but it does not give the complete picture about the reliability of the link and the achieved quality of service. This thesis work looks at the link performance, in terms of symbol error probability, of multiple access relay channels that employ network coding at the relay node. Different types of detection schemes are considered and their performance is compared under different link conditions. Analytical expressions for the average symbol error probability of the cooperating users are derived. Focusing on the uplink of cellular systems, certain rules are devised on how to group users at relay node to ensure mutual benefit for the cooperating users. As a way of improving the link performance of multiple access relay channels and their robustness, the thesis considers constellation selection for the different branches. This method takes advantage of the redundancy between the transmitted symbols created by network coding and the augmented signal space obtained at the base station receiver. The obtained results show that, with a proper selection of the constellation sets, the link performance of MARCs can be improved. The thesis further looks at the interaction between the channel coding schemes of the cooperating users and network coding. It is shown that joint channel-network coding in MARCs can be seen as a product code. This new representation provides considerable flexibility in selecting efficient decoding algorithms at the base station receiver and gives the possibility to use more powerful network coding schemes for MARCs. / QC 20101118 / Sino-Swedish Cooperative Program: IMT-Advanced and Beyond

Thesis advisor: Masayuki Wasa / This dissertation describes the development of novel catalyst systems that could promote the regio- and enantioselective transformations of C-H bonds contained in N-alkylamines and ethers through Lewis acid-mediated hydride abstraction processes. The progress made in C-H functionalization of N-alkylamines and ethers that served as the intellectual foundation of this dissertation research are summarized in Chapter 1. Despite notable advances, the development of broadly applicable, enantioselective, and catalytic protocols to functionalize C-H bonds in N-alkylamines and ethers with high regio- and stereo-selectivity was regarded as an unsolved problem when we started this dissertation research. In an effort to overcome these fundamental limitations, we first identified a B(C6F5)3/Cu-PyBOX cooperative catalyst system for the enantioselective conversion of a-amino C-H bonds through the generation of an iminium by (F5C6)3B-catalyzed hydride abstraction process (Chapter 2). We then envisioned that in situ generated iminium ions could be further deprotonated to furnish an enamine intermediate, which may react with electrophilic species for a-amino C-H functionalization. The design and development of such a catalyst system were discussed in Chapter 3. Finally, we disclose enantioselective Cu–BOX-catalyzed hetero Diels-Alder reactions of enol ethers generated through Ph3C+-mediated oxidation of alkyl ethers. (Chapter 4). / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

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Today, housing in Sweden is facing major maintenance needs, particularly those built during the Million Program. Many of these properties are owned by housing cooperatives that have to carry out extensive maintenance, to ensure that future generations have the opportunity to have attractive and sustainable housing. This requires maintenance planning that involves what and when maintenance will be performed, and how much it will cost. An important tool for maintenance planning is a plan that can maintain the properties’ quality and value. However, there is a lack of knowledge about maintenance plans and their importance in the long term property management. This candidate's work illuminates maintenance plans and examines how housing cooperative works with and follows up their plan in practice. Because many property owners neglect their maintenance plan, this study is meant to analyze improvements that make optimal plan to work with in the long term. Based on conducted interviews, the study has shown that the housing cooperative is actively working with their maintenance plan which involves annual inspection-rounds of all properties, and also has a budgetary provision for future maintenance. One key point is that the union is actively working to make the plan more manageable, which is done by transformation from CD to Excel based files. The study also shows that the main basis for long term optimal work with a maintenance plan is to make it easier to manage, which can be achieved by creating or transforming the plan to digitized data systems. / Idag står Sveriges bostadsbestånd inför ett stort underhållsbehov och framförallt inom bostäder som uppfördes under miljonprogrammet. Många av dessa bostäder ägs av bostadsrättsföreningar som måste genomföra omfattande underhållsinsatser för att säkerställa att framtida generationer har möjlighet till attraktiva och hållbara bostäder. Detta kräver underhållsplanering som innebär vad och när underhållsinsatser ska utföras samt hur mycket det kommer kosta. Ett viktigt verktyg för underhållsplanering är en underhållsplan som vidmakthåller fastigheternas funktioner och värde. Det finns emellertid brist i kunskap om underhållsplaner och deras betydelse i den långsiktiga fastighetsförvaltningen. Detta kandidatarbete belyser underhållsplaner och undersöker hur en bostadsrättsförening arbetar med och följer upp sin underhållsplan i praktiken. Eftersom många fastighetsägare inte arbetar med sin underhållsplan är denna studie tänkt analysera fram förbättringar som gör planen optimal att arbeta med ur ett långt perspektiv. Genom intervjuer har studien visat att bostadsrättsföreningen arbetar aktivt med underhållsplanen vilket innebär årliga kontrollronder av fastighetsutrymmen och budgetavsättning för framtida underhållsinsatser. En central tyngdpunkt är att föreningen jobbar med att göra planen enklare och tydligare genom omformning från en CD skiva till en Excel-fil. Studien visar att den främsta förutsättningen för ett långsiktigt optimalt arbete med en underhållsplan är att göra den enkel att hantera, vilket kan uppnås genom att skapa eller omforma underhållsplaner till digitaliserade datasystem.