Health Technology Assessment is an important factor for decision making in the healthcare sector in Sweden. It helps to curtail the rising costs associated with the healthcare sector and aids in the efficient allocation of scarce public health resources. This thesis investigates the cost-effectiveness and the effectiveness in general of two health technologies, addressing the following research objectives: i) assessing the cost-effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions designed for older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, and ii) assessing the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment on labor market outcomes in comparison with institutional hemodialysis (IHD) treatment in Swedish settings. Study I and Study II are related to the first research objective. In Study I, we summarized and critically assessed the current evidence on the cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions focusing on older adults; we found some evidence supporting the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. In Study II, we conducted a within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis of the software application Support, Monitoring and Reminder Technology for Mild Dementia (SMART4MD) from a healthcare perspective for a period of six months. A total of 345 Swedish dyads (MCI patient and informal caregiver) participated in this study. For a short time period of six months, we found that SMART4MD is not cost-effective for MCI patients (statistically insignificant); however, a trend was observed that indicated that it might be cost-effective for informal caregivers, although results remained statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Study III is related to the second research objective. In Study III, we investigated the effect of PD on labor market outcomes (employment rate, work income, and disability pension) in comparison to IHD. We found that PD is associated with a treatment advantage over IHD in terms of increased employment, work income, and reduced disability pension in the Swedish population after controlling for non-random selection for the treatment.

Gångtrafikanters singelolyckor är Stockholms i särklass vanligaste trafikolycka och bland orsakerna till olyckorna beror en majoritet på dålig snöröjning eller halkbekämpning. Kommunen antar därför att samhällskostnaderna är höga och för att kunna prioritera vinterväghållningen behöver anmälningar om halkolyckor studeras samt jämföras med olycksstatistiken. Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva ett tillvägagångssätt för att genomföra en samhällsekonomisk analys av vinterväghållning för gångtrafikanter. En kostnads-nyttoanalys illustrerar en metod för att utvärdera och analysera vinterväghållning ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Kostnads-nyttoanalysen appliceras på vinterväghållning i Stockholms stad och vidare diskuteras metodens utmaningar och möjligheter för ändamålet. Metoden är även applicerbar på andra kommuner i Sverige och organisationer som står inför likande problem och bidrar således med ett viktigt verktyg för beslutsfattare. Resultatet av kostnads-nyttoanalysen visar att gångtrafikanters situation i Stockholm sannolikt skulle gynnas av en förbättring. En generell satsning på vinterväghållning innebär en ökad nytta för gångtrafikanterna under antagandet att antal olyckor minskas. Nollalternativet visar att den samhällsekonomiska kostnaden för olyckor är betydligt högre än vinterväghållnings-kostnaderna i nuläget. Kostnads-nyttoanalysen är ett exempel på hur Stockholms stad kan lägga ett helhetsperspektiv på planering av drift och underhåll av gångytor. För att möjliggöra uppföljning och utvärdering av hur resurser används behövs mer specifikt bättre verktyg för rapportering av drift och underhåll.

Sweden aims to become one of the first fossil-free welfare countries in the world. In 2009, specific energy and climate policy targets were announced for 2020, which exceed the ambition of respective EU targets in some areas. The overarching objective of the thesis is to understand the role of energy efficiency in Swedish energy and climate policy frameworks, and identify the gaps that need to be addressed. In this context, energy efficiency is recognized as a challenge to address. Yet, there are reasons to believe that it is not being pursued with the same dedication as other energy and climate-related targets. This hypothesis is tested using Mixed Methods research, with cases on different sectors of the Swedish economy, namely energy intensive industry and public bus transport, as well as comparisons with energy efficiency within the EU-28. With the help of abductive reasoning, the observations are inferred to an explanation, and common themes for Swedish energy efficiency policies emerge. The evidence indicates that energy efficiency has received lower priority than other energy and climate policies. This is demonstrated by the conflict between energy efficiency, emission reduction and renewable energy targets, for example in the case of public transport. There is generally a mismatch between targets and the instruments in place. Thus more attention should be given to energy efficiency and its potential benefits for the Swedish energy system. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvements are not being fully realized, but new policy initiatives could provide the necessary support to harness the potential. In-depth evaluation of new policy instruments should be integrated in the policy-making process, in order to provide a clear picture of costs versus benefits. An example is given with a Cost-Benefit Analysis for energy efficiency obligations targeting the Swedish energy intensive industry. Simplicity and transparency in the introduction and monitoring of new instruments need to be sought for. Energy efficiency should be given first priority in relation to other energy and climate targets. The basis for future policies should be grounded now in order for energy efficiency to become the key for successful Swedish energy policy. / <p>QC 20160914</p>

Economic analysis is often employed for the purpose of efficient decision-making and allocation of societies’ resources and has been utilized in the Swedish national infrastructure planning since the 1960’s. The topic of this report is the utilisation of CBA in investigating the benefits and costs of transport investments in Sweden and its consequent role as a decision basis. It is the study of various actors’ perspectives on CBA itself, and not least its role within Swedish transport-planning. On the one hand the study concerns the actors interpretation of the current practice, on the other; their perspectives of how CBA ideally should be utilized. The purpose of the study is to be able to, by combining existing ideas, insights and competences in ways which can bridge the diverse perspectives, increase awareness concerning the utilisation and role of CBA in Swedish transport planning. The goal is not to argue against the use of CBA as a method or decision basis, nor to study the technicalities of the method, but rather, it is an attempt to make sense of CBA through the interpretation of various actors’ perspectives from commission to decision. Two main research questions are put forth to lead towards this purpose: First, how does the understanding of CBA vary among actors? And secondly, how can CBA be utilised to its full potential in transport planning? / Ekonomisk analys används ofta för att uppnå ett effektivt beslutsfattande och fördelning av samhällets resurser, i den svenska nationella infrastrukturplaneringen har de nyttjats sedan 1960-talet. Ämnet för denna rapport är användningen av CBA för att utreda nyttor och kostnader av transportinvesteringar i Sverige och dess åtföljande roll som beslutsunderlag. Det är en studie av olika aktörers perspektiv på samhällsekonomisk analys (CBA), och inte minst dess roll inom svenskt transportplanering. Å ena sidan gäller studien olika aktörers tolkning av nuvarande praxis, å andra sidan deras perspektiv på hur CBA helst bör användas. Syftet med studien är att, genom en kombination av befintliga idéer, insikter och kompetenser på ett sätt som kan överbrygga olika perspektiv, öka medvetenheten om användningen och betydelsen av CBA i svensk transportplanering. Målet är inte att argumentera mot användningen av CBA som metod eller beslutsunderlag, inte heller att studera de tekniska aspekterna av metoden, studien syftar snarare att försöka skapa förståelse för CBA genom tolkning av olika aktörers perspektiv från beställning till beslut. Två huvudsakliga forskningsfrågor lyfts fram för att leda mot detta syfte: För det första, hur varierar förståelsen av CBA mellan aktörerna? Och för det andra, hur kan CBA utnyttjas till sin fulla potential i transportplaneringen?

Under tidig vår 2021 presenterade den svenska regeringen en proposition som skulle innebära ändringar i transplantationslagen. Eftersom det råder organbrist i Sverige är syftet med propositionen att fler donationer ska möjliggöras. Ett av förslagen är ett borttagande av närståendevetot vilket innebär att anhöriga inte längre har rätt att neka donation från en avliden närstående när donationsviljan är okänd, även kallat ett hard opt out-system. Sverige skulle då bli det tredje landet i världen att införa ett sådant donationssystem. Det finns få studier som undersöker effekten av ett borttagande av närståendevetot, framförallt ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med vår uppsats är att analysera en sådan systemförändring i Sverige genom en CBA. Som komplement till vår CBA genomför vi en enkätstudie för att analysera vissa icke-monetära effekter. Vi vill också undersöka om inställningen till organdonation har förändrats sedan den senaste undersökningen gjordes år 2015. Resultatet visar en mer positiv inställning till organdonation i vår studie jämfört med tidigare. I huvudkalkylen ger de monetärt värderade effekterna av ett borttagande av närståendevetot en nettobesparing på 427 miljoner kronor. Förutsatt att de icke-monetära effekterna inte uppgår till en kostnad på mer än 427 miljoner kronor är ett borttagande av närståendevetot en samhällsekonomiskt lönsam åtgärd. I känslighetsanalysen presenteras flera alternativa kalkyler där de monetära effekterna ger en positiv nettobesparing i samtliga vilket tyder på ett robust resultat i vår huvudkalkyl. Trots att våra beräkningar tyder på att ett borttagande av närståendevetot leder till en nettobesparing kan uppsatsen inte fastställa om det är den mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärden. Tidigare studier menar att det inte finns bevis för att borttagandet i sig leder till fler donerade organ och att strukturella förändringar kan vara minst lika betydelsefulla, om inte mer. Vi rekommenderar att fler jämförande studier görs med länder som har en hög andel donatorer för att kunna utvärdera vilka åtgärder som skulle vara mest kostnadseffektiva i Sverige. / In early spring 2021, the Swedish government presented a bill that would entail amendments to the Transplantation Act. Since there is an organ shortage in Sweden, the purpose of the bill is to enable more donations. One of the proposals is the removal of the family consent which means that relatives will no longer have the right to refuse donation from a deceased relative when the willingness to donate is unknown, also known as a hard opt out system. This would make Sweden the third country in the world to implement such a donation system. There are few previous studies which examine the economic aspect of removing the family consent. The purpose of our thesis is to analyze such a systemic change in Sweden through a CBA. In addition to our CBA, we conduct a survey to analyze certain non-monetary effects. We also seek to analyze whether the attitude towards organ donation has changed since the most recent survey was conducted in 2015. The results show a more positive attitude towards organ donation in our study compared to earlier research.  In the main calculation, the monetarily valued effects of a removal of the family consent presents net savings of SEK 427 million. Given that the non-monetary effects do not add up to a cost of more than SEK 427 million, a removal of the family consent is a profitable measure from a CBA perspective. The sensitivity analysis presents several alternative calculations where the monetary effects provide a net saving in all of them, which indicates a robust result in our main calculation. Even though our calculations indicate that a removal of the family consent leads to a net saving, we cannot determine if it is the most cost-effective measure. Previous studies suggest that there is no evidence that the removal itself leads to more donated organs and that structural changes can be at least as significant, if not more so. We recommend that additional comparative studies with countries that have a high proportion of donors should be conducted. This would help with the evaluation of which measures would be the most cost-effective in Sweden.

L'hydrogène est l'un des vecteurs énergétiques les plus prometteurs dans la recherche d'un mix énergétique plus durable. Plusieurs études et feuilles de route ont été réalisées sur le potentiel d'une économie « hydrogène » et ont identifié que même si de nombreuses technologies requisessont déjà disponibles aujourd'hui, le déploiement d'infrastructures hydrogène constitue la tâche la plus difficile de son développement, dont la mesure où on doit atteindre des coûts compétitifs et avoir l'acceptation du marché. La conception de la chaîne logistique de l’hydrogène (HSC), enparticulier à des fins de mobilité, implique une série de décisions importantes à différents niveaux (sources d'énergie, production, transport et stockage) et peut être considérée comme un problème multi-échelle et multi-période avec plusieurs parties prenantes. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un cadre méthodologique pour aborder le problème de conception de la HSC de manière complémentaire au travail proposé dans le travail de doctorat de (Sofia de Leon Almaraz, 2014) dans lequel une formulation multi-objectif a été mise en œuvre via la méthodologie - contrainte pour obtenir le front de Pareto, en optimisant trois objectifs en même temps : le coût journalier total, le potentiel de réchauffement global et un indice de risque de sécurité. Une analyse de sensibilité basée sur un plan d'expérience en utilisant les méthodes de plan factoriel et surface de réponse a été réalisée pour identifier les principaux paramètres (facteurs) et leur interaction affectant le critère économique, soit le coût journalier total (TDC) (réponse), englobant les coûts capitaux et opérationnels. Cette analyse de sensibilité souligne que la demande est de loin le paramètre le plus important qui conditionne fortement le critère TDC, de sorte que davantage d'efforts sont nécessaires pour modéliser l'incertitude de la demande de façon homogène. Dans la formulation initiale de la conception de la HSC, la taille du problème liée au nombre de variables binaires conduit souvent à des difficultés pour résoudre le problème. Dans ce travail, le potentiel des algorithmes génétiques (GA) via une variante de NSGA-II est exploré pour faire face à la formulation multi-objectif, afin de produire automatiquement le front de Pareto. La formulation du modèle a ensuite été étendue pour tenir compte de l'incertitude de la demande, ce qui donne plus de robustesse à l'approche proposée. Deux études de cas soutiennent cette analyse : d'abord au niveau régional, les résultats de la conception de la HSC pour l'ancienne région Midi-Pyrénées obtenus avec les deux modèles sont comparés. Les solutions obtenues par GA présentent le même ordre de grandeur que celles obtenues avec MILP (Programmation Linéaire en Nombres Entiers) dans le problème mono-critère, mais de meilleures solutions de compromis sont produites dans la formulation multi-objectif et des résultats plus flexibles sont obtenues avec la modélisation de l’incertitude de demande. Puis l’écosystème aéroportuaire, Tarbes-Lourdes, a été étudié : l'infrastructure aéroportuaire est une étude de cas intéressante, car un aéroport est une source d'émissions qui affectent le climat à cause des émissions générées par les activités faites à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du périmètre de l'aéroport, liées à l’opération et utilisation de l’aéroport. Enfin, une analyse post-optimale sur une solution de compromis de la HSC est réalisée sur la base d'une évaluation sociale, via deux analyses coûts-bénéfices (CBA) d'un point de vue social (SCBA) et gouvernemental (subventions et taxes), montrant que l'incorporation d'externalités aide à financer une proportion importante des coûts. L'approche SCBA pour le déploiement de l'hydrogène intègre les avantages sociétaux induits à travers la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la réduction de la pollution atmosphérique mais aussi les coûts sociaux par l'augmentation de la consommation de platine. / Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers in the quest for a more sustainable energy mix. Several studies and roadmaps have been carried out about the potential of a « hydrogen » economy and have identified that even if many of the required technologies are already available today, the deployment of hydrogen infrastructures constitutes the most challenging task for its development, so as to achieve competitive costs and mass market acceptance. The design of a hydrogen supply chain (HSC), in particular for mobility purpose, involves a series of important decisions at different levels, i.e. energy sources, production, transportation and storage and can be viewed as a multi-echelon, multi-objective and multi-period problem with multiple stakeholders. The objective of this work is to propose a methodological framework to tackle the HSC design problem in a complementary manner to the work proposed in the PhD work of (Sofia de Leon Almaraz, 2014) in which a multi-objective formulation was implemented via the -constraint method to generate the Pareto front, optimising three objectives at the same time, total daily cost, global warming potential and a safety risk index. A sensitivity analysis based on a design of experiments through the Factorial Design and Response Surface methods was carried to identify the major parameters (factors) and their interaction affecting the economic criterion, i.e., the total daily cost (TDC) (response), encompassing capital and operational expenditures. This sensitivity analysis highlights that the demand is by far the most significant parameter that strongly conditions the TDC criterion so that more effort is needed to model demand uncertainty consistently in HSC design, especially since a long horizon time is considered for hydrogen deployment. Besides, in the initial formulation of HSC design, the size of the problem related to the number of binary variables often leads to difficulties for problem solution. In this work, the potential of genetic algorithms (GA) via a variant of NSGA-II is explored to cope with the multi-objective formulation, in order to automatically produce the Pareto front. The model formulation has then been extended to take into account demand uncertainty, giving more robustness to the proposed approach. Two case studies support the analysis: first at regional level, the results of a HSC design for the former Midi-Pyrénées region obtained with both models are compared. The solutions obtained by GA exhibit the same order of magnitude as those obtained with MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) in the mono-criterion problem, but better compromise solutions are produced in the multi-objective formulation and more flexible ones are obtained with demand uncertainty modelling. Then an airport ecosystem, i.e. Tarbes-Lourdes has been studied: the airport infrastructure is an interesting case study, since an airport is a source of emissions that affect climate, including the emissions generated from activities occurring inside and outside the airport perimeter fence associated with the operation and use of an airport. Finally, a post-optimal analysis on a compromise solution of HSC configuration is carried out based via two cost-benefit analyses (CBA) from a social (SCBA) and governmental perspective (subsidies and taxes). The SCBA approach for hydrogen deployment integrates societal benefits for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, noise air pollution abatement and social costs for the increase in platinum consumption in the manufacture of fuel cells. By including external costs, economic benefits of the replacement of ICEV (internal combustion engine) by FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicles) were highlighted as well as the generation of positive social net present values

The diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of a public investment project for the regeneration of brownfields. The first part describes the issue of brownfields, causes of their occurrence and reasons for their regeneration from a theoretical point of view. It also defines public project and methods for its evaluation. The second part contains a cost benefit analysis of a public project of Central Polytechnic Workshops. These will be one of several projects within the renovation of the historic Winternitz Mills in Pardubice. The aim of the work is to determine indicators of economic efficiency based on socio-economic flows and assess the feasibility of this project‘s implementation.

A feasibility study is a technical-economic study, an essential tool for investment decisions. The study aims to provide technical, economic, financial and management information qualified for investment decisions. The theoretical section summarizes the purpose, process and structure of individual chapters of the feasibility study including cost-benefit analysis. In the practical part of the feasibility study is designed public project model and its alternative financing option by the grant program of the European Union.

This paper aims to define methods for measuring CLV in the segment of internal customers of companies operating in the financial market. It's about finding such a method to determine the value of internal customers to predict and measure whether an internal customer pays off to the company. The standalone task is to quantify the internal customer's contributions to the overall value of the company. The area of CLV determination for internal customers of the company is not described in the literature. From this point of view, the determination of CLV internal customers in the strategic management system will be a major scientific achievement. Similarly to external customers (markets), as well as internal customers express greater or lesser affinities with their behavior and performance, in the first case the brand and in the latter case the employer. Therefore, CLV modeling for internal customers requires qualified predictions and expressions of a whole range of both hard (eg, cash flow indicators) and Soft (indicators of qualitative research such as loyalty) of indicators and their use in the calculation of CLV internal customers. An important prerequisite for CLV for both internal customers is their segmentation.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of the economic efficiency of investment projects of transport infrastructure in the Czech Republic. These projekcts are evaluated according to the methodological documents of the Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic, the State Fund for Transport Infrastructure and thr Directorate of Roads and Motorways of the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis also deals with the comparison od individual methodological procedures and their influence on the resulting indicators of economic efficiency of transport infrastructure condtructions.