Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka ensamkommande pojkars erfarenhet av att leva och flytta från ett HVB i en svensk kommun. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem personer som tidigare har varit placerade på HVB. Resultaten visade att genom placering på HVB gavs respondenterna möjlighet att träffa andra ensamkommande som befinner sig i en liknande situation, vilket skapade en känsla av trygghet. Studien visade vidare att stöttning av personal på boendet under place-ringen och i förberedelserna för att flytta från HVB och bli självständiga vuxna, var mycket betydelsefullt. Studien visar att respondenterna i stort haft en positiv upple-velse av att ha varit placerade på HVB. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate unaccompanied minors ex-perience of living and moving from a group home in a Swedish municipality. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with five individuals who previ-ously have been placed in a group home. The results showed that through placement in the group home the respondents had an opportunity to meet other unaccompanied minors and share a similar situation, which created a sense of security. The results showed further that received support from the staff, during the placement and in preparations to move from the group home and become independent, was of vital importance. The results indicate that the respondents experienced the time they spent in the group home in a positive way.

<p></p><p><a>COS and CS₂ are sulfur compounds that are formed in natural waters. These compounds are also volatile, which leads them move into the atmosphere and serve as critical precursors to sulfate aerosols. Sulfate aerosols are known to counteract global warming by reflecting solar radiation. One major source of COS and CS₂ stems from the ocean. While previous studies have linked COS and CS₂ formation in these waters to the indirect photolysis of organic sulfur compounds, much of the chemistry behind how this occurs remains unclear. This study examined this chemistry by evaluating how different organic sulfur precursors, water quality constituents, and temperature affected COS and CS₂ formation in natural waters.</a></p> <p>In the first part of this thesis (chapters 2 and 3), nine natural waters ranging in salinity were spiked with various organic sulfur precursors (e.g. cysteine, cystine, dimethylsulfide (DMS) and methionine) exposed to simulated sunlight over varying exposures. Other water quality conditions including the presence of O₂, CO and temperature were also varied. Results indicated that COS and CS₂ formation increased up to 11× and 4×, respectively, after 12 h of sunlight while diurnal cycling exhibited varied effects. COS and CS₂ formation were also strongly affected by the DOC concentration, organic sulfur precursor type, O₂ concentration, and temperature while salinity differences and CO addition did not play a significant role.</p> <p>To then specifically evaluate the role of DOM in cleaner matrices, COS and CS₂ formation was examined in synthetic waters (see chapters 4 and 5). In this case, synthetic waters were spiked with different types of DOM isolates ranging from freshwater to ocean water along with either cysteine or DMS and exposed to simulated sunlight for up to 4 h. Surprisingly, CS₂ was not formed under any of the tested conditions, indicating that other water quality constituents, aside from DOM, were responsible for its formation. However, COS formation was observed. Interestingly, COS formation with cysteine was fairly similar for all DOM types, but increasing DOM concentration actually decreased formation. This is likely due to the dual role of DOM on simultaneously forming and quenching the reactive intermediates (RIs). Additional experiments with quenching agents to RIs (e.g. ³DOM* and ·OH) further indicated that ·OH was not involved in COS formation with cysteine but ³DOM* was involved. This result differed with DMS in that ·OH and ³DOM* were both found to be involved. In addition, treating DOM isolates with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to reduce ketone/aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols increased COS formation, which implied that the RIs formed by these functional groups in DOM were not involved. The alcohols formed by this process were not likely to act as quenching agents since they have been shown to low in reactivity. Since ketones are known to form high-energy-triplet-states of DOM while quinones are known to form low-energy-triplet-states of DOM, removing ketones from the system further supported the role of low-energy-triplet-states on COS formation. This was initially hypothesized by findings from the testes on DOM types. In the end there are several major research contributions from this thesis. First, cysteine and DMS have different mechanisms for forming COS. Second, adding O₂ decreased COS formation, but it did not stop it completely, which suggests that further research is required to evaluate the role of RI in the presence of O₂. Lastly, considering the low formation yields of COS and CS₂ formation from the organic sulfur precursors tested in this study, it is believed that some other organic sulfur precursors are missing which are likely to generate these compounds to higher levels and this needs to be investigated in future research. </p><br><p></p>

1. HIPÓTESIS DEL TRABAJOEsta tesis considera el cuerpo como lugar de investigación y creatividad artística, desde un punto de vista marcado por las mujeres artistas y por la presentación y/o representación del cuerpo femenino, en términos propios o cercanos a la escultura y al Arte Público.El pretexto, para este trabajo, consiste en considerar a las mujeres artistas y a los cuerpos femeninos como identidades que actúan con creatividad, para introducirse y modificar el entorno social.El objetivo principal es determinar unas posibles definiciones de Cuerpo Público, seleccionando intervenciones creativas que permiten evidenciar cómo el cuerpo, a través del arte, se perfila como un medio colectivo socialmente útil.2. METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓNLa delimitación del campo de investigación se ha acotado analizando la producción artística femenina del siglo veinte, relacionando y confrontando los datos bibliográficos e iconográficos hallados.El corpus general de datos, marcado por vacíos, fragmentación y complejidad, ha sido catalogado por orden alfabético y seleccionado, restringiendo el marco de investigación a obras de arte que presentaran el tema del cuerpo o problemas de identidad femenina.3. RESULTADOSAnalizando las obras de arte, se ha definido el Cuerpo Público, explicando sus características, al desarrollar unos conceptos clave, que han evidenciado dos condiciones principales: una objetiva y otra simbólica, que permiten la recíproca interferencia y/o copresencia, que determina las caracterizaciones y coincidencias que siguen:- Cuerpo Público como corpus de conceptos y/o acciones.Corresponde a las obras de arte seleccionadas y al compromiso artístico de las mujeres. Esta primera definición puede entenderse también como Cuerpo Público "extendido". Identifica un "bien" potencialmente alcanzable por todos y ofrece un tránsito, físico o mental, que permite conocer y re-conocerse.- Cuerpo Público "plástico", asumido como material y medio y "objeto/sujeto plasmable" del arte. Esta segunda hipótesis puede equivaler a la de Cuerpo Público como "escultura viviente", patente en la performance y en el Body Art.- Cuerpo Público que atañe al Arte Público, entendido como actitud colectiva y democráctica, por implicar a más autores y al público en la configuración de la obra de arte y/o por expresarse en "espacios" de uso público. Debe considerarse la capacidad de dialogar y colaborar entre identidades. Puede corresponder a una práctica artística para los "asuntos públicos" que podría convertirse en "razón de estado". Esta tercera propuesta puede sumarse al concepto de Cuerpo Público "político", como libre presentación y/o representación del "cuerpo" y capacidad de mediar democráticamente. Implica el consenso de los interesados al lugar y la apropriación social del acontecimiento.- Cuerpo Público "autobiográfico", como explicitación pública de una mirada privada individual que puede tener resoncia en una mirada pública colectiva. Debate las necesidades relativas a una vivencia local/global y puede configurarse en "multi-identidad". Esta última consideración puede coincidir con Cuerpo Público como identidad "híbrida" interpretada como actitud sincrónica e interdisciplinar. 4. CONCLUSIONESLos resultados obtenidos se indican como parciales y revisables y no pretenden dictar pautas estrictas.En concreto, el tema del Cuerpo Público ha ofrecido la posibilidad de desarrollar con creatividad un género que atañe la investigación del Arte Público, con la intención de contribuir a llenar unos vacíos histórico-artísticos y fomentar la curiosidad de futuros investigadores.Se ha demostrado cómo es posible repensar el papel del arte, gracias a la creatividad de las artistas, y cómo se pueden insertar nuevas lecturas del arte dentro de la historiografía oficial.Se ha puesto de manifiesto, además, cómo la obra de arte puede representar una posible solución a los problemas sociales, junto a la calidad y actualidad de:- la atención siempre más frecuente hacia el Arte Público. - los temas que se ocupan de estudios de género.- la importancia del cuerpo come eje de investigación. / The basic notions in this doctoral dissertation arise from looking upon the body as the site for artistic research and creativity. Specifically, such an analysis is deduced from the point of view of female artists, and from the presentation and/or representation of the female body in terms that are peculiar or closely related to sculpture and Public Art.The pretext for this research plan comes down to considering female artists and female bodies as entities capable of behaving with creativity, in order to gain access into the social fabric and so influence society.This dissertation therefore introduces some creative works by female artists, which can be defined as "public body", and they allow demonstration of how, by means of art, the body presents itself as a collective and socially useful resource.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Untersuchungen zur Trockenentschwefelung von Brenngasen durch Partialoxidation von H2S an Herdofenkoks. Hierzu wurden Versuche in der Technikumsanlage VTE 2004 mit einem simulierten PHTW Gas durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass der COS-Abbau nicht wie bisher angenommen durch die COS-Partialoxidation sondern durch die COS-Hydrolyse erfolgt. Die COS-Hydrolyse gewinnt dabei mit abnehmender Raumbelastung an Bedeutung. Der Entschwefelungsgrad erhöht sich mit steigendem Sauerstofffaktor und abnehmender Raumbelastung. Sauerstofffaktoren &amp;gt;4 sind aufgrund des vollständigen H2S-Umsatzes und der nicht ablaufenden COS-Partialoxidation nicht sinnvoll. Die Gewinnung des abgeschiedenen Schwefels auf dem Herdofenkoks konnte nachgewiesen werden. Abschließende Berechnungen ergaben, dass sich mit den erreichten Schwefelkonzentrationen im Reingas das Verfahren im aktuellen Entwicklungsstand für die Vorentschwefelung im IGCC-Kraftwerk eignet.

The increasing number of delay and loss critical services in packet networks require differentiated packet handling in the forwarding plane. Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees can be given for networks using resource reservation and admission control. However, such strategies require complex control plane extensions and might lead to higher operation expenditures. Network operators therefore often use over-provisioning and traffic differentiation to offer cheaper class of service quality in their internet protocol (IP) packet networks. Priority marking and forwarding of packetized data traffic can be realized mainly using different layer two and three mechanisms. The number of differentiated classes and their autonomous system (AS) internal implementation is at the operator’s choice. This paper proposes a concept of cross-domain and cross-layer priority signaling between packet switched networks to be used at the inter-AS peering points. It makes use of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as the predominantly used routing protocol for AS peering communication. A new BGP-4 path attribute is used to convey the structured priority information. The new concept ensures that all receiving AS peers are consistently and comprehensively informed about the QoS handling within the IP prefix originating AS. Based on this information, all ASes can perform close QoS treatment approximation in a cross-domain and cross-layer manner. The approach is now work in progress at the IETF.

The increasing number of delay and loss critical services in packet networks require differentiated packet handling in the forwarding plane. Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees can be given for networks using resource reservation and admission control. However, such strategies require complex control plane extensions and might lead to higher operation expenditures. Network operators therefore often use over-provisioning and traffic differentiation to offer cheaper Class of Service (CoS) quality in their internet protocol (IP) packet networks. The number of differentiated classes and their autonomous system (AS) internal implementation is at the operator’s choice. This paper proposes a signalling concept for inter-AS layer three Class Set signalling, supported classes, their encoding and packet rate limitations. It makes use of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as the predominantly used routing protocol for AS peering communication. The paper specifies two new nontransitive attributes, which enable adjacent peers to signal Class of Service capabilities and admission control limitations. The new "CoS Capability Attribute" and the “CoS Parameter Attribute" are simple data structures, which signal the classes, their per hop behaviour (PHB) ID code and the token bucket control performed at the ingress AS border router for rate limitation purposes. The denoted Class of Service forwarding support is meant as the AS externally available (transit) Class of Service support. The approach is now work in progress at the IETF.

This document focuses on Class of Service Interconnection at inter- domain peering points. It specifies two new non-transitive attributes, which enable adjacent peers to signal Class of Service Capabilities and certain Class of Service admission control Parameters. The new "CoS Capability Attribute" is deliberately kept simple and denotes the general EF, AF Group and BE forwarding support across the advertising AS. The second "CoS Parameter Attribute" is of variable length and contains a more detailed description of available forwarding behaviours using the PHB id Code encoding. Each PHB id Code is associated with rate and size based traffic parameters, which will be applied in the ingress AS Border Router for admission control purposes to a given forwarding behaviour. The denoted Class of Service forwarding support is meant as the AS externally available (transit) Class of Service support.

Mit der zunehmenden Popularität des Internets steigt die Anzahl der Nutzer und vor allem die Anzahl zeit- und verlustkritische Dienste – wie zum Beispiel „Voice over IP“, Videoübertragungen und netzbasierte Spiele. Das Internet ist dabei der Zusammenschluss von ca. 30.000 Betreibernetzen, die mit Hilfe des „Internet Protocol (IP)“ derzeit ohne jede Dienstgüteunterstützung den Datenverkehraustausch realisieren. Massive Überdimensionierung der Netzkapazitäten führen zu einer Netzauslastung von nur ca. 10% und entsprechend guter Übertragungsqualität. Mit steigendem Verkehrsaufkommen wird in dieser Dissertation erwartet, das die Netzbetreiber infolge des Kostendrucks nicht schritthaltend den überhöhten Netzausbau aufrechterhalten können und somit Qualitätseinbußen zu erwarten sind. Innerhalb der Betreiber wird bereits jetzt Verkehrstrennung betrieben, jedoch am Übergabepunkt verworfen und im besten Fall im Nachbarnetz durch aufwendige Analyse erneut vorgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde deshalb ein domänen- und schichtenübergreifendes Konzept zur Realisierung grob-granularer Dienstgüte in IP-Netzen entworfen, zur Standardisierung bei der „Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)“ vorgeschlagen, implementiert und in Auszügen simuliert und getestet. Dabei werden die Verkehrsklasseninformationen mehrere Netzschichten in transitiven Nachrichtenelementen des „Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)“ signalisiert und schichtenübergreifend assoziiert. Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet im wesentlichen drei Teile: 1. Eine umfassende Zusammenstellung von vorhandenen Dienstgütekonzepten einschließlich der bereits existierenden QoS-Funktionselemente in verfügbaren Netzelementen, 2. Die detaillierte Spezifikation des neuen Konzeptes und 3. den Ergebnissen der Simulations- und Implementierungsaktivitäten zum Nachweis der Funktion und Skalierbarkeit des Entwurfes. Zwei wesentliche Erkenntnisse und Forderungen sind durch die Bearbeitung des Themas erwachsen. Die Einfachheit der Konzeptstruktur und die Einfachheit der angestrebten Dienstgüteunterstützung. Die angestrebte Dienstgüte beschränkt sich deshalb auf die primitive Verkehrstrennung in mehrere Klassen, die in den Weiterleitungsknoten getrennt abgelegt und mit verschiedenem Vorrang behandelt werden.

Several approaches have been employed for directing the intracellular trafficking of DNA to the nucleus. Cationic polymers have been used to condense and deliver DNA and a few specific examples using chitosan as cationic polymer have been described. The concerted efforts in gene therapy to date have provided fruitful achievements toward a new era of curing human diseases. A number of obstacles, however, still must be surmounted for successful clinical applications. Therefore, chitosan-plasmid and quaternised chitosan-plasmid complexes (polyplexes) were investigated for their ability to transfect COS-1 cells and the results were compared with Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes for transfection efficiency. All of the chitoplexes utilised in this study proved to transfect COS-1 cells, however to a lesser extent than the Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes, which served as a positive control. Complexes formed with quaternised trimethyl and triethyl chitosan oligomers, specifically TMO L and TEO L, proved to be superior transfecting agents compared to other chitosans. The molecular mass of chitosan is considered to influence the stability of the chitosan/DNA polyplex, the efficiency of cell uptake and the dissociation of DNA from the complex after endocytosis. In literature it was shown that the toxicity of the chitosan1DNA polyplexes is relatively low compared to viral gene and lipid non-viral delivery vectors. This study showed that the percentage viable COS-1 cells when transfected with the chitosan polymers, oligomers, quaternised chitosan polymers and quaternised chitosan oligomers (chitoplexes) was higher than the percentage viable cells when transfected with lipoplexes prepared with Transfectam with the MTT assay. The Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes induced cell damage and a decreased viability of COS-1 cells were found. Chitosan/DNA and quaternised chitosan/DNA complexes did not affect the viability of the cell line. The degree of quaternisation of the polymers and oligomers and molecular size proved to be two important factors when considering effective non-viral gene delivery. It can be concluded that chitosan, especially quaternised oligomeric derivatives are polysaccharides that demonstrate much potential as a gene delivery system. The high solubility and low toxicity of chitosan allow its use in a wide variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry and, as shown in this study, in gene delivery. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Several approaches have been employed for directing the intracellular trafficking of DNA to the nucleus. Cationic polymers have been used to condense and deliver DNA and a few specific examples using chitosan as cationic polymer have been described. The concerted efforts in gene therapy to date have provided fruitful achievements toward a new era of curing human diseases. A number of obstacles, however, still must be surmounted for successful clinical applications. Therefore, chitosan-plasmid and quaternised chitosan-plasmid complexes (polyplexes) were investigated for their ability to transfect COS-1 cells and the results were compared with Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes for transfection efficiency. All of the chitoplexes utilised in this study proved to transfect COS-1 cells, however to a lesser extent than the Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes, which served as a positive control. Complexes formed with quaternised trimethyl and triethyl chitosan oligomers, specifically TMO L and TEO L, proved to be superior transfecting agents compared to other chitosans. The molecular mass of chitosan is considered to influence the stability of the chitosan/DNA polyplex, the efficiency of cell uptake and the dissociation of DNA from the complex after endocytosis. In literature it was shown that the toxicity of the chitosan1DNA polyplexes is relatively low compared to viral gene and lipid non-viral delivery vectors. This study showed that the percentage viable COS-1 cells when transfected with the chitosan polymers, oligomers, quaternised chitosan polymers and quaternised chitosan oligomers (chitoplexes) was higher than the percentage viable cells when transfected with lipoplexes prepared with Transfectam with the MTT assay. The Transfectam/DNA lipoplexes induced cell damage and a decreased viability of COS-1 cells were found. Chitosan/DNA and quaternised chitosan/DNA complexes did not affect the viability of the cell line. The degree of quaternisation of the polymers and oligomers and molecular size proved to be two important factors when considering effective non-viral gene delivery. It can be concluded that chitosan, especially quaternised oligomeric derivatives are polysaccharides that demonstrate much potential as a gene delivery system. The high solubility and low toxicity of chitosan allow its use in a wide variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry and, as shown in this study, in gene delivery. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.