Introdução: Pacientes com Transtorno Bipolar (TB) e seus familiares apresentam níveis de estresse significativamente mais elevados que a população geral. Coping, utilizado para gerenciar situações estressantes, tem sido alvo de investigação e intervenções psicossociais em pacientes bipolares, auxiliando-os no manejo destes fatores e melhorando desfechos clínicos no tratamento. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem por objetivo primário comparar pacientes com TB, seus familiares de primeiro grau e um grupo de controles saudáveis quanto ao uso de estratégias de coping adaptativas e desadaptativas. Como objetivos secundários, serão feitas análises explorando diferenças de tipos específicos de coping utilizados pelos indivíduos dos diferentes grupos (pacientes, familiares e controles), através da escala Brief COPE. Outras correlações com variáveis clínicas serão exploradas, como fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos, buscando encontrar relações com as estratégias de coping na amostra de pacientes com TB. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostragem por conveniência. O estudo incluiu 36 pacientes eutímicos com TB, 39 familiares de primeiro grau destes pacientes e 44 controles. As estratégias de coping foram avaliadas através da Escala Brief COPE. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas quanto ao uso de estratégias adaptativas e desadaptativas entre pacientes, familiares e controles. Pacientes utilizam em menor grau estratégias adaptativas, quando comparados aos controles. Por outro lado, os familiares demonstram maior uso de estratégias desadaptativas, semelhante ao que é observado nos pacientes, diferindo do grupo controle. Limitações: O tamanho amostral é um importante limitador para as conclusões do estudo. Ainda, as conclusões foram baseadas em dados transversais. A utilização de avaliações psicológicas e clínicas em estudos longitudinais permitiriam um melhor mapeamento das mudanças ou manutenção nos padrões psicológicos dos participantes. Conclusões: O grupo de familiares encontra-se em um nível intermediário entre pacientes e controles, ou seja, familiares fazem uso de estratégias desadaptativas em níveis semelhantes ao grupo de pacientes, mas apresentam maior uso de estratégias adaptativas, assim como o grupo controle. Intervenções psicossociais com este grupo são justificadas, favorecendo o uso das estratégias adaptativas em detrimento das estratégias desadaptativas. / Background: Patients with Bipolar disorder (BD) and their relatives exhibit significantly higher stress levels than the general population. Coping strategies, used to manage stressful situations, have been the subject of research and have also been used in psychosocial interventions with bipolar patients in order to help them manage stress factors and improve the clinical outcome of treatment. Objectives: This study has the objective to compare BD patients, their first-degree relatives and a group of healthy controls on the use of adaptive strategies and maladaptive coping. The specific objectives, analyzes will be made by exploiting differences in specific types of coping used by individuals from different groups (patients, relatives and controls) through the Brief COPE scale. Other correlations with clinical variables will be explored, such as demographic and clinical factors, trying to find relations with coping strategies in the sample of patients with BD. Method: This was a cross-sectional study with sampling by convenience, enrolling 36 patients with BD, 39 of their first-degree relatives and 44 controls. Coping strategies were assessed using the Brief COPE scale. Results: Significant differences were detected between use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies by patients, patients' relatives and controls. Patients used adaptive strategies less often than the patients' relatives and controls. In contrast, the patients' relatives reported greater use of maladaptive strategies than the controls and were similar to the patients in this respect. Limitations: The sample size is an important factor limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from this study. Furthermore, these conclusions are based on cross-sectional data. Conclusions: The group of patients' relatives were at an intermediate level between the patients and the healthy controls, i.e. family make use of maladaptive strategies at similar levels to the group of patients, but greater use of adaptive strategies, as well as the control group. This group merits psychosocial interventions to encourage use of adaptive strategies rather than maladaptive strategies.

Hydroamination reactions are very attractive to form new C-N bonds, though broadly applicable synthetic methods do not exist. The hydroamination of unactivated alkenes is especially difficult to accomplish given its negative reaction entropy, as well as potentially being a thermodynamically unfavourable transformation with some substrates. Thus, previously reported systems have often consisted of biased intramolecular systems or metal-catalyzed intermolecular variations operating at low temperatures. Recently, our group discovered that intermolecular Cope-type hydroamination of unactivated alkenes is achievable through the use of aldehydes as catalysts. These organocatalysts act solely through promoting the pre-association of reacting partners, hydroxylamines and allyl amines, in order to induce temporary intramolecularity; thus allowing for very mild reaction conditions and access to important 1,2-Diamine motifs. This thesis presents studies expanding upon initial reports of aldehyde-catalyzed Cope-type intermolecular hydroamination. In the scope of these studies standard conditions were developed to compare aldehyde catalytic activity. These evaluations led to further strengthening our understanding of hypothesized trends in aldehydes’ catalytic efficiencies, notably the impact of electronic, steric and solvent effects. Furthermore, the possibility of using a catalytic precursor species for hydroamination was evaluated. While this symmetrical hydroxylamine dimer precursor did not result in increased hydroamination yields, it did allow for easier manipulations as well as allow preliminary kinetic isotope effect studies to study formaldehyde as a precatalyst. These KIE studies allowed to reconfirm that hydroamination was highly likely the rate determining step of our proposed catalytic cycle. Derivatization of hydroamination products was also accomplished to access important 1,2 Diamine motifs from simple starting materials, also allowing to access difficult hydroamination products through the application of quantitative amounts of aldehyde, followed by hydrolysis of the formed heterocycles. Additional studies into nitrone reactivity led us to access a novel synthesis of enantiomerically enriched chiral cyclic nitrones through a sequence of nucleophilic addition, Cope-type hydroamination and Cope elimination. However, this sequence proved unpractical and of very narrow applicability, while affording only modest enantioselectivities (up to 78% ee), therefore further exploration was not warranted. A collaborative study was also undertaken in collaboration with the Wennemers group from ETH Zurich. This exploratory study had the goal of examining the potential for combining small peptide catalysis with aldehyde catalysis inducing temporary intramolecularity. It was hypothesized that the combination of both catalytic systems could improve upon the conjugate addition of nucleophiles to certain electrophiles, such as nitroolefins; in a potentially stereoselective manner. Although initial trials did not yield productive reactions, evidence for potential new mixed aminals with formaldehyde and various nucleophiles was found. Furthermore, the background reactivity of various nucleophile and electrophile pairings was assessed, allowing for better calibration of future efforts in studying such systems.

No description available.

The world of sports has traditionally been known for promoting masculine behaviors, including a resistance to homosexuality. Research supports that gay men in sports have historically encountered prejudice and discrimination. Although the social climate has experienced change regarding homophobic discrimination and prejudice, research shows that challenges still exist for gay men who participate in sports; furthermore, to date, research could not be located that addresses the coping skills of gay men in amateur sports. This research addressed the lack of qualitative studies on the experiences of gay men who participate in amateur sports and on their use of coping skills. The purpose of the study was to describe the lived experiences of 8 gay men in amateur sports and to identify the coping skills, whether adaptive or maladaptive, used in sports environments. This study examined current literature on the consequences of prejudice and discrimination against gay men in sports environments. The conceptual framework for this study was based on the minority stress theory. The methodology was a phenomenological inquiry to gain an understanding of the lived experiences of this population. The 3 themes that emerged from the data were situation modification coping, emotion-focused coping, and minority stress. Understanding the experiences of gay men in amateur sports contributes to positive social change by identifying adaptive coping strategies, resulting in positive outcomes such as decreased stress and anxiety. Moreover, the lived experiences provided by this study's participants can provide direction for additional research to improve the experiences of gay men in sports.

Föreliggande examensarbete avser att studera hur verksamma kursledare inom COPE föräldrastödsprogram redogör för vilken avsikt COPE föräldrastödsprogram har, samt hur de beskriver att de arbetar för att uppnå målsättningarna med föräldrastödsprogrammet. Syftet är även att undersöka om verksamma kursledare inom COPE föräldrastödsprogram upplever sig som experter på föräldraskap. Den metod vi valt att använda är kvalitativ intervju. Det är åtta verksamma kursledare inom COPE som är intervjuade och deras svar som agerar utgångspunkt för studiens resultat. De teorier studien vilar på är social inlärningsteori och empowerment. Studiens resultat visar att COPE föräldrastödsprogram, enligt de verksamma kursledarna, syftar till att hitta verktyg och strategier för föräldrar att hantera vardagliga problem. Vidare är ett av COPE:s syfte att ge föräldrar ett socialt nätverk av likasinnade föräldrar för att öka nätverksbyggandet mellan föräldrar. Det essentiella är att föräldrar får en ökad tilltro till sin egen förmåga i rollen som föräldrar. Detta uppnås genom framförallt gruppdiskussioner vilka förs utifrån olika filmvinjetter som presenteras för föräldrarna och diverse dilemman. Viktigt enligt kursledarna är att alla frågor som ställs i gruppen ”kastas” tillbaka till gruppen för att öka deras egen tilltro till sin förmåga. De verksamma kursledarna upplever sig inte som experter på föräldraskap utan menar att det är föräldrarna själva som är experter på sina barn och därmed sitter på lösningarna. Det framkommer dock att föräldrarna ser kursledarna som just experter på föräldraskap.

Psychological research has studied the effects of college academic demands on students' wellbeing through the moderating role of coping mechanisms. This study provides further insight by focusing on coping mechanisms among graduate students from different fields, including humanities, STEM, and social sciences. Participants were recruited at the University of Central Florida (n=97). They answered an online survey assessing the prevalence of academic stressors, the use of different coping mechanisms, and strain outcomes, including somatic symptoms, insomnia, and burnout. STEM students reported higher organizational constraints and higher interpersonal conflict compare to students in other fields. Arts and humanities students reported higher use of maladaptive coping mechanisms. The results provide an essential overview of stress patterns among graduate students, an understudy population on academic well-being.

No description available.

Det är vanligt förekommande att universitetsstudenterna i Sverige upplever psykisk ohälsa i form av stress. Hur individen påverkas av stress beror på förmågan att kunna hantera en stressfylld situation. Olika sätt att hantera en stressfylld situation benämns copingstrategier. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av stress och copingstrategier bland universitetsstudenter. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka eventuella könsskillnader. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som distribuerades online. De svenska versionerna av frågeformulären Perceived Stress Scale och Brief COPE användes som underlag. Respondenterna som deltog i studien bestod av 100 studenter varav 59 var kvinnor och 41 män. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av universitetsstudenterna upplevde stress, en del upplevde stress ofta och en del ibland. Copingstrategierna som studenterna använde sig av mest var planering, accepterande och aktiv coping. De copingstrategier som användes minst var uppgivenhet, religion och användning av alkohol eller droger. Könsskillnaderna som förekom i upplevd stress respektive val av copingstrategier var inte signifikanta. / It is common for university students in Sweden to experience mental illness in the form of stress. How the individual is affected by stress depends on the ability to handle a stressful situation. Different ways of dealing with a stressful situation are called coping strategies. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of stress and coping strategies among university students. A further aim was to examine possible gender differences. The study was conducted using a quantitative survey that was distributed online. The Swedish versions of the questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale and Brief COPE were used. The respondents who participated in the study consisted of 100 students, of whom 59 were women and 41 were men. The results showed that most university students experienced stress, some students experienced stress often and some sometimes. The coping strategies that students used the most were planning, acceptance and active coping. In contrast, the coping strategies that students used the least were behavioural disengagement, religion and the use of alcohol or drugs. The gender differences discovered in perceived stress and choice of coping strategies, respectively, were not significant.

Den svenska regeringen har tagit fram ett nationellt program för att få ett välfungerande föräldrastöd för den svenska befolkningen. Anledningen till det är att ohälsa bland unga har ökat. Var och en av Sveriges kommuner ska kunna erbjuda föräldrar stöd genom olika föräldrastödsprogram och föräldrautbildningar. Dock tar inte regeringen någon ställning till dem specifika föräldrautbildningar, som tillexempel COPE. Men Statens Folkhälsoinstitut har rekommenderat COPE- föräldrautbildning som ett bra alternativ som föräldrastöd för kommunerna. COPE står för The community parent education program och är en utbildning som erbjuds till föräldrar för inspirera till nya idéer och handlingsmetoder i sitt föräldraskap. Detta har bland annat Sjuhärads kommunalförbund tagit fasta på och tagit ett gemensamt beslut om att införa COPE i kommunerna. Problemet som uppdagats har varit att deltagarantalet inte varit så högt som hade varit önskvärt. Vilket i sin tur har fått några av kommunerna att lägga ner sin COPE verksamhet. Samt varit en av anledningarna till att kommunalförbundet valt att satsa på ett projekt om samverkan kring föräldrastöd i Sjuhäradsbygden. Ur ett föräldraperspektiv har det visat sig att de flesta vet vad COPE- föräldrautbildning är för något men valt att inte använda sig av den som ett stöd eller inspirationsverktyg. Många uppger att anledningen är bristande behov av att få utbildning i sitt föräldraskap och att de inte anse sig ha så stora problem så att det krävs en utbildning. Vilket är budskapet som föräldrarna möter om COPE. Den här studien har med hjälp av översättningsteorin försökt upplysa om vad som påverkar en kommun när något nytt ska implementeras. Samt är syftet är att kunna öka kunskapen om vad som i processen när en idé ska bli praktik. Där kommunernas olikheter ofta gör att översättningen från idé till verklighet ser annorlunda ut. Samtidigt är vikten av att framföra budskapet om COPE till föräldrarna på det sätt som skulle inspirera föräldrarna att gå den.

Individuella skillnader i val av copingstrategier är en viktig del av stresshantering och i förlängningen sannolikheten att drabbas av stressrelaterad ohälsa. Syftet med studien var att predicera copingstrategier utifrån personlighet och vuxen anknytning och att undersöka korrelationer mellan personlighet och vuxen anknytning. 174 vuxna deltagare (män = 40) i åldrarna mellan 19 och 83 år svarade på enkäten som bestod av Big Five Inventory (BFI), Erfarenheter av Nära Relationer (ENR) och Brief COPE. BFI mäter personlighetsdragen enligt femfaktormodellen, ENR mäter anknytningsstil enligt de två dimensionerna undvikande respektive ångestladdad anknytning. Brief COPE mäter coping enligt 14 delskalor som kan delas in i problemfokuserad, känslofokuserad och dysfunktionell (undvikande) coping. Resultat avseende korrelationer visade att det fanns en negativ korrelation mellan undvikande anknytning och vänlighet, extraversion samt samvetsgrannhet. Undvikande anknytning och neuroticism korrelerade positivt. Ångestladdad anknytning var svagt negativt korrelerad med samvetsgrannhet samt positivt korrelerad med neuroticism. Ingen av anknytningsstilarna var signifikant korrelerade med öppenhet. Multipla regressionsanalyser visade att extraversion, öppenhet, samvetsgrannhet och undvikande anknytning predicerade problemfokuserad coping. Känslofokuserad coping predicerades av neuroticism och extraversion. Extraversion och undvikande anknytning predicerade socialt stöd. Självanklagelse predicerades av neuroticism. Neuroticism och ångestladdad anknytning predicerade dysfunktionell coping. Personlighet och anknytning kunde tillsammans predicera problemfokuserad och dysfunktionell coping samt socialt stöd. Anknytning bidrog med unik varians för coping utöver personlighetsdimensionerna. Dock bidrog anknytning med relativt lite förklarad varians även om resultatet var signifikant. / Individual differences in choosing coping strategies are an important part of stress management, thereby affecting the risk of health problems related to stress in the long run. The purpose of this study was the prediction of coping strategies from personality and adult attachment and the examination of correlations between coping and adult attachment. 174 adult participants (men = 40) in the ages between 19 and 83 answered a survey comprised of the Big Five Inventory (BFI), Experiences of Close Relationships (ECR) and Brief COPE. BFI measures personality according to the five-factor model. ECR measures attachment according to the two dimensions of avoidant and anxious attachment. Brief COPE measures coping according to 14 subscales which may be divided into problem-focused, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional (avoidance) coping. Results regarding correlations show that there is a negative correlation between avoidant attachment and agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness. There was a positive correlation between avoidant attachment and neuroticism. No significant correlation between attachment and openness was found. Multiple regression analyses show that extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and avoidant attachment predicted problem-focused coping. Neuroticism and extraversion predicted emotion-focused coping. Social support was predicted by extraversion and avoidant attachment. Neuroticism predicted self-blame. Dysfunctional coping was predicted by neuroticism and anxious attachment. Together, personality and attachment predicted problem-focused and dysfunctional coping, as well as social support. Attachment added unique variance compared to personality alone. However, even though significant, the unique variance contributed by attachment was relatively small.