Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-09-15T13:43:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano de Freitas Gomes.pdf: 823258 bytes, checksum: 40ac398346808e5346f22bd50580e4fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-15T13:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano de Freitas Gomes.pdf: 823258 bytes, checksum: 40ac398346808e5346f22bd50580e4fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / It is known that the complexities of large hospital sectors require large amount of resources for their implementation and operation, and the equipment end up having relatively short lifespan and spending are too high for the characteristic of the patients treated, unlike outpatient specialties where the cost is returned to skilled labor. Currently, health services have sought to control your spending. Every day the modern environment has been shown in favor of change and competitiveness not only for quality but at a lower cost has been considered. Propose a system of cost management for health clinics popular services that assists managers can have a better competitive position in the negotiations. The objective this study was to analyze the process of management of costs by absorption costing, in popular multi-professional clinical health services. This research is the research-action type. The data had been collected through primary documents and analyzed by documentary and descriptive analysis. The absorption costing takes care of requirements of Management of Costs National Program (PNGC). This is a easy method to standardize the costs information units that were managed. / Agradeço inicialmente a Deus, em Quem eu acredito e confio, por mais esta vitória. Aos meus avós Lage e Amélia (in memorian), meus tios Heitor e Gilza, tios Rubio (in memorian) e Ster, tia Aparecida e seus respectivos filhos e filhas, meus primos e primas, que foram sempre em algum momento da minha vida um exemplo do bem, foram aquele apoio para que eu seguisse adiante mesmo que a vida insistisse em me mostrar o contrário. Aos meus padrinhos Orlando (in memorian) e Carmem Quintela por terem estado ao meu lado e de minha mãe no início, o que foi determinante para que eu chegasse até aqui. À Família Giacomin, nas pessoas de Sr. Alberto, Marilda, Tiago, Carol e Lelê. No momento crucial para minha carreira profissional vocês surgiram, acreditaram em mim e me permitiram sonhar alto, mesmo eu pensando que não mais seria possível voar mais alto. Vocês permitiram transformar um sonho em realidade. Sem palavras! Eterna gratidão. Aos meus sogros Francisco (Chicão) e Delza pela parceria desde os tempos difíceis, mas extremamente prazerosos e felizes, pela minha ―adoção‖ mesmo que de forma repentina sempre muito acolhedora e verdadeira, por serem nossos amigos e apoiadores de todos os sonhos e devaneios, por mais surreal que possam parecer. À minha orientadora Prof.ª Chennyfer Dobbins da Rosa, parceira desde 2012, agradeço pelo convite, pelo apoio e por me permitir seguir adiante mesmo eu pensando que não iria conseguir. Muito obrigado! Esse título tem muito de seu apoio, você sabe disso. A todos meus colegas de mestrado, e em especial aos amigos: Thaissa, Camille, Adriana, Sérgio e Marília pela parceria desses dois anos que parece ter iniciado ontem. Valeu muito! A todos os professores e professoras do MPGSS/U9 que estiveram conosco por esses dois anos nos ensinando e incentivando. Finalmente a todos meus amigos, amigas e pacientes da Clínica Dr. Família, objeto desse estudo, nossos parceiros, colaboradores e apoiadores, e em especial à minha sócia e querida amiga Regina Maura Zetone pela união leal e perene, por sempre estar junto nesse sonho que virou realidade. Gente que cuida de gente! Que Deus siga nos abençoando. #tamojunto! RESUMO É sabido que os setores hospitalares de grande complexidade demandam a gestão dos recursos para sua implantação e operação, uma vez que os equipamentos acabam tendo vida útil relativamente curta e os gastos são demasiadamente altos pela própria característica dos pacientes atendidos, diferente dos ambulatórios de especialidades, onde o custo está voltado à mão de obra qualificada. Atualmente, os serviços de saúde têm buscado controlar seus gastos, visto que a cada dia o ambiente moderno tem se mostrado a favor das transformações; e a competitividade, não só por qualidade mas também por menor custo, tem sido considerada. Propor um sistema de gestão de custos para clínicas de serviços de saúde populares auxilia que os gestores consigam ter melhor capacidade competitiva nas negociações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o processo de gestão de custos, por meio do custeio por absorção, de uma clínica popular multiprofissional de serviços de saúde. A pesquisa é do tipo pesquisa-ação. Os dados foram coletados em documentos primários e analisados por meio de análise descritiva e documental. O custeio por absorção atende às exigências do Programa Nacional de Gestão de Custos (PNGC), sendo um método fácil de padronização das informações de custo administradas.

The diploma thesis purpose is to choose optimal structure of the modernisation of slab block flat roof, according to building life cycle coast minimalisation. Based on the theoretical knowledge, the design of the stack was made in different phases and based on the building life cycle cost, considering the decreasing value of money over time. The selection of the optimal solution followed, taking account the specific conditions of the given scope of realization and the specific object. The choice is justified by the related analysis of key items.

This diploma thesis deals with the cost analysis and cost optimization of an exact project of a wooden house in a construction company. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is the research part, where basic concepts are defined. The second part of this thesis is the practical part which includes a brief description of the concerned wooden house with its preliminary and final budget. Individual parts of these budgets are subject to the cost analysis. As a result of the cost analysis the price differences between the budgets are shown. In the next step the verification bill of quantities with an item based budget in the ÚRS price system is put together. It is used for comparison and determination of price differences. According to the obtained data, optimization of the preliminary budget is proposed. At the end of this thesis an overall evaluation of price differences and proposed measures are described.

The aim and object is to undergo analysis of bicycle trails in terms of their qualifications within time and technical aspects, creation of SWOT analysis, evaluating strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities of bicycle trails, exploration and financing, looks at the development of bicycle trailsin Olomouc because of the focus on practical part of the project of the biking trails located in this area. In the practical part of the project the biking trails are evaluated according to cost-benefit analysis method using CBA SW eCBA where all the necessary characteristics of cycle paths and their identification and quantification in terms of financial and economic analysis of the project is described. The outcome of this project is to evaluate the methodology for dou-term sustainability. Finally, the evaluation of cycle paths as a stimulus for development of area.

La sémantique des jeux est une sémantique dénotationnelle centrée sur l’interaction : preuves et programmes y sont représentés par des stratégies modélisant, par le flot d’exécution, leur manière de réagir à leur environnement. Malgré cette présentation intensionnelle, les sémantiques de jeux ne suffisent pas à capturer certaines informations calculatoires annexes au flot d’exécution telles que, par exemple, la production de témoins en logique du premier ordre ou la consommation de ressources dans les langages de programmation. Dans cette thèse nous proposons un enrichissement du modèle des jeux concurrent à base de structures d’événements permettant de garder trace de ces informations.Nous construisons d’abord un modèle de jeux concurrent dans lequel les coups joueurs d’une stratégie sont annotés par les termes d’une théorie (in)équationnelle. Cette théorie est un paramètre de notre modèle et les annotations permettent de refléter de manière compacte des informations d’exécution n’ayant pas d’influence sur le flot d’exécution. Nous montrons que le modèle ainsi construit préserve la structure catégorique compacte fermée du modèle sans annotation.Nous explorons ensuite l’expressivité de notre modèle et présentons deux interprétations nouvelles en sémantique des preuves et des programmes : l’une interprétant les preuves de la logique classique du premier ordre par des stratégies concurrentes avec échange de témoins, donnant une version compositionnelle au théorème de Herbrand ; l’autre permettant de refléter les aspects quantitatifs liés à la consommation de ressources telles que le temps, dans l’exécution de programmes concurrents d’ordre supérieur avec mémoire partagée. / This thesis presents a general framework for enriching causal concurrent games model with annotations. These annotations can be viewed as meta-data on strategies: they are modified throughout interactions but do not affect their general flow of control. These data can be of various nature, in particular our enrichment is parametrised over any multi-sorted equational theory and can also reflect structure upon these data such as a partial order. From a semantics point of view, this construction is motivated by problems from both logic and programming languages: On the logic side, the annotated games model specialised to first-order terms enables us to give a novel interpretation of first-order classical proofs as concurrent strategies carrying first-order witnesses. In particular this answer the question of giving a compositional version to Herbrand’s theorem while avoiding the usual proof sequentialization of other denotational approaches. On the programming language side, annotations on games offer intrinsic quantitative models. We show that those can be used to provide denotational semantics for resource consumption analysis of concurrent higher order programming language with shared memory.These enrichments, strongly connected to the causal structure of concurrent games, give an argument in favor of a causal meaning of computations.

As intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power gradually increase around the world, older technologies such as nuclear power is phased out in Sweden and many other countries. It is then important to ensure that the total power need is secured, and that the power grid can remain stable. One way of managing intermittent renewables is by using energy storage. The main goal of this thesis was to compare energy storage methods and their costs. A secondary aim was to investigate how the cost of developing more renewable energy sources, in combination with different energy storage methods, compares to erecting new nuclear power. This thesis was limited to three energy storage technologies, namely pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), and four battery storage technologies. They were combined with wind power in the cost analysis. The comparison was done by performing a literature review and economical calculations, which focused especially on levelized cost of storage (LCOS). The results from the economic calculations indicated that PHS and CAES had lower LCOS than battery storage technologies. Similar results could be seen in the literature review as well. When comparing levelized cost of energy (LCOE) nuclear power had the lowest, €0.03-0.12 kWh-1, followed by wind power in combination with PHS and CAES, both around €0.07-0.24 kWh-1. This result was maintained also at sensitivity analysis regarding the discount rate, which both nuclear power and PHS proved rather sensitive to. Keywords: energy storage, nuclear power, wind power, pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, battery energy storage, levelized cost of energy, Sweden

Denna tekniska rapport är gjort med två huvudmål. Det ena är att försöka lyfta fram vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan hur Statens vegvesen i Norge och Trafikverket i Sverige genomför kostnadsberäkning för sina vägprojekt. Det andra huvudmålet är att försöka analysera ett antal utvalda vägprojekt i Norge för att kunna göra konklusioner på hur bra kostnadsberäkningarna stämmer med verkliga kostnader. Det presenteras en beskrivande del för att ge läsaren en teoretisk bakgrund för att förstå metoden respektive organ använder för sina kalkyler. Ut ifrån detta blir skillnader och likheter diskuterat. En analyserande del tar läsaren genom den analys som är gjort för att göra slutsatser om hur de verkliga kostnaderna ser ut jämfört med de på förhand kalkylerade kostnaderna. Alla slutsatser presenteras avslutningsvis tillsammans med vidare rekommendationer. / This technical report is done with two main goals. The first is to try to highlight the differences and similarities between the methods for costing that Statens vegvesen in Norway and Trafikverket in Sweden use for their road projects. The second goal is to try to analyze a number of selected road projects in Norway in order to make conclusions about how well the calculated costs are compared to the actual costs. The report contains a describing section in purpose to give the reader a theoretical background for understanding the methods for costing. From this theoretical part the differences and similarities are discussed. An analytical part takes the reader trough the analyze that is done of the Norwegian projects in order to make conclusions about how well the real costs are compared to the pre-calculated costs. All of the findings and conclusions are presented in the end of the report together with further recommendations.

Byggbranschen strävar ständigt efter effektivisering och optimering som kan minska ett projekts byggkostnad samt byggtid. Byggnationen av teknikutrymmen på yttertak upplevs av både konstruktörer och projektledare som ett moment som har en stor byggkostnad och en lång byggtid. Ett teknikutrymme på yttertak har olika förutsättningar i förhållande till den underliggande byggnad, vilket kan leda till att produktionen fördröjs och att byggtiden förlängs. En förutsättning som skiljer ett teknikutrymme från dess underliggande byggnad är att teknikutrymmets ytterväggar kräver ett indrag från fasadlinjen. Detta gör att teknikutrymmets ytterväggar inte alltid placeras i linje med den underliggande vertikala stommen.  De laster som förs ner genom teknikutrymmets ytterväggar skapar punktlaster på teknikutrymmets golvbjälklag. Punktlasterna kan bidra till att golvbjälklaget kräver förstärkningar, vilket är både kostnads- och tidskrävande. En undersökning om stommaterialets påverkan på materialkostnaden och byggtiden för ett teknikutrymme har utförts. I undersökningen analyserades tre olika materialalternativ utifrån förutsättningar och krav som anges i ett specifikt referensprojekt. De material som har analyserats som alternativ för teknikutrymmets stomme är stål, lättelement av trä och betong. Syftet med undersökningen är att analysera vilket stommaterial som är optimalt att använda för teknikutrymmet, med hänsyn till kostnad, tid och bärighet. Resultatet visar att lättelement av trä har den minsta materialkostnaden och att betong har den kortaste byggtiden. Slutsatsen är att det optimala stommaterialet för referensprojektets teknikutrymme är betong. / The construction industry is constantly striving for efficiency and optimization that can reduce a project’s construction cost and construction time. The construction of plant rooms built on roofs is perceived by both structural engineers and project managers as a step in the production that has a big construction cost and a long construction time. A plant room on a roof has other conditions compared to the rest of the building, which can slow down production and the construction time is therefore extended. One condition that separates the plant room from the building is that the plant room’s outer walls require an offset from the facade of the building. This leads to the plantroom’s outer walls not necessarily lining up with the underlying vertical structure. The loads that go down through the plant room’s outer walls create point loads on the plant room’s slab. The point loads could make the slab need strengthening, which is both costly and time-consuming.   An investigation into the material of the structural frame's impact on the construction cost and construction time has been carried out. The aim of the investigation is to analyze which structural material is optimal with regards to cost, time and structural capacity. In the investigation three materials were analyzed by the conditions and requirements from a reference project. The chosen materials were a steel frame as well as light elements made from timber and concrete.   The result shows that lightweight elements made from timber are the most economic option and concrete is the most time-efficient option. The conclusion is that the optimal structural material for the reference project is concrete.

Batteries are increasingly seen as an indispensable element in the rapid progress of the energy transition. With forecasts for global demand set to reach 2 TWh by 2030 and increasing policy support for battery manufacturers, many questions arise on whether the current rapid expansion of battery manufacturing industry is sustainable. Issues regarding the stability of the supply chain and rising energy security concerns has led to an expanded focus on alternate battery technologies. Sodium ion cells are commonly cited as a potential solution to many of the current issues facing the lithium-ion battery industry. With sodium ion cells reaching commercialization, this thesis would like to explore the viability of commercial sodium ion cells through a bottom-up manufacturing and regional cost analysis of Sodium Prussian Blue Analogues and Sodium Layered Oxides. To account for the more qualitative aspects of regional battery manufacturing, the current policy framework and supply chain are briefly explored. To study the current commercial sodium ion cells, the report considers Na0.9[Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48] O2 (Na Oxide) and Na2MnFe(CN)6 (Na PBA) cathode chemistries which are similar to the cells manufactured by HiNa and Novasis Energies respectively. These cells are compared to two of the most common Lithium chemistries on the market, LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.3Mn0.3Co0.3 (Li NMC111). Various manufacturing scales of the model plant are explored for each chemistry, and the changes in manufacturing costs for the US, China, India, Sweden and Chile are explored. Considering a baseline plant of 1500 MWh/yr, the base case results show that from the cost perspective the sodium ion cells are not too different from that of the lithium-ion cells. The cost of the lithium ion cells NMC111 and LFP (2019 US$) are at 126 $/kWh and 113$/kWh while the Na Oxide and Na PBA cell costs are at 125 $/kWh and 148 $/kWh. While the costs are comparable, the volumetric energy density of the sodium cells is almost half that of their lithium counterparts, which hampers the overall cost advantage from the cheaper materials. Compared to the lithium cells where the cathode and anode are on average the most expensive components, the separator and the hard carbon anode become the most expensive cost components in the sodium ion cells studied. In the regional analysis, China and Chile have the cheapest cell costs for both sodium and lithium, while the US and India are the most expensive within the countries studied with the maximum cost difference in the range of 15 $/kWh. While most countries have differing approaches in terms of policy support, the trend towards domestic sourcing of supplies can clearly be seen in most of the countries studied. The past three years has seen interest in battery manufacturing escalate significantly, with slow policy support in the 2010s from most countries. Chile is a notable exception with a lack of strong policy support. For the manufacturing scale, it was found that the minimum effective scale was 1500 MWh annually. The capital costs for the sodium ion cell plants were 16% more expensive than the lithium cell plants due to increased production rates to meet the same annual production. With cathode thickness, it was found that the Na PBA cell benefited the most with the increase in thickness, as it had the highest CAM capacity. The cost advantages of the sodium ion cells start to materialise when considering the increase in price of materials in 2022. When considering increased metal costs in 2022, the price of the Li NMC and LFP cells increase to around 186 $/kWh, while sodium ion cells don’t display an appreciable change in cost. Furthermore, when considering a higher power rate of 5C, the lithium cells perform poorly with Li NMC increasing to 188 $/kWh and LFP to 148 $/kWh while the sodium cells remain close to their 0.2C costs at 148$/kWh for Na PBA and 127 $/kWh for Na Oxide. / Batterier betraktas i allt högre grad som en oumbärlig komponent i den snabba utvecklingen av energiomställningen. Med prognoser som visar att den globala efterfrågan kommer att nå 2 TWh år 2030, och med ökat stöd från myndigheter till batteritillverkare, uppstår många frågor om huruvida den nuvarande snabba expansionen av batteritillverkningsindustrin är hållbar. Frågor om stabiliteten i leveranskedjan och ökad oro för energisäkerheten har lett till ett ökat fokus på alternativa batteriteknologier. Natriumjonceller nämns ofta som en potentiell lösning på många av de aktuella problemen som litiumjonbatteriindustrin står inför. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka livsdugligheten hos kommersiella natriumjonceller genom en bottom-up-tillverkning och regional kostnadsanalys av natriumpreussiska blåanaloger och natriumskiktade oxider. För att belysa de mer kvalitativa aspekterna av regional batteritillverkning undersöks även den nuvarande politiska ramen och leveranskedjan kortfattat. För att studera de nuvarande kommersiella natriumjoncellerna överväger rapporten katodkemin Na0.9[Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48]O2 (Na Oxide) och Na2MnFe(CN)6 (Na PBA), som liknar celler som tillverkas av HiNa respektive Novasis Energies. Dessa celler jämförs med två av de vanligaste litiumkemikalierna på marknaden, LiFePO4 (LFP) och LiNi0.3Mn0.3Co0.3 (Li NMC111). Olika tillverkningsskalor i modellfabriker undersöks för varje kemikalie, och förändringarna i tillverkningskostnaderna i USA, Kina, Indien, Sverige och Chile analyseras. Med en baslinjeanläggning på 1500 MWh/år visar basfallsresultaten att natriumjoncellerna inte skiljer sig alltför mycket kostnadsmässigt från litiumjoncellerna. Kostnaden för litiumjoncellerna NMC111 och LFP är 126 $/kWh respektive 113 $/kWh, medan kostnaderna för Na Oxide och Na PBA-celler ligger på 125 $/kWh respektive 148 $/kWh. Trots att kostnaderna är jämförbara är natriumcellernas volymetriska energitäthet nästan hälften så stor som deras litiumequivalenter, vilket minskar den totala kostnadsfördelen av de billigare materialen. Jämfört med litiumcellerna, där katoden och anoden i genomsnitt utgör de dyraste komponenterna, är separatorn och hårdkolanoden de dyraste kostnadskomponenterna i de undersökta natriumjoncellerna. I den regionala analysen har Kina och Chile de lägsta cellkostnaderna för både natrium och litium, medan USA och Indien är dyrast bland de undersökta länderna med en maximal kostnadsskillnad på 15 $/kWh. Även om de flesta länder har olika tillvägagångssätt när det gäller politiskt stöd, kan trenden mot inhemska inköp av material tydligt ses i de flesta av de undersökta länderna. Under de senaste tre åren har intresset för batteritillverkning ökat betydligt, efter ett långsamt politiskt stöd under 2010-talet från de flesta länder. Chile utgör ett anmärkningsvärt undantag med brist på starkt politiskt stöd. Vid tillverkningsskalan fann man att den lägsta effektiva skalan var 1500 MWh årligen. Kapitalkostnaderna för natriumjoncellsanläggningar var 16 % dyrare än för litiumjoncellsanläggningar på grund av ökade produktionshastigheter för att uppnå samma årsproduktion. När det gäller katoddjocklek så gynnades Na PBA-cellen mest av en ökning i tjocklek, eftersom den hade den högsta CAM-kapaciteten. Fördelarna med natriumjonceller börjar realiseras när man beaktar prisökningen på material år 2022. Vid en ökning av metallkostnaderna 2022 ökar priset på Li NMC- och LFP-cellerna till cirka 186 $/kWh, medan kostnaden för natriumjoncellerna inte uppvisar någon märkbar förändring. Dessutom, vid en högre effekt på 5C, presterar litiumcellerna dåligt med en kostnad på 188 $/kWh för Li NMC och 148 $/kWh för LFP, medan kostnaden för natriumcellerna förblir nära deras kostnader vid 0,2C, nämligen 148 $/kWh för Na PBA och 127 $/kWh för Na Oxide.

This study has been conducted in cooperation with OBOS Kärnhem. The objective of the study is to assess environmental impacts from different structural and facade materials to find a configuration with the lowest impact, and to assess the economic implications of different structural and façade materials. The study is conducted on a case study building planned in Linköping, Sweden. The methods that were used are the life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) methods. Cross-laminated timber and concrete were chosen as the 2 structural materials to investigate, and sheet metal, cut slate, and wood paneling were chosen as the façade materials to investigate. The goal and scope were specified. The goal of the LCA was to analyze the climate implications of different structural and facade materials on a building’s environmental performance, while the scope was to compare the environmental impacts, specifically global warming potential, of six scenarios over a lifetime of 80 years. Later, a life cycle inventory of the materials was conducted, and the life cycle inventory was assessed. Finally, the life cycle interpretation was carried out to analyze and interpret the results. For the LCC, costs were calculated for materials and energy use and applied to the case study building. The analyses of results show that the wooden building scenarios have significantly low environmental impacts when compared with concrete buildings. The analyses of the results also show that the buildings constructed with cast-in-situ concrete have lower life cycle costs when compared with buildings constructed with cross-laminated timber. This study concludes that structural material choices affect the environmental performance of a building significantly. Facade material choices also affect the environmental performance, however much less significantly. This study also shows that, within these specific system boundaries, the most impactful life cycle stage for the wood structure building scenarios is the operational phase B6, while the most impactful life cycle stage for the concrete structure building scenarios is the material production stage A1-A3. This study further concludes that while cross-laminated timber buildings have a lower carbon footprint than concrete structure buildings, they currently cost significantly more to build. This highlights the discrepancies between the changes and choices that are required to reach the climate and sustainable development goals, and what is economically viable.