Introdução: Uma nova alternativa de tratamento foi desenvolvida, o Implante por Cateter de Bioprótese Valvar Aórtica (TAVI, em inglês, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation), indicado para os pacientes portadores de estenose aórtica grave com várias comorbidades, considerados inoperáveis pelo tratamento cirúrgico convencional. O TAVI ainda não foi incorporado ao rol de políticas de saúde do Brasil pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), tampouco pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), pois há escassez de evidências científicas fundamentadas em análise econômica do procedimento que relatem os resultados e o custo a longo prazo em comparação à cirurgia convencional. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio do implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica, verificar se há alteração significativa de custo nas diferentes vias de acesso utilizadas e identificar os fatores preditores que possam elevar o custo do procedimento. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagens quantitativa, exploratória, descritiva, transversal, retrospectiva e documental, realizada em um hospital da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo (SES-SP), da Administração Direta, especializado no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares de alta complexidade. A população do estudo correspondeu aos procedimentos eletivos do TAVI, desde a inauguração da sala híbrida, em março de 2012, até agosto de 2015, totalizando 108 procedimentos, sendo 92 por via transfemoral, 8 por via transapical e 8 por via transaórtica. Resultados: O custo direto médio dos procedimentos TAVI nas três vias totalizou R$ 82.230,94. Por via transfemoral, esse custo médio foi de R$ 82.826,38; por via transaórtica, R$ 79.440,91; e por via transapical, R$ 78.173,41. O total de material e medicamento/solução representou, por via transfemoral, 91,89% do total do custo direto médio do procedimento TAVI; por via transapical, 91,81%; e por via transaórtica, 90,69%, e o custo fixo com a válvula transcateter, no valor de R$ 65 mil, representou 78,47% sobre o custo total do procedimento TAVI, por via transfemoral; 83,14%, por via transapical; e 81,82%, por via transaórtica. O Teste Kruskal-Wallis Teste das Variáveis Contínuas apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as vias de acesso. No custo total do procedimento TAVI, o Teste de Bonferroni mostrou diferença na associação entre as vias transfemoral e transapical. No entanto, na associação com a via transaórtica, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Os fatores preditores que elevaram o custo do procedimento TAVI foram: vias de acesso, duração do procedimento, material de hemodinâmica, medicamento/solução, material de consumo, material de perfusão, total de material e medicamento/solução, recursos humanos, gases medicinais, depreciação e energia. A segunda válvula foi a única variável referente às intercorrências no Centro Cirúrgico que elevou o custo do procedimento. A média de idade dos pacientes com indicação ao TAVI foi de 81,50 ±6,96 anos. Conclusão: O TAVI é um avanço a ser discutido e acompanhado, havendo a necessidade de reforçar novas pesquisas que avaliem os benefícios do tratamento com base nos resultados e custos, a fim de auxiliar na tomada de decisão para incorporação desse tratamento para o público-alvo, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e proporcionando a integração destes novamente às atividades diárias. / Introduction: A new treatment alternative has been developed, the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), indicated for patients with severe aortic stenosis with various comorbidities deemed inoperable by conventional surgical treatment. TAVI has not yet been incorporated into the Brazilian health policies by the Public Health System (SUS), or by the National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS), because there is a shortage of scientific evidence based on an economic analysis of the procedure that reports the results and the long-term costs compared to conventional surgery. Objective: To identify the average direct cost of the transcatheter aortic valve implantation, to verify if there is significant change of cost in the different access routes used, and to identify predictive factors that could increase the cost of the procedure. Method: This is a study with quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, transversal, retrospective, and documentary approaches, carried out in a hospital of the State Department of Health of São Paulo (SES-SP), of the Direct Administration, specialized in the treatment of high-complexity cardiovascular diseases. The study population corresponded to TAVI elective procedures, from the inauguration of the hybrid room, in March 2012, up to August 2015, totaling 108 procedures, of which 92 were transfemoral, 8 were transapical, and 8 were transaortic. Results: The average direct cost of the TAVI procedures in the three routes totaled R$ 82,230.94. Transfemorally, this average cost was R$ 82,826.38; through the transaortic route, R$ 79,440.91; and through the transapical route, R$ 78,173.41. The total material and medication / solution represented 91.89% of the total average direct cost of the TAVI procedure through the transfemoral route; 91.81% through the transapical route; and 90.69% through the transaortic route, and the fixed cost with the transcatheter valve, in the amount of R$ 65,000.00, represented 78.47% of the total cost of the TAVI procedure through the transfemoral route; 83.14%, through the transapical route; and 81.82% through the transaortic route. The Kruskal-Wallis Test Continuous Variables Test showed a statistically significant difference among the access routes. In the total cost of the TAVI procedure, the Bonferroni Test showed a difference in the association between the transfemoral and transapical routes. However, in the association with the transaortic route, there was no statistically significant difference. Predictive factors that increased the cost of the TAVI procedure were: access routes, length of procedure, hemodynamic material, drug / solution, consumption material, infusion material, total material and medicine/solution, human resources, medical gas, depreciation and energy. The second valve was the only variable related to the complications in the or that increased the cost of the procedure. The mean age of patients with TAVI was 81.50 ± 6.96 years. Conclusion: TAVI is an advance to be discussed and monitored, and there is a need to encourage new studies that evaluate the benefits of treatment based on the results and costs, in order to assist in the decision making for the incorporation of this treatment into its population, improving the quality of life of patients and providing once again their integration into daily activities.

Atualmente, acredita-se que detecção de lesões de cárie desde os estágios mais iniciais e a avaliação da atividade de cárie poderiam guiar a escolha da melhor opção de tratamento para o paciente e consequentemente, minimizar custos adicionais em curto e longo prazo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar como a detecção de lesões de cárie em todos os estágios e a avaliação da atividade de cárie impactam em termos de 1) tempo, custo e desconforto reportado pelo paciente durante o exame das lesões cárie; 2) mudanças esperadas no planejamento do tratamento frente a essa estratégia e 3) necessidades de reintervenção operatória (desfecho primário), impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e satisfação dos responsáveis. Para este estudo clínico controlado randomizado com grupos paralelos (CARDEC-02, NCT02473107) foram examinadas crianças de 3-6 anos com dentição decídua completa, que buscaram atendimento, em Barueri-SP, exceto as que não podiam ser seguidas ou consentimento/assentimento não foram obtidos. As crianças foram randomizadas, em bloco, por uma sequência gerada de acordo com a estratégia de diagnóstico: GA (detecção apenas das lesões moderadas e avançadas (escores ICDAS 3 a 6), sem avaliação da atividade) e GB (detecção e avaliação da atividade de lesões em todos os estágios de severidade (escores ICDAS 1 a 6)). O plano de tratamento de cada criança foi elaborado e realizado conforme a estratégia. As crianças foram seguidas por 6 e 12 meses. Para o objetivo 1, registrou-se o tempo gasto e os materiais consumidos em cada sessão de diagnóstico de cárie. Para o objetivo 2, as crianças do GA foram examinadas duas vezes (n=130), levando ou não em conta as lesões iniciais e o status de atividade. O tratamento planejado por cada estratégia foi, então, comparado. O impacto no custo do tratamento (por criança) foi estimado, em reais, considerando valores publicados (Schwendicke et al.,2015). Para o objetivo 3, o desfecho primário foi o número de superfícies com necessidades de tratamento operatório (presença de lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina, substituição de restaurações, tratamento endodôntico e/ou exodontia) durante o acompanhamento de 12 meses. Tempo e custo dos procedimentos, qualidade de vida e satisfação também foram coletados durante o seguimento. Foram incluídos 260 pacientes (idade:4,5±0,9anos, ceo-s:3,8±6,5). 221 crianças foram reavaliadas após 1 ano. Detectar todas as lesões consumiu maior tempo (39s), entretanto isso não causou diferença no custo dos exames. Em análise antes-e-depois, a detecção de lesões iniciais aumentaria em 35% a necessidade de tratamento não-operatório e a avaliação da atividade pouparia o tratamento operatório em 5% dos pacientes. Após um ano, a necessidades de intervenção operatória foi semelhante entre os grupos (GA 2,7±4,7;GB 2,8±5,1; p=0,861), assim como o custo cumulativo/criança decorrente do tratamento resultante de cada estratégia (GA R$213,11±218,48;GB R$223,64±225,72; p=0,702). Ambas as estratégias tiveram resultados semelhantes quanto ao impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente e na satisfação dos responsáveis. Conclui-se, assim, que da detecção inicial e da avaliação da atividade de lesões de cárie em dentes decíduos causam um impacto mínimo após um ano de acompanhamento. / Currently, it is believed that caries detection since the earliest stages and caries activity assessment could guide the best option of treatment for the patient and consequently minimize additional costs in a short and long-term analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate how detecting of any stage of caries lesions (all severities) and caries activity assessment could impact in terms of 1) time, cost and discomfort reported by the child in caries examination session; 2) expected changes in treatment planning in concerning the diagnostic strategy and 3) the need, after one year, for new operative intervention (primary outcome), impact on child\'s quality of life and their parents\' satisfaction. For this randomized controlled clinical study with parallel groups (CARDEC-02, NCT02473107), children aged 3-6 years with complete primary dentition, who sought for dental care in Barueri-SP, were examined, except those that could not be followed or consent was not obtained. Children were randomized in blocks, by a sequence generated according to the diagnostic strategy: GA (detection of moderate and advanced lesions only (ICDAS scores 3 to 6) without evaluation of activity) and GB (detection and activity assessment of lesions at all severities (ICDAS scores 1 to 6)). The treatment plan for each child was made and carried out according to the strategy. Children were followed for 6 and 12 months. For objective 1, the time spent and the materials used in each caries diagnosis session were recorded. For objective 2, children from the GA group were examined twice (n = 130), considering or not initial lesions and activity status. The treatment planned by each strategy was then compared. The impact on the cost of treatment (per child) was estimated, in Brazilian Real, considering published values (Schwendicke et al., 2015). For objective 3, the primary endpoint was the number of surfaces with operative treatment needs (presence of dentine cavitated lesions, replacement of restorations, endodontic treatment and/or extraction) during the 12-month follow-up. Time and cost of procedures, quality of life and satisfaction were also collected during follow-up. 260 patients (age: 4.5 ± 0.9 years, dmf-s: 3.8 ± 6.5) were included. 221 children were re-evaluated after 1 year. Detecting all lesions consumed longer time (39s), however this did not cause any difference in the cost of exams. In the before-and-after analysis, the detection of initial lesions would increase the need for non-operative treatment in 35% and the activity assessment would save operative treatment in 5% of the patients. After one year, operative intervention requirements were similar between groups (GA 2.7 ± 4.7, GB 2.8 ± 5.1; p = 0.881), as well as the cumulative cost per child from the treatment of each strategy (GA R$ 213.11 ± 218.48, GB R$ 223.64 ± 225.72; p = 0.702). Both strategies had similar results regarding impact on the patient\'s quality of life and satisfaction of their parents. It was concluded, therefore, that the detection of initial lesions and activity assessment in primary teeth cause minimal impact after one year of follow-up.

Objetivo: Estimar a utilização de recursos e custos diretos relacionados à terapia endócrina (TE) versus quimioterapia (QT) no tratamento de câncer de mama avançado (CMA) receptores hormonais positivos (RH+) em pacientes pós menopáusicas,depois de pelo menos uma TE anterior. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo analisou pacientes pós menopáusicas com CMA em tratamento com fulvestranto ou QT entre 2006 e 2008, em um serviço público de oncologia ambulatorial. Apenas pacientes sem crise visceral e com pelo menos uma terapia anterior hormonal foram considerados elegíveis. Os prontuários foram revisados e as informações sobre diagnóstico, tratamento, e utilização de recursos foram obtidas. Resultados: As pacientes eram do sexo feminino e a idade média foi de 64,6 ± 12,6 anos. As pacientes estavam bem balanceados entre os grupos, considerando as características basais. Vinte e cinco pacientes foram incluídas no estudo, 13 pacientes receberam QT e 12 pacientes receberam fulvestranto. O esquema de QT mais usado foi o regime com paclitaxel (n = 5, 38%). O número médio de ciclos foi de 7,6 e 5,8 para fulvestranto e QT, respectivamente. O custo médio de tratamento por paciente foi de R$ 16.679 (USD11,914, 2005 índice de paridade de poder de compra 1USD = 1,4BRL) para fulvestranto e BRL 32946 (USD 23, 533) para QT. O custo médio por ciclo foi de R$ 2,199 (US$ 1,571) e BRL 5,710 (USD 4,079) para fulvestranto e QT, respectivamente, resultando em BRL 3,511(USD 2,508) de custo incremental por ciclo. Conclusões: Nossos resultados indicam que TE com fulvestranto pode ser economicamente adequada em pacientes com CMA RH + que falharam a pelo menos uma linha anterior de TE. Futuras pesquisas são necessárias para validar estes resultados em outros contextos, mas consideramos que as nossas estimativas refletem o mundo real da prática clínica no Brasil / OBJECTIVES: To estimate the resource utilization and costs related to endocrine therapy (ET) versus chemotherapy (CT) in the treatment of hormonal receptor positive (HR+), advanced breast cancer (ABC) patients, after at least one previous ET. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed ABC patients treatment with fulvestrant or CT between 2006 and 2008 in a public oncology outpatient service. Only patients without visceral crisis and with at least one previous hormonal therapy were considered eligible. Medical charts were reviewed by two investigators and information about diagnosis, course of treatment, and resource utilization was obtained. RESULTS: Patients were all female and the mean age was 64,6 ± 12,6 years. Patients were well matched between groups considering baseline characteristics. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in the study, 13 patients received CT and 12 patients received fulvestrant. The most common CT regimen was paclitaxel (n = 5, 38%). The mean number of cycles was 7,6 and 5,8 for fulvestrant and CT, respectively. The mean treatment cost per patient was BRL 16,679 (USD 11,914; 2005 purchasing power parity index 1USD = 1.4BRL) for fulvestrant and BRL 32,946 (USD 23,533) for CT. The mean cost per cycle was BRL 2,199 (USD 1,571) and BRL 5,710 (USD 4,079) for fulvestrant and CT, respectively, resulting in BRL 3,511 (USD 2,508) incremental cost per cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results indicate that subsequent ET with fulvestrant can be economically appropriate among HR+ ABC patients. Further researches could validate these findings in other contexts, but we consider that our estimations reflect the real world clinical practice in Brazil

Introdução: Os pacientes críticos necessitam de um acesso venoso central (AVC) para realização de terapia intravenosa (TIV) prolongada. Dentre as opções de AVC, o cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) vem conquistando espaço, progressivamente, nas organizações hospitalares brasileiras. A passagem de CCIP requer recursos humanos especializados, materiais, medicamentos e soluções específicas tornando-se fundamental a apuração dos custos envolvidos para subsidiar a eficiência alocativa destes insumos. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) do procedimento de passagem de CCIP, realizado por enfermeiros, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e Neonatal (UTIPN). Método: Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único. O procedimento objeto de estudo foi estruturado em três fases: pré-inserção do cateter, inserção do cateter e pós-inserção do cateter. A amostra constituiu-se da observação não participante de 101 passagens de CCIP na UTIPN. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta (mob), somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções. A moeda brasileira real (R$), utilizada originalmente nos cálculos, foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana dólar (US$). Resultados: Obteve-se o CDM do procedimento ( ) de passagem de CCIP correspondente a US$ 226.60 (DP=82.84), variando entre US$ 99.03 e US$ 530.71, com mediana de US$ 313.21. O CDM com material, US$ 138.81(DP=75.48), e o CDM com mob de enfermeiro, US$ 78.80 (DP=30.75), foram os valores mais expressivos para a composição do . Os kits de cateteres corresponderam aos itens de maior impacto na composição do CDM com material e de maior custo unitário, com destaque para cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR/duas vias (US$ 208.82/unidade); cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR (US$ 74.09/unidade) e cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 3FR (US$ 70.37/unidade). O CDM com mob da equipe de enfermagem foi mais elevado na Fase 2: inserção do cateter (US$ 43.26 - DP=21.41) e na Fase 1 pré-inserção do cateter (US$ 37.96 - DP=14.89). Houve predomínio do CDM com mob de enfermeiro, especialmente pelo protagonismo dos enfermeiros executantes, US$ 40.40 (DP=20.58) e US$ 34.05 (DP=15.03), respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo de caso além de propiciar a mensuração do de passagem de CCIP, conferiu visibilidade aos insumos consumidos na perspectiva de contribuir com o seu uso racional. Favoreceu inclusive a proposição de estratégias visando incrementar a TIV prolongada, por meio do CCIP, e, consequentemente, auxiliar na contenção/minimização de custos e na diminuição de custos intangíveis aos pacientes. / Introduction: Critical patients require central venous access (CVA) for prolonged intravenous (IVT) therapy. Among the AVC options, the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) has been progressively gaining a position into the Brazilian hospital organizations. The passage of PICC requires specialized human resources, materials, medicines and specific solutions, being crucial to calculate the costs involved to subsidize the allocative efficiency of these inputs. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the PICC procedure performed by nurses, in a Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PNICU). Method: This is a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive single-case study. The procedure was arranged into three phases: \"pre-insertion of the catheter\", \"insertion of the catheter\" and \"post-insertion of the catheter\". The sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 101 PICC passages in the PNICU. The average was calculated by multiplying the time (measured) spent by nurses and nursing technicians by the unit cost of direct labor (dl), adding up to the cost of materials and solutions. The Brazilian Real currency (R $), originally used in the calculations, was converted to the US dollar currency (US $). Results: The ADC of the PICC procedure ( )) corresponded to US $ 226.60 (SD = 82.84), ranging from US $ 99.03 to US $ 530.71, with a median of US $ 313.21. ADC regarding material was US $ 138.81 (SD = 75.48), and ADC regarding nurse dl was US $ 78.80 (SD = 30.75) which were the most significant values for the ( ) composition. The catheter kits corresponded to the items with the highest impact in the composition of the ADC regarding material and with a higher unit cost, with emphasis on epicutaneous catheter + introducer, kit - 2FR / two tracks (US $ 208.82 / unit); Epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 2FR (US $ 74.09 / unit) and epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 3FR (US $ 70.37 / unit). The ADC regarding dl of the nursing team was higher in Phase 2: \"insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 43.26 - SD = 21.41) and in Phase 1 \"pre-insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 37.96 - SD = 14.89). There was a predominance of the ADC regarding nurse dl, especially due to the leading role of the nurse practitioners, US $ 40.40 (SD = 20.58) and US $ 34.05 (SD = 15.03), respectively. Conclusion: This case study, besides providing the measurement of the PICC passage, allowed visibility to the inputs consumed from the perspective of contributing to its rational use. It also favored the proposition of strategies aimed at increasing the prolonged IVT through PICC and, consequently, to contain / minimize costs and reduce intangible costs to patients.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T19:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 charlenedyanemacedoferreira.pdf: 2081734 bytes, checksum: 74a54ac62bbcc69476767a7be92fd850 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T12:48:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 charlenedyanemacedoferreira.pdf: 2081734 bytes, checksum: 74a54ac62bbcc69476767a7be92fd850 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T12:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 charlenedyanemacedoferreira.pdf: 2081734 bytes, checksum: 74a54ac62bbcc69476767a7be92fd850 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Introdução: Em um mundo ideal as palavras economia e saúde poucas vezes seriam encontradas na mesma frase, uma vez que saúde muitas vezes é referida como um bem no qual não é possível atribuir um preço. Baseado nos números elevados de prevalência e incidência da doença renal crônica, principalmente em seus estágios pré-dialíticos, a doença renal crônica com todas suas implicações econômicas e sociais, tornou-se um dos maiores desafios à saúde pública. Os dados disponíveis sobre custos da DRC estão concentrados principalmente nas modalidades de diálise. Atualmente, percebe-se devido à relevância da DRC para a sociedade e para sistema de saúde, que há uma necessidade de mudança de foco para as consequências da DRC antes da DRCT. Material e Métodos: A pesquisa é um estudo coorte retrospectivo de custos diretos médicos da DRC em seus estágios 3 a 5 pré-dialítico em uma população de pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Nefrologia Geral do Centro Atenção a Saúde do Hospital Universitário (CAS/HU) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora por um período de 6 meses ou mais de acompanhamento. O horizonte temporal do estudo foi de 3 anos e 6 meses, pacientes admitidos em janeiro de 2008 até julho de 2011. A população do estudo foi uma coorte aberta. A perspectiva adotada é a do Sistema Único de Saúde como órgão prestador de serviços. Os valores estimados estão atualizados para 2012. Resultados: A base de dados possui 68 pacientes, 50 % dos pacientes do sexo masculino e50% do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes na primeira consulta é de 61,44 anos. A média do tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes é de 15 meses. A média ponderada de custo da consulta médica é de R$ 4,41 paciente/mês, com uma média de 0,44 consultas por paciente/mês. A média ponderada de custo de medicamento é R$ 12,02 paciente/mês, com uma média 1,21 medicamentos por paciente/mês. A média ponderada de custo de exame é7,53 paciente/mês, com uma média de 0,35 exames de sangue paciente/mês e 0,18 exames de urina paciente/mês. O custo total do paciente com DRC estágios 3 a 5 pré-dialítico é de R$ 23,96 paciente/mês e R$ 287,52 paciente/ano. Conclusão: O custo da DRC aumenta com sua progressão ao longo dos estágios. O custo do tratamento da DRC estágios 3 a 5 pré-dialítico é bem inferior aos custos do tratamento da DRCT quando comparado as duas principais modalidades de diálise. Dos custos médicos diretos estimados, a medicação foi a que representou maior custo, sendo a eritripoetina de maior custo devido ao valor unitário e posologia do medicamento. O segundo custo de maior representatividade foi o exame, sendo o de maior custo o exame ultrassonografia renal, devido à média de valores dos exames ultrassonografia de aparelho urinário e ultrassonografia de abdômen total. E a consulta médica foi o terceiro maior custo. Este estudo, na medida em que permite a identificação e o mapeamento de custos, pode auxiliar na escolha de intervenções mais efetivas por um menor custo e agregar elementos para alterações e aprimoramento das políticas de saúde da DRC, aumentando a eficiência e a efetividade dos serviços e a qualidade do cuidado em saúde prestado ao paciente renal. / Introduction: In an ideal world, economics and health are words that would hardly ever be found in the same sentence, since health is often referred as a good which is impossible to atribute price. Based on the high number of prevalence and incidence of the Chronic Kidney Disease, mainly its pre-dialysis stage, the disease with all its social and economic implications has become one of the biggest challenges for public health. Avaiable data about the CKD are concentrated mainly on the dialysis modality. Today, due to the relevance of CKD to the society and the health system, it can be seen that there is a great need of changing the focus into the consequences of CKD before the End-stage Kidney Disease (ESRD). Materials and methods: The research is a retrospective cohorte study of direct medical costs of CKD from stage 3 to 5 pre-dialysis in a population of patients attended by the general nephrology clinic of the Centro de Atenção a Saúde do Hospital Universitário (CAS/HU) of the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora over a follow-up period of 6 months or more. The period of study was 3 years and 6 months, including patients admimitted from January 2008 to July 2011. The population was an open cohorte. The perspective adopted is the one from the Sistema Único de Saúde as a purchasing agency of services. The estimated values are up to date to 2012. Results: The database includes 68 patients, being 50% male and 50% female. The average age of the patients in the first consultation is between 44 and 61 years old. The mean follow-up time of the patients is 15 months. The weighted average cost of medical consultation is R$4,41 patient/month with an average of 0.44 visits patient/month. The weighted average cost of medication is R$ 12,00 patient/month, with an average of 1.21 drugs patient/month. The weighted average cost of examination is 7.53 patients/month with an average of 0.35 blood tests patient/month and 0.18 urinalyses patient/month. The total cost of patients with CKD stages 3 to 5 pre-dialysis is R$ 23.96 patient/month and R$ 287,52 patient/year.Conclusion: The cost of CKD increases with its progression through the stages. The cost of treatment of CKD stages 3 to 5 pre-dialysis is well below the costs of treating ESRD when compared with the two main types of dialysis. Among the estimated direct medical costs, medication represented the largest cost, being erythropoietin the higher cost due to unit value and dosage of the drug. The second most representative cost was the examination, being the renal ultrasound examination the more expensive, because due to the average values of ultrasound examinations of the urinary tract and total abdominal ultrasonography. Medical consultation was the third largest cost. This study, as it allows the identification and mapping of costs, can assist in choosing the most effective interventions for a lower cost and add elements to change and improve the health policies of CKD as well, increasing the efficiency and the effectiveness of services and quality of health care provided to renal patients.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandavieiranicolato.pdf: 2248430 bytes, checksum: e50a17f87d4320869799a9da3ca50461 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / O objeto desta pesquisa foi os custos para a família no cuidado de idosos com feridas em Atenção Domiciliar, com ênfase nas vivências dos cuidadores familiares, no âmbito da temática da produção do cuidado proposto pela Política de Atenção Domiciliar no Sistema Único de Saúde. Com o crescente processo de envelhecimento, há um aumento relativo das condições crônicas e as doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e metabólicas contribuem para o aparecimento de feridas. Além disso, o envelhecimento traz consigo algumas alterações, relacionados à pele e podem trazer como consequência o aparecimento de feridas. O idoso com feridas poderá reduzir significativamente a autonomia, capacidade funcional, além de aumentar o tempo de internação. A Atenção Domiciliar surge como alternativa preferível para dar continuidade aos serviços iniciados em outros pontos da Rede de Atenção à Saúde. No cuidado domiciliar, se dá a transferência dos custos para as famílias, com aumento nos custos diretos, água, luz e alimentação; além dos custos indiretos, que são provenientes da carga de cuidado; e dos intangíveis, referentes ao sofrimento, perda de bem-estar e ansiedade. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, em duas etapas, com o método da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. A primeira foi realizada no Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar do município de Juiz de Fora. A segunda etapa ocorreu de maio de 2016 a agosto de 2017, incluindo dez participantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista aberta, observação participante com registros em diário de campo, por meio de visita domiciliar. Seguiu-se o critério de amostragem e saturação teórica. Para organização, codificação e interpretação dos dados empíricos, utilizou-se o programa OpenLogos®. A análise dos dados ocorreu mediante três tipos de codificação: aberta, axial e seletiva. Emergiram dos dados as seguintes categorias: Compreendendo o cuidado domiciliar de um idoso com feridas pela família; Tendo o domicílio como local de cuidado; Percebendo os fatores que interferem nos custos do cuidado; Buscando estratégias para cuidar da ferida; Assumindo os diferentes custos com a ferida; e Vivenciando os custos do cuidado domiciliar de um idoso com ferida, sendo esta a última o fenômeno central da pesquisa. Os participantes vivenciam diferentes tipos de custos advindos com o processo de cuidar de um idoso com ferida no domicílio, pois, mesmo que haja contribuições de outros membros da família e o suporte do Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar, o cuidador assume o cuidado. Isso porque, na falta de material fornecido pelo serviço, ausência do suporte familiar, o cuidador responsável se vê frente à necessidade de prover o cuidado ou o idoso ficaria sem o tratamento. Desta forma, tem-se que a atuação do enfermeiro é determinante no processo de cuidado de um idoso com ferida em Atenção Domiciliar, ressaltando a importância de voltarem sua atenção aos familiares, para que minimize os custos provenientes deste cuidado. / The objective of this research was the costs to the family in the care of the elderly with wounds during home care with emphasis on the role assumed by family caregivers, within the scope of the care production proposed by the Home Care Policy in the Unified Health System. When Increasing aging process, there is a relative increase of the chronic conditions, being cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic diseases that contribute to the appearance of wounds. In addition, aging brings with it some changes, related to the skin and, as a consequence, the appearance of wounds. The elderly with wounds can significantly reduce autonomy, functional capacity, and increase length of hospitalization. Home Care is a preferable alternative to provide continuity to the services started in other points of the Health Care Network. In home care, there is a transfer of costs to families, in which there is an increase in direct costs, water, electricity and food; Indirect costs, which come from the burden of care; And the intangibles, referring to suffering, loss of well-being and anxiety. A qualitative, two stages research was conducted using the Data Based Theory method. The first was performed at the Home Care Service of the city of Juiz de Fora. The second stage occurred from May 2016 to August 2017, including ten participants. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview, participant observation with records in the field diary, through a home visit. The second, by theoretical sampling, began with an eighth interview, consisting of three users. The criterion of sampling and theoretical saturation was followed. For the organization, codification and interpretation of the empirical data, the OpenLogos® program was used. Data analysis was performed using three types of coding: open, axial and selective. The following categories emerged from the data: Understanding the home care of an elderly person with wounds for the family; Having the domicile as place of care; Realizing the factors that interfere with the costs of wound care; Seeking strategies to take care of the wound; Assuming the different costs with the wound; And Experiencing the costs of the home care of a wounded elderly, this last one being the central phenomenon of the research. The participants experience different types of costs arising from the process of caring for an elderly person with a wound at home, because even if there are contributions from other family members and the support of the Home Care Service, the caregiver assumes the care. This is because, in the absence of material provided by the service, absence of family support, the caregiver responsible faces the need to provide care, or the elderly would be left without treatment. Thus, nurses' performance is determinant in the care process of a wounded elderly person in Home Care, emphasizing the importance of turning their attention to family members, in order to minimize the costs of this care.

Abstract Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem, which is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry, problems that are difficult to control. In the general population, the 12-month prevalence of GAD is 2-3%, with the lifetime prevalence being about 5%. However, GAD is more prevalent among primary care utilizers i.e. approximately 5-8% of them suffer from this disorder. Earlier studies have revealed GAD to be associated with a high utilization of health care resources. There were four goals of the present study; i) to investigate the prevalence of GAD among Finnish health care high utilizers, ii) to examine the association between GAD and utilization of different health care services at the population level, iii) to determine whether there would be any association between frequent utilization of health care services, GAD and somatic symptoms and iv) to compare the costs associated with GAD in secondary care in Finland with those attributable to major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, the Finnish translation of the 7-item GAD scale (GAD-7) was validated. In a sample (n=150) of health care high utilizers in northern Finland, the prevalence of GAD was found to be 4%; GAD-7 was a valid instrument for detecting GAD in these subjects. In Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, there was a significant association between GAD and health care utilization. Those subjects who screened positive for GAD with GAD-7 made 112% more total health care visits than other individuals. The results were statistically significant when controlled for potential confounders. Both GAD symptoms and physical symptoms were risk factors for frequent attendance of health care services, and the individuals who tested positive for GAD exhibited a higher rate of physical symptoms. Secondary care costs of all patients with a new diagnosis of GAD or MDD were calculated 2 years before and after the diagnosis date using the information from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Registers and National Hospital Benchmarking Database. Patients with a history of earlier depression or anxiety disorder had markedly higher costs compared with patients without psychiatric comorbidities. The highest mean individual costs (€19,538) during the 4-year follow-up were observed among patients with new onset of GAD but with a history of other anxiety disorders or MDD. / Tiivistelmä Yleistynyt ahdistuneisuushäiriö on mielenterveyden häiriö, jolle on ominaista ylenmääräinen ahdistuneisuus ja huolestuneisuus, joita on vaikea kontrolloida. Väestöstä noin 2 % on kärsinyt siitä vuoden aikana ja 5 % elinaikanaan. Perusterveydenhuoltoon hakeutuvilla potilailla sen on todettu olevan muuta väestöä yleisempi n. 5-8 %:n täyttäessä diagnostiset kriteerit. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat viitanneet yleistyneestä ahdistuneisuushäiriöstä kärsivien käyttävän usein runsaasti terveyspalveluita. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää yleistyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön esiintyvyyttä terveyspalveluita paljon käyttävillä suomalaisilla henkilöillä, yleistyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön yhteyttä erilaisten terveyspalveluiden käyttöön väestötasolla, yleistyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön ja somaattisten oireiden yhteyttä terveyspalveluiden suurkäyttöön ja yleistyneeseen ahdistuneisuushäiriöön erikoissairaanhoidossa liittyviä kustannuksia vertaillen niitä masennukseen liittyviin kustannuksiin. Samalla validoitiin yleistyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön seulontaan kehitetyn GAD-7 seulan suomenkielinen käännös. Joukossa pohjoissuomalaisia (n=150) terveyspalveluita paljon käyttäviä henkilöitä 4 %:lla todettiin yleistynyt ahdistuneisuushäiriö. Heillä GAD-7-kysely osoittautui toimivaksi seulontatyökaluksi. Pohjois-Suomen 1966 syntymäkohortissa väestötasolla tutkittaessa todettiin yleistyneeseen ahdistuneisuushäiriöön liittyvän runsasta terveyspalveluiden käyttöä. GAD-7-kyselyssä positiivisen testituloksen saaneilla oli kokonaisuudessaan 112 % enemmän terveyspalveluiden käyttöä. Tulokset olivat tilastollisesti merkitseviä myös huomioitaessa mahdolliset sekoittavat tekijät. Lisäksi sekä yleistynyt ahdistuneisuushäiriö että somaattiset oireet liittyivät terveyspalveluiden suurkäyttöön. Sairaaloiden poistoilmoitusrekisteriä ja kansallista sairaaloiden vertailutietokantaa hyödyntäen laskettiin uusien yleistyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön ja masennuksen diagnoosin saaneiden potilaiden erikoissairaanhoidon kokonaiskustannukset 2 vuotta ennen ja jälkeen diagnoosin. Erityisen suuret kustannukset olivat niillä uuden diagnoosin saaneilla, joilla oli historiassa aiempi masennus tai ahdistuneisuushäiriö. Suurimmat keskimääräiset erikoissairaanhoidon kustannukset (19 538 €) todettiin niillä yliestyneen ahdistuneisuushäiriön diagnoosin saaneilla, joilla aiemmin oli todettu jokin muu ahdistuneisuushäiriö tai masennus.

Background: A growing reshoring trend has recently been discovered, when companies bring back their manufacturing to the domestic country. Reshoring has received more public attention recently and the interest in reshoring strategies is growing. The knowledge about the reshoring decision is however limited and there is not a great deal of research addressing this. The knowledge about how companies have performed their cost analysis is limited as well as the risk assessments behind the reshoring decision. Hence, there is a knowledge gap regarding what cost and risk factors that are critical to consider in a reshoring decision. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to identify critical cost and risk factors to consider in a reshoring decision within Swedish companies. Method: The research design includes a literature review to identify what cost and risk factors that already have been stated. A literature review was essential in order to demonstrate current knowledge in the field. The search included four databases involving several search terms. Since the purpose is to gain a deeper understanding about the phenomenon and to investigate in depth within a real-life context a multiple case study was viewed as a proper method to use. The multiple case study included four companies and was performed using semi structured interviews and investigations of cost analyses and risk assessments.   Findings: This thesis shows that there is a great deal of factors that are critical in a reshoring decision. However, Coordination, Inventory, Management, Quality and Transportation were the most common cost factors to consider when deciding for reshoring. The most frequent risk factors mentioned by the case companies were Control, Engineering and Innovation and Undesirable reaction. Implications: Different factors are critical depending on what type of company considering the reshoring decision. This is due to deviations in such as products, company strategy, customers and manufacturing techniques. Since each company and each product is unique it is overall important to identify which costs to include in the cost analysis in a reshoring decision for one specific company. The result of the thesis indicates that critical cost factors that are more difficult to measure and compare, so called soft factors, have a great effect on the reshoring decision. Further, companies seem to consider risks with remaining in the offshored country to a higher extent than the risks of reshoring. These risks that appear if not reshoring seem to be of an importance to consider since they generate costs. The findings of the thesis are believed to be evidential to the fact that there is a lack of research since critical factors found in the multiple case study are more than the existing literature indicates.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This research investigates the performance of private sector participation (PSP) in the water sector from a governance perspective. It is concerned with the role that institutions play in the interaction between the state and the private sector, which occurs with respect to the regulation and implementation of such PSP arrangements. The research takes place within the context of a development debate and practice, which identifies water as a key poverty issue in a substantial part of the developing countries, which advocates private sector participation as a remedy to inadequate water management and which acknowledges good governance as a crucial requirement for development. Nevertheless, few studies have scrutinized the impact of governance and institutions on the outcome of PSP arrangements in the water sector. Most research on the performance of PSP arrangements has examined exogenous and endogenous determinants, such as the price mechanism and the property rights allocation, but these factors proved unsatisfactory as explaining variables in the context of natural resource management. To contribute to filling a gap in research this study aims at evaluating the impact of institutional frameworks on the outcome of private sector participation in water supply and sanitation through a case study of the Management Contract for Water and Wastewater Service in the Amman Governorate, Jordan. At the end of the 1990s the quality of water supply and sanitation in the Jordanian capital Amman was unsatisfactory, as supply was insufficient and entailed high costs. Therefore, in 1999, the government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan contracted a private joint venture to improve water service provision in the Amman Governorate. The research takes into account the specific institutional framework for the mentioned arrangement in Amman, which is comprised of the national judicial and political institutions, the specific regulatory institutions as well as relevant international institutions. These institutions are not limited to laws and regulations only, but also include informal institutions such as traditions. The specific objective of this study is to show how the institutional framework of a transaction affects regulatory processes by abating and amplifying the potential for opportunistic behavior of the contracting parties, and thereby affecting the performance of a privately operated water utility. The examination of the institutional framework of the Amman Management Contract revealed that mainly judicial and international institutions and specific contract rules were constraining the discretion of the contracting parties. Political checks and balances were insufficiently established and the regulatory institutions of the water sector were set up in an improper way. The field study discovered that the resulting discretionary power of certain actor was used opportunistically, which had a detrimental effect on the outcome of the PSP arrangement. Nevertheless the overall performance of the arrangement was good from which the general insight was drawn that regulatory credibility may be developed even in unpropitious environments. However, to be able to judge upon the effect of governance and institutions on a planned or existing PSP arrangement each time a complex assessment of the respective institutional environment is necessary. This is because institutions may not be seen as independent building blocks but rather form a network which is likely to be unique for each country and situation. The mini-thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter 1 an outline of the study and its problem background is provided. Chapter 2 provides a detailed literature review and sets out the theoretical framework and research hypotheses of the study. Chapter 3 outlines the research design and methodology that was used for the study. Chapter 4 provides background detail on the Jordanian political, economic and social situation, on the issues pertaining to the water sector, andon the Amman water contract. Chapter 5 provides a description and analysis of the main research findings. Chapter 6 provides a summary as well as final conclusions and considerations.

Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.