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<p>Amputation affects men and women of all ages, classes, races and religions. The patients’ reactions are, however, entirely unique. This is a literature study comprising fourteen scientific articles which make up the results. The psychosocial effects of amputation can be daunting and considering the mountain of literature on the subject, it is therefore necessary to start by explaining some of the research on stress, crisis, and coping. Brief descriptions of Lazarus’s and Cullberg’s work have been selected to represent a sample of existing theories which have grappled with these psychosocial concepts. The purpose of this study is to describe the various coping strategies utilized by patients who have undergone amputation. The results consist of seventeen coping strategies which are divided up into five theme groups (positive coping, avoidance coping, social support, maladaptive coping, and religion). Evidence is provided which describes how the various coping strategies can actually manifest themselves in reality as witnessed by amputee patients. In conclusion, amputees use various coping strategies at different stages of recovery to deal with the trauma of their loss; these strategies can be observed and identified in both clinical and out-patient settings.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D. (Community Psychiatric Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

<p>Varje år insjuknar i Sverige omkring 50 000 människor i cancer. Det innebär att ungefär var tredje svensk kommer att drabbas av cancer under sitt liv. Ett cancerbesked framkallar starka känslor hos patienten. För att kunna bemästra känslorna samt hantera situationen tillämpar patienten någon form av coping. I svensk forskningslitteratur beskrivs coping som vad en person gör för att handskas med olika stressorer i vardagen samt vilka resurser personen i fråga har för att ta sig an problemen. Syftet med studien var att belysa patienters användande av copingstrategier vid cancerdiagnos samt vårdpersonalens delaktighet i copingprocessen. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningar utfördes i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed samt manuellt. Slutligen utsågs 14 artiklar att delta i studiens resultat. I resultatet framkom att flertalet av de patienter som insjuknat i cancer, upplever en kontrollförlust. Coping har positiv påverkan på patientens möjligheter att upprätthålla alternativt återfå kontroll över situationen. Forskning visar att vidareutveckling av gamla alternativt utveckling av nya copingstrategier leder till att patienten får lättare att bearbeta och acceptera de förändringar som cancern medför. Vårdpersonalens roll i copingprocessen är att med hjälp av sina kunskaper och färdigheter kunna se patientens individuella behov, ta tillvara på patientens resurser samt stötta patienten i processen. Det är angeläget för vårdpersonalen att öka sin medvetenhet gällande copingstrategier samt hjälpa patienten att få förståelse för sin individuella situation, sina reaktioner och sina val av copingstrategier. Målet med coping är att patienten ska kunna återgå till ett så normalt liv som möjligt, alternativt acceptera sin situation.</p>

In this thesis coping shortly after diagnosis and psychosocial function during the acute and extended phase of survival was investigated for individuals struck by cancer during adolescence. Sixty-one participants were recruited and data were collected from four to eight weeks (T1) up to four years (T7) after diagnosis. Study I: the aim was to describe how participants (n=56) cope with cancer-related distress in response to closed and open-ended questions. In response to closed-ended questions, the majority reported emotion-focused strategies, and in response to open-ended questions they reported meaning-based and problem-focused strategies. Study II: the aim was to investigate nurses’ and physicians’ ability to identify which coping strategies participants (n=48) use. Neither nurses nor physicians were successful in identifying which strategies participants used, although physicians were somewhat better. Study III: the aim was to identify participants’ (n=61) psychosocial states. Three states were identified: poor (A), average (B), and good (C). From 18 months after diagnosis more participants than expected by chance were in state C. At T7 77% were in State C and 15% in State A. Female gender, divorced parents, and using distracting to cope was related to State A and B. Study IV: the aim was to describe negative and positive cancer-related consequences reported (n=32) three and four years after diagnosis and to establish whether using certain strategies at T1 was related to reports of certain consequences at T7. The majority reported negative and positive consequences and a relation between using distracting to cope at T1 and reporting bodily concerns at T7 was established. In conclusion: it is difficult for nurses and physicians to identify how adolescents recently diagnosed with cancer cope with distress; the majority of individuals diagnosed with cancer during adolescence experience a state of good psychosocial function during the extended phase of survival, and distress and personal growth often go hand in hand after cancer during adolescence.

<p>The purpose of the study was to investigate levels of occupational stress experienced by police officers and the strategies used to cope with stress. The study findings are based on a sample of 104 police officers from six police stations within the Cape Town area. The results indicated that participants have been in the police service for an average of 7.72 years, and have worked an average of 4.8 years at their present stations. The majority of participants are between 26-30 years old (31%), male (75%), married(51%), coloured (65%), constables (45%), Afrikaans speaking (47%), and have a matric qualification (70%). The Spielberger Police Stress Survey and the Brief COPE Inventory were used as data collection tools. The findings indicated that police officers were experiencing moderate levels of stress as an outcome of inherent and organisational occupational demands. Secondly, police officers were more likely to use problem-focussed coping strategies to manage occupational stress than maladaptive strategies. The limited use of avoidance coping strategies was surprising, given the elevated prevalence of both physical and psychological disorders within the police context. The results indicated no significant association between levels of distress and avoidance coping strategies. The potential adverse outcomes of severe stress within this group affect&nbsp / society in general more than stress from most other occupational groups. Addressing persistent stress within the organisation is imperative in ensuring a well-functioning police service, and ultimately, a secure and healthy society.</p>

Over the last few decades, increased flexibility and lack of stability in employment has made job insecurity a work stressor that keeps affecting more and more  employees. This study investigates to what extent core self-evaluations influence the appraisal of job insecurity in a Swedish sample of white-collar workers (N=425). By applying the Preacher &amp; Hayes’ macro for multiple mediation the study also tests if there is a mediating effect of coping style on the relation between core self-evaluations and job insecurity. The results show that core self-evaluations have predictive validity in relation to job insecurity. Core self-evaluations are also associated with task-based coping style. However, no mediating effect of coping style was found on the relation between core self-evaluations and job insecurity. / Stockholm Stress Center / Job insecurity from a gender perspective