The inmates who are serving life imprisonment are provided with the treatment programmes throughout their incarceration period until they are released from custody. In addition, they are afforded with their primary and secondary needs in prisons. Before the lifers are released from prison, pre-release programmes are presented to them in order to facilitate their reintegration process into the community. After the lifers are released from prisons on parole, the community corrections offices further facilitate their reintegration process into the community. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Corrections has always been conventionally known as an occupational discipline and not a profession. The organization of corrections has been spoken of as a penitentiary, bearing in mind that the models of the buildings were meant for punishment; with correctional officers recognized as guards. The role of the guards was that of the keeper of the keys and their duty was mainly custodial in nature. The occupation was mainly attractive to white males with a record of unemployment and not much education. The occupation was stable, and did not require for any extra skill. Certain researchers believe that the selection methods for prison warders were extremely relaxed with a small amount of empirical validity. There was also thinking that a correctional officer needed a 20/20 vision and an IQ of an imbecile. Conversely, it has been perceived that a correctional officer can be the most significant individual in the offender’s life, having an influence in refining or declining the success of the different treatment programs that an offender undergoes (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 3). Corrections is a human service occupation. Therefore, human service workers need to have knowledge of human behaviour and be able to assess their perspectives on any behaviour wisely and thus formulate reliable estimations. This will give them the opportunity to enjoy suitable decision making powers and formulate a trend on professional behaviour. Their knowledge of human behaviour will also strengthen the capability to foresee behaviour and give special knowledge to prevent any hesitancy(Williamson, 1990, p. 43). The role of the correctional officers (security staff) has intensely changed over the past few decades.The correctional officer is in today's corrections, expected to balance security and still be responsible for changing the behaviour of offenders constructively (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 11). In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the distinctive and contradictory role of the correctional officer, it is very important to appreciate the changes that have transpired in penal philosophy all through the centuries. Throughout the research, the researcher will make an effort to capture the heritage of corrections and the evolving systems of punishment of Europe, the United States of America and South Africa and look at the applications of the rehabilitation concept and how the Correctional Officer has been utilised as a skilled and knowledgeable professional in the whole process. The aim of the research being to determine the effect that correctional and professional officers have on rehabilitation of offenders and determine the process by which the Correctional environment can be transformed to a true profession of highest integrity and competence. Objectives for the study will be: • To analyse the history and development of Corrections internationally and its philosophical background • To examine the impact of the history of rehabilitation in the South African Corrections system, from the development of the first prisons in 1652 to the demilitarisation of prisons system in the 1990s, right through to the actualisation of the South African White Paper on Corrections, 2005 • To critically examine the professional status of the Corrections occupation against other existing professions. The issues on education, training, credentialing, autonomy, code of ethics and special expertise are some of the aspects that will be looked at as the primary criterion for professions • To explain the conception of rehabilitation and its development and application both internationally and nationally • To critically look at the importance of Corrections system while highlighting the mandated role of the Correctional officer and the duality of the role of balancing security and rehabilitation. The study will contribute on the basis of knowledge in particular regard to Education and Training of Correctional Officers. A model will be developed for South African Correctional Services Systems and predominant focus will be on the performance and education and training of Correctional Officers in South Africa. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

The study focuses on an overview of the performance management and the development system in the Department of Correctional Services with special focus on Limpopo province, Mpumalanga province and Northwest province (which is referred to as Limpopo region in this research). The main research question was "what does the current performance management development system in the Department of Correctional Services in the Limpopo region look like?" The relevant literature was consulted and in order to gain a clear view and understanding of performance management in general. The overview focuses on the general concept of performance management so as to understand it, its origin, purpose, benefits, advantages and disadvantages. The second part focuses on the performance management system in the general Public Service. This was done in order to establish whether there is any alignment between general performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service. It was established that there is no difference between the general concept of performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service in general. The main focus is on the policy used in the Public Service. The last part deals with the research question and focuses on the Department of Correctional Services in particular in the previously demarcated region. The Performance Management and Development System Policy was used to determine if there is any alignment between the general performance management, performance management in the Public Service and what is being implemented in the Department of Correctional Services. The findings show that there is no difference between the Performance Management and Development System being applied in the different areas. Several minor challenges were picked up, based on the findings of the internal audit on performance management, and relevant recommendations are provided. In general, based on the findings and percentage of compliance, the research shows that the Performance Management and Development System is being effectively implemented in the Limpopo region of the Department of Correctional Services. / Public Administration & Management / M. Tech. (Public Administration and Management)

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Crime in South Africa is a common occurrence and crimes committed by young people are rapidly becoming a serious problem. During the 19th and zo" centuries, young offenders were institutionalised in reform schools for example. However, social workers and probation officers realized that the confinement in these schools caused frustration amongst the young offenders and also encouraged further deviant behaviour. In South Africa, the Department of Correctional Services implemented community corrections, on 1 June 1993, as an alternative sentence option to imprisonment. Community corrections have two distinctive forms, namely correctional supervision and parole supervision. Correctional supervision is a community-based sentence, which is prescribed by the courts and is served within the community under strict supervision and control of correctional officials and probation officers. The Department of Correctional Services mainly implemented correctional supervision in order to divert young offenders away from being exposed to the harsh and severe life of incarceration. The goal of the study was to explore correctional supervision as an alternative sentence option and present a description of this sentence for the juvenile delinquents. The objectives were to explore the juvenile offender's perception of correctional supervision, the impact of this sentence on the offender's family members and the availability and the role that the probation officers play during the juvenile's sentence to correctional supervision. The contents of the report focused on describing the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and other related topics, such as theories and contributing factors, and correctional supervision as an alternative sentence option. Exploratory-descriptive research was done and questionnaires were utilized as instruments for data collection from the juvenile offenders, their family members and the probation officers. The juvenile offenders were part of the Department of Correctional Services' (Worcester) justice system and the probation officers are employed at the Department. Conclusions and recommendations are made regarding the respondents' perceptions, opinions and experiences of the sentence of correctional supervision. The proposed recommendations should be a guide for the Department of Correctional Services in order to change certain factors that contribute to the poor co-operation of juvenile offenders sentenced to correctional supervision. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Misdaad in Suid-Afrika is 'n bekende verskynsel en misdaad gepleeg deur jong mense is vinnig besig om 'n ernstige probleem te word. Gedurende die neëntiende en twintigste eeu, is jeugoortreders na inrigtings, soos byvoorbeeld verbeteringskole, gestuur. Maatskaplike werkers en proefbeamptes het egter besef dat die afsondering in hierdie skole, frustrasies veroorsaak en self verdere afwykende gedrag aanmoedig. In Suid-Afrika, het die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste Gemeenskapskorreksies op 1 Junie 1993, as 'n alternatiewe vonnisopsie tot gevangenisstraf, geïmplementeer. Gemeenskapskorreksies het twee onderskeidende vorme, naamlik korrektiewe toesig en parooltoesig. Korrektiewe toesig is 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde vonnis, voorgeskryf deur die howe, en word uitgedien in die gemeenskap onder streng supervisie en beheer deur korrektiewe amptenare en proefbeamptes. Die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste het korrektiewe toesig hoofsaaklik geïmplementeer om jong mense weg te wys van die onaangename blootsteling aan die gevangenislewe. Die doel van die studie was om korrektiewe toesig, as 'n alternatiewe vonissopsie te verken en 'n beskrywing van hierdie vonnisopsie vir die jeugoortreder te gee. Die doelwitte was om die jeugoortreder se persepsie van korrektiewe toesig, die impak van dié vonnis op die oortreder se gesinslede en die beskikbaarheid en rol van die proefbeampte tydens 'n jeugdige se straf tot korrektiewe toesig, te verken. Die inhoud van die verslag fokus op die beskrywing van die verskynsel van jeugdelikwensie asook verbandhoudende onderwerpe, soos teorieë en bydraende faktore, en korrektiewe toesig as 'n alternatiewe vonnisopsie. 'n Verkennende-beskrywende studie is gedoen met behulp van vraelyste, as 'n instrument van data insameling by die jeugoortreders, hul gesinslede en die proefbeamptes. Die jeugoortreders was deel van die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste (Worcester) se regstelsel en die proefbeamptes is werksaam by die Departement.

Les effets de cohérence quantique sont au cœur de la physique mésoscopique : ils gouvernent le comportement des conducteurs dont la taille devient comparable à la longueur de cohérence de phase des électrons Lf.<br />Les expériences présentées dans cette thèse concernent les effets de la cohérence de phase électronique sur les propriétés de transport de conducteurs métalliques diffusifs.<br />Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés aux mécanismes de déphasage électronique en mesurant la magnétorésistance de localisation faible de fils quasi-1D en or contenant des impuretés magnétiques de fer, à très basse température. Le comportement du temps de cohérence de phase électronique tf mesuré s'explique bien dans le cadre de la physique des impuretés Kondo, par la combinaison de l'effet Kondo à une impureté, et des interactions entre impuretés de type RKKY. Ce résultat est une contribution importante dans le débat sur la saturation de tf à très basse température.<br />Ensuite, nous avons étudié les oscillations quantiques de magnétoconductance, Altshuler-Aronov-Spivak (AAS), et Aharonov-Bohm (AB), dans des réseaux 2D d'anneaux en argent présentant différentes géométries. Notamment, à partir d'une théorie récente, nous avons extrait tf à partir des harmoniques de Fourier de l'oscillation AAS. La dépendance en température mesurée, différente de celle extraite d'un fil quasi-1D, laisse supposer un effet de la topologie sur le déphasage. Enfin, nous avons mesuré la dépendance en taille des amplitudes des oscillations AB et AAS dans des réseaux de 10^6 à 10 anneaux : lorsqu'une dimension du réseau devient inférieure à Lf, la moyenne d'ensemble des oscillations quantiques est non triviale, révélant que des interférences quantiques subtiles dominent le transport. C'est une signature spectaculaire de la transition dimensionnelle vers la physique mésoscopique.

No description available.

L’hyperthermie guidée par IRM permet l’ablation thermique des tumeurs, l’activation de l’expression d’un transgène sous contrôle d’un promoteur thermo-sensible ainsi que le dépôt local de médicaments à l’aide de nanovéhicules sensibles à la température ou à la pression locale. L’imagerie de température par IRM, basée sur la technique du décalage de la fréquence de résonance du proton permet le monitorage des interventions d’hyperthermie. Les procèdes interventionnels guides par IRM sur cible mobile requièrent des séquences d’imagerie rapides afin d’obtenir des images de phases ayant une résolution spatio-temporelle élevée. Nous avons démontré l’efficacité de l’association des méthodes adaptatives d’imagerie parallèle telles que TSENSE et TGRAPPA et de la méthode multi-référence de l’atlas de mouvement afin de compenser les variations du champ magnétique induites par les organes en mouvement. Les procédés interventionnels guides par IRM sont basés sur des séquences d’imagerie rapides capables de fournir des images en temps-réel ayant une relation précise entre la position de la cible représentée dans l’image et sa vraie position spatiale. Les séquences écho-planar sont très rapides mais possèdent des distorsions géométriques. Nous avons proposé une méthode de correction des distorsions des images EPI. Cette technique est basée sur des approches existantes utilisant l’acquisition de deux images EPI ayant deux temps d’écho différents. L’efficacité de la méthode proposée a été démontrée pour une expérience de thermométrie par IRM. La rapidité du traitement des données, associée à une faible diminution de la rapidité d’acquisition, rend cette méthode particulièrement adaptée pour les procédés interventionnels guides par IRM. La perfusion sanguine, la diffusion thermique ainsi que le coefficient d’absorption des ondes acoustiques ou électromagnétiques déterminent la distribution de la température durant les procédés interventionnels. Certaines tumeurs ont des taux de perfusion élevés conduisant à une évacuation importante de la chaleur et par conséquent, un refroidissement rapide de la cible. Cet effet réduit la température maximale atteinte pour une puissance donne et peut conduire à des zones d’ablation plus petites réduisant ainsi l’efficacité de l’intervention. La connaissance précise des paramètres thermiques du tissu peut aider à la planification des procédés interventionnels. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé une méthode permettant la détermination précise des paramètres cités précédemment. / MR-guided HIFU-induced hyperthermia allows for thermal ablation of tumors, for gene therapy by thermal induction of transgenic expression (based on a thermo-sensitive promoter) and for local drug delivery using thermo-sensitive liposomes. These applications require accurate temperature measurement during the therapeutic intervention. Dynamic MR-temperature imaging based on the proton resonance frequency shift technique allows monitoring the local temperature evolution during hyperthermia. MR-guided thermotherapy on moving organs requires imaging sequences providing phase images with high temporal and spatial resolution. We demonstrated the feasibility of combining adaptive parallel imaging techniques such as TSENSE or TGRAPPA with the atlas-based multi-baseline method for compensating the magnetic field variations produced by moving organs during the respiratory cycle. Many MR-guided interventional procedures rely on real-time imaging sequences for providing precise relations between the target position in the image and the true position in the scanner. Although echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences are very fast, they are prone to geometric distortions. For correcting these distortions, we proposed a real-time correction method by applying existing approaches based on a dual EPI acquisition with varying echo times. It is demonstrated that this method works well in combination with MR-thermometry for guiding thermal therapies. Short data-processing times as well as a small penalty in acquisition speed make this method well-adapted for MR-guided interventions. Local blood perfusion, thermal conductivity and the absorption coefficient of acoustic or electro-magnetic waves determine the temperature distribution in living tissue. Some tumors have high perfusion rates resulting in considerable heat evacuation. This effect reduces the maximal temperature increase achievable for a given deposited energy and produces smaller ablation zones, which can impair the efficiency of the therapeutic procedure. A method for accurately estimating the above mentioned tissue parameters, was presented. This method could thus be useful in quantifying the influence of perfusion during thermal interventions.

Hochenergiephysikanalysen zielen darauf ab, das Standardmodell—die gemeinhin akzeptierte Theorie—zu testen. Für überzeugende Schlüsse, sind Analysemethoden nötig, welche einen eindeutigen Vergleich zwischen Daten und Theorie ermöglichen und zuverlässige Abschätzung der Unsicherheiten erlauben. Die Matrixelement-Methode (MEM) ist eine Maximum-Likelihood-Methode, welche speziell auf Signalsuche und Parameterschätzung an Beschleunigern zugeschnitten ist. Die MEM hat sich durch optimale Nutzung vorhandener Information und sauberer statistischer Interpretation der Ergebnisse als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Sie hat jedoch einen großen Nachteil: In der Originalformulierung ist die Berechnung der Likelihood intrinsisch auf die erste störungstheoretische Ordnung in der Kopplung limitiert. Höhere Ordnungskorrekturen verbessern die Genauigkeit theoretischer Vorhersagen und erlauben eindeutige feldtheoretische Interpretation der gewonnen Informationen. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmalig die MEM unter Einbezug der Korrekturen der nächstführenden Ordnung (NLO) der QCD-Kopplung durch Definition von Ereignisgewichten für die Berechnung der Likelihood präsentiert. Diese Gewichte ermöglichen auch die Erzeugung ungewichteter Ereignisse, welche dem in NLO-Genauigkeit berechneten Wirkungsquerschnitt folgen. Der Methode wird anhand von Top-Quark-Ereignissen veranschaulicht. Die Top-Quark-Masse wird aus den erzeugten Ereignissen mithilfe der MEM in NLO-Genauigkeit bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Schätzer stimmen mit den Eingabewerten aus der Ereigniserzeugung überein. Wiederholung der Massenbestimmung aus denselben Ereignissen, ohne NLO-Korrekturen in den Vorhersagen, führt zu verfälschten Schätzern. Diese Verschiebungen werden nicht durch abgeschätzte theoretische Unsicherheiten berücksichtigt, was die Abschätzung der theoretischen Unsicherheiten der Analyse in führender Ordnung unzuverlässig macht. Die Resultate unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit der Berücksichtigung von NLO-Korrekturen in der MEM. / Analyses in high energy physics aim to put the Standard Model—the commonly accepted theory—to test. For convincing conclusions, analysis methods are needed which offer an unambiguous comparison between data and theory while allowing reliable estimates of uncertainties. The Matrix Element Method (MEM) is a Maximum Likelihood method which is especially tailored for signal searches and parameter estimation at colliders. The MEM has proven to be beneficial due to optimal use of the available information and a clean statistical interpretation of the results. But it has a big drawback: In its original formulation, the likelihood calculation is intrinsically limited to the leading perturbative order in the coupling. Higher-order corrections improve the accuracy of theoretical predictions and allow for unambiguous field-theoretical interpretation of the extracted information. In this work, the MEM incorporating corrections of next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD by defining event weights suited for the likelihood calculation is presented for the first time. These weights also enable the generation of unweighted events following the cross section calculated at NLO accuracy. The method is demonstrated for top-quark events. The top-quark mass is determined with the MEM at NLO accuracy from the generated events. The extracted estimators are in agreement with the input values from the event generation. Repeating the mass determinations from the same events, without NLO corrections in the predictions, results in biased estimators. These shifts may not be accounted for by estimated theoretical uncertainties rendering the estimation of the theoretical uncertainties unreliable in the leading-order analysis. The results emphasise the importance of the inclusion of NLO corrections into the MEM.

The study focuses on an overview of the performance management and the development system in the Department of Correctional Services with special focus on Limpopo province, Mpumalanga province and Northwest province (which is referred to as Limpopo region in this research). The main research question was "what does the current performance management development system in the Department of Correctional Services in the Limpopo region look like?" The relevant literature was consulted and in order to gain a clear view and understanding of performance management in general. The overview focuses on the general concept of performance management so as to understand it, its origin, purpose, benefits, advantages and disadvantages. The second part focuses on the performance management system in the general Public Service. This was done in order to establish whether there is any alignment between general performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service. It was established that there is no difference between the general concept of performance management and what is being implemented in the Public Service in general. The main focus is on the policy used in the Public Service. The last part deals with the research question and focuses on the Department of Correctional Services in particular in the previously demarcated region. The Performance Management and Development System Policy was used to determine if there is any alignment between the general performance management, performance management in the Public Service and what is being implemented in the Department of Correctional Services. The findings show that there is no difference between the Performance Management and Development System being applied in the different areas. Several minor challenges were picked up, based on the findings of the internal audit on performance management, and relevant recommendations are provided. In general, based on the findings and percentage of compliance, the research shows that the Performance Management and Development System is being effectively implemented in the Limpopo region of the Department of Correctional Services. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Administration and Management)

In dieser Arbeit wird die Messung zweier fundamentaler Parameter des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik diskutiert: der Betrag des CKM Matrixelements Vcb und die b-Quarkmasse. / In this work, the preliminary measurements of two fundamental parameters of the Standard Model of particles physics are presented: the CKM matrix element Vcb, and the b-quark mass.