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Infraestructura arquitectónica como soporte a la preservación ecosistémica del litoral de ChimboteChaname Urteaga, Jenny Del Pilar January 2022 (has links)
En el litoral costero de Chimbote – Perú, existe la colisión de dos paisajes naturales que enmarcan un área urbana de carácter industrial, la urbe presiona a ambos paisajes a tal punto de terminar degradando tanto a la costa marina como al humedal, obteniendo como resultado que ambos se vean afectados por la actividad humana, esto genera un modelo nocivo de relación urbana - natural, por lo cual se busca un modo de aminorar esta cadena de degradación a través de una renaturalización de estos espacios, para ello se dispone como objetivo principal de diseñar una infraestructura arquitectónica como soporte para la preservación del ecosistema del litoral de Chimbote para fomentar el cuidado y óptimo aprovechamiento del valor natural inscrito en el territorio.
Y como objetivos específicos el identificar los recursos naturales y antrópicos a nivel territorial en el litoral de Chimbote para localizar las zonas de acción en los intersticios comprendidos entre el mar y lo urbano, posteriormente determinar el sector de intervención para proyectar estrategias en función al paisaje natural, y como ultimo el proyectar una infraestructura arquitectónica que de soporte a la preservación de ecosistemas para optimizar el cuidado de los sistemas naturales, para ello las dos primeras etapas se desarrollaron bajo la técnica de observación, la primera a través del desarrollo de cartografías y la segunda por medio de la elaboración de hojas de observación y la última etapa se realizó a través del
análisis de teorías, así como referentes arquitectónicos.
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Controles geomorfológicos sobre la presencia y estructura de humedales costeros en el estuario de Bahía BlancaPiovan, María Julia 11 March 2016 (has links)
Los humedales costeros incluyen un variado espectro de ambientes que abarca desde planicies de marea no vegetadas, hasta turberas, humedales boscosos o salitrales ubicados en la transición hacia los ambientes netamente terrestres. En esta tesis se aborda el estudio de los ambientes costeros del estuario de Bahía Blanca, al sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, y se evalúa la presencia de humedales perimarinos. El clima de la zona es semi-árido, con períodos secos y húmedos que se alternan a lo largo de los años. Los suelos presentan salinidades elevadas y la vegetación que se desarrolla en el área está adaptada a tolerar estas condiciones de estrés.
Se describieron las asociaciones vegetales de la región costera del estuario de Bahía Blanca, analizando la presencia y cobertura de las distintas especies de plantas. Se realizó una clasificación jerárquica y conceptual de los ambientes costeros considerando la influencia de las mareas y las características de la vegetación. A partir de imágenes Landsat, cartas topográficas y relevamientos topográficos, se elaboraron los mapas geomorfológico, de condición hidrológica y de vegetación. A partir de la superposición espacial de estos mapas se realizó una caracterización hidrogeomórfica de los ambientes y se identificaron potenciales zonas de humedales. Se estudiaron las marismas de Spartina densiflora que se desarrollan en depresiones y se analizó cómo influyen las lluvias y la marea en su régimen de inundación. Finalmente, se estudió la respuesta germinativa de un grupo de especies de las asociaciones vegetales descriptas: Atriplex unduata, Cyclolepis genistoides, Heterostachys ritteriana, Sarcocornia perennis y Allenrolfea patagonica. Para estas especies se estudió el efecto de diferentes agentes osmóticos, potenciales osmóticos y temperaturas sobre los porcentajes de germinación.
A partir de los resultados obtenidos se detectaron las asociaciones costeras más representativas, se identificaron los “arbustales dominados por chañar”, “arbustales dominados por palo azul”, “arbustales dominados por A. patagonica”, “estepa halófila”, “marismas de S. densiflora”, “peladales”, “marismas de S. perennis”, “marismas de S. alterniflora” y “planicies de marea”. Esta información fue utilizada para determinar la distibución espacial de estos ambientes en el mapa de vegetación. A través de su superposición con los mapas geomorfológico y de condición hidrológica se detectó que las planicies de marea, marismas de S. alterniflora y S. perennis están en sectores inundados regularmente por la marea, mientras que algunas asociaciones localizadas en la Planicie Marina Reciente y el Paleovalle, se inundan
frecuentemente por precipitaciones y podrían considerarse humedales perimarinos. Entre ellas, se encuentran las marismas de Spartina densiflora, que en algunos sectores están desconectadas de la dinámica de las mareas a pesar de presentar niveles topográficos que permitirían su influencia. En cuanto a la germinación de especies halófilas, se determinó que su comportamiento está influenciado por las sales. Se observa una menor germinación a mayores concentraciones salinas y no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre el NaCl (una de las sales más abundantes en el área de estudio) y el manitol. El Na2CO3 ocasionó una disminución en los porcentajes de germinación. El comportamiento individual de las especies contribuyó a explicar su distribución en el campo. / Coastal wetlands comprise a wide variety of environments, from bare tidal flats to peatlands, mangroves or salt pans located in the transition to terrestrial environments. In this thesis an approach to the study of the coastal environments of Bahía Blanca’s estuary is made and the presence of perimarine wetlands is assessed. The climate in the zone is semi-arid, with dry and wet periods alternating along the years. Soil salinity is high and the vegetation that grows in the area is adapted to these stress conditions. A hierarchical and conceptual classification of the coastal environments was made, considering the influence of the tides and the characteristics of the vegetation. The plant associations that grow in the area were described, analyzing the presence and cover of different plant species. Using Landsat images, topographic maps and topographic surveys, the geomorphologic, hydrologic condition and vegetation maps were made. From the spatial superposition of these maps a hydrogeomorphic classification of the environments was made and potential wetland zones were identified. Spartina densiflora marshes that develop in depressions were studied and the influence of rain and tides was analyzed. Finally, the germinative response of several species very well represented in the described vegetal associations was studied: Atriplex unduata, Cyclolepis genistoides, Heterostachys ritteriana, Sarcocornia perennis and Allenrolfea patagonica. For these species the effect over the germination percentage of different osmotic agents, osmotic potentials and temperatures was studied.
The most representative associations were detected; brushwoods of Geoffroea decortican, bushes of Cyclolepis genistoides, halophytic bushes, halophytic steppes, Spartina densiflora marshes, salt flats, Spartina alterniflora marshes Sarcocornia perennis marshes and mudflats were identified. These classes were used to develop the vegetation map. From the superposition of all maps it was detected that Spartina alterniflora marshes, Sarcocornia perennis marshes and mudflats, are located in places flooded by tides. Other associations located in the Recent Marine Plain and Paleovalley geomorphic units are flooded by rainfall and could be considered perimarine wetlands, as S. densiflora marshes that grow in depressions. Finally, germination behavior is influenced by salts. Lower germination percentages could be found at higher salt concentrations and no significant differences were detected between NaCl (one of the most
abundant salts in the study area) and mannitol. A diminution of the germination percentages was caused by Na2CO3. Each species behavior contributed to explain their distribution in the field.
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Simulación de la hidrodinámica en la Bahía de Paracas, Pisco-Perú, utilizando forzantes físicosQuispe Sánchez, Jorge Martín January 2007 (has links)
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar la hidrodinámica de la Bahía de Paracas mediante mediciones de campo y simulaciones numéricas. Se analizó una serie de datos medidos durante la campaña de mediciones oceanográficas; los datos consistieron en perfiles de temperatura, salinidad y velocidad de las corrientes, y fueron complementados con datos meteorológicos y de nivel del mar. Las simulaciones se realizaron con el modelo computacional (ELCOM 3D) (Estuary and Lake Computer Model). El Modelo ELCOM utiliza principios hidrodinámicos y termodinámicos para simular el comportamiento espacial y temporal de cuerpos de agua semicerrados y estratificados sometidos a forzamientos físicos externos. Se realizaron campañas de mediciones para obtener una batimetría detallada de la Bahía (mayo 2005 y abril 2006) y datos hidrográficos para preparar el pre y postprocesamiento del modelo numérico. El modelo resuelve numéricamente las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes y el transporte de escalares para un flujo no permanente, no viscoso e incompresible utilizando la aproximación hidrostática y de Boussinesq. El modelo se aplicó sobre una malla cartesiana rectangular con dx=dy=100 m, dz=2m, con un paso de tiempo dt=10 s. y fue forzado con series de tiempo de marea, radiación solar, velocidad y dirección del viento, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Se utilizó diferentes condiciones iniciales y de frontera en el modelo para analizar la capacidad de reproducir la dinámica física del sistema. Las simulaciones realizadas incluyen respuestas a flujos inducidos por cambios en la pendiente (respuestas barotrópicas), flujos inducidos por cambios en la densidad no homogéneos (respuestas baroclínicas), efectos rotacionales, esfuerzos del viento, forzamiento de marea, intercambio térmico superficial, y por transporte de sal y calor. El modelo simuló sólo la distribución de temperatura y corrientes en la Bahía, y se validó con datos de campo. Los resultados de las simulaciones muestran que la circulación superficial y la mezcla vertical responden al esfuerzo del viento para velocidades del viento superior a 4 m/s; durante la bajamar la dirección de la corriente de fondo fue hacia adentro de la Bahía por la boca de conexión y viceversa durante la pleamar; las corrientes superficiales siguieron la dirección del viento para velocidades mayores a 4 m/s. La estructura vertical de temperatura presentó gradientes pronunciados por lo que la estratificación observada se debe a la temperatura; esto se debe a que debido a la advección del sistema las temperaturas bajas entran por el fondo y parte Este, e inundan la Bahía modificando la mezcla y estratificación. La marea influye durante las pleamares y bajamares en la estratificación del fondo a la superficie. Las corrientes son del orden de 2 a 5 cm/s en la superficie y son influenciados por el viento, mientras que en el fondo son de 2 a 3 cm/s y responden al flujo y reflujo de la marea.
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Détection Optique Homodyne: application à la cryptographie quantiqueXu, Qing 28 April 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Les réseaux et systèmes de télécommunications mondiaux fondent aujourd'hui leur confidentialité sur la cryptographie classique, qui repose sur des hypothèses mathématiques fragiles. La distribution quantique de clef (QKD) est aujourd'hui la seule façon connue pour distribuer des clefs avec une sécurité inconditionnelle. Ce travail de thèse contribue à combler de manière pluridisciplinaire et polyvalente le gap entre les limites physiques fondamentales et l'implémentation expérimentale, en termes de vitesse, fiabilité et robustesse. Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc proposé une implémentation du protocole BB84 utilisant les états de phase cohérents. Le récepteur homodyne a été conçu de manière à compenser les fluctuations de phase et de polarisation dans les interféromètres, ainsi que dans le reste du canal de propagation. Ensuite, nous avons mis en place un dispositif expérimental de système QKD à la longueur d'onde 1550 nm, avec une modulation QPSK fonctionnant avec un trajet et un sens de parcours uniques, dans une fibre optique mono-mode. Les deux schémas de détection: le comptage de photons (PC) et la détection homodyne équilibrée (BHD) ont été mis en œuvre. Enfin, nous avons effectué des comparaisons théoriques et expérimentales de ces deux récepteurs. Le récepteur BHD a été élaboré avec une décision à double seuil. La mise en œuvre d'un tel processus accepte des mesures non-conclusives, et réduit l'efficacité de génération des clés, mais reste encore bien meilleur que celle des PCs à 1550 nm. Nous avons également prouvé que ce système est robust sous la plupart des attaques potentielles.
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Optimization of a 50 MHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar system for the study of auroral E-region coherent backscatterPerry, Gareth William 24 August 2010
A 50 MHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar system, developed at the University of Saskatchewan to provide improved spatial and temporal resolution measurements of auroral E-region plasma processes, introduces ambiguous spectral information, due to spectral ghosting, for scattering events in which multiple radar echoes are detected. This thesis identifies two Linearly Frequency Modulated (LFM) radar waveforms used by the FMCW system as the source of the ghosting. An analysis procedure designed to counteract the spectral ghosting problem is developed but is not an ideal solution, and therefore replacement of the LFM waveforms is recommended.<p>
A detailed investigation of alternative radar waveforms using the Ambiguity Function and Ambiguity Diagram techniques is performed. A frequency coded continuous wave radar waveform based on a composite Costas sequence is proposed as a successor to the LFM waveforms. The composite Costas radar waveform will conserve the spatial and temporal resolutions extended by the LFM waveforms and preclude any spectral ghosting. Implementing the proposed radar waveform and avoiding receiver saturation issues with the mono-static FMCW radar system in which both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are simultaneously and continuously active and geographically co-located is also discussed.<p>
In addition to this, two 50 MHz backscatter events are presented in this thesis to demonstrate the effectiveness of the FMCW system, notwithstanding the spectral ghosting complication. The first event from November 21, 2009 is identified as a Type 1 instability and the second from September 13, 2009 is identified as a Type 2 instability which lasted for ~ 16 minutes. Linear plasma fluid theory is used to provide a brief interpretation of both scattering events.
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Optimization of a 50 MHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar system for the study of auroral E-region coherent backscatterPerry, Gareth William 24 August 2010 (has links)
A 50 MHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar system, developed at the University of Saskatchewan to provide improved spatial and temporal resolution measurements of auroral E-region plasma processes, introduces ambiguous spectral information, due to spectral ghosting, for scattering events in which multiple radar echoes are detected. This thesis identifies two Linearly Frequency Modulated (LFM) radar waveforms used by the FMCW system as the source of the ghosting. An analysis procedure designed to counteract the spectral ghosting problem is developed but is not an ideal solution, and therefore replacement of the LFM waveforms is recommended.<p>
A detailed investigation of alternative radar waveforms using the Ambiguity Function and Ambiguity Diagram techniques is performed. A frequency coded continuous wave radar waveform based on a composite Costas sequence is proposed as a successor to the LFM waveforms. The composite Costas radar waveform will conserve the spatial and temporal resolutions extended by the LFM waveforms and preclude any spectral ghosting. Implementing the proposed radar waveform and avoiding receiver saturation issues with the mono-static FMCW radar system in which both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays are simultaneously and continuously active and geographically co-located is also discussed.<p>
In addition to this, two 50 MHz backscatter events are presented in this thesis to demonstrate the effectiveness of the FMCW system, notwithstanding the spectral ghosting complication. The first event from November 21, 2009 is identified as a Type 1 instability and the second from September 13, 2009 is identified as a Type 2 instability which lasted for ~ 16 minutes. Linear plasma fluid theory is used to provide a brief interpretation of both scattering events.
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Desarrollo de una metodología para delimitar zonas de mezcla de vertidos industriales en estuarios. Development of a methodology to allocate mixing zones of industrial discharges in estuariesBárcena Gómez, Javier Francisco 13 November 2015 (has links)
El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar una metodología escalonada con un grupo de herramientas numéricas seleccionadas y/o desarrolladas con el fin de establecer dónde se requiere una zona de mezcla y determinar su tamaño y aceptabilidad con un nivel de detalle apropiado de acuerdo a su relevancia para cada vertido industrial descargado por boca única situado en un estuario. Esta propuesta puede ser aplicada tanto por los Estados miembros como las industrias a la hora de delimitar zonas de mezcla según lo establecido en la Directiva 2008/105/EC y la Directiva 2013/39/EU.
La estructura de la tesis se organiza en seis capítulos de la siguiente manera:
• Capítulo 1 Introducción. En este capítulo se introduce al lector los contenidos de todos los demás capítulos de la tesis. En primer lugar, se presentan las motivaciones para llevar a cabo la investigación, explicando su importancia y las razones que llevaron al desarrollo de esta tesis. En segundo lugar, se presenta el objetivo general de la tesis y, por último, se explica su estructura.
• Capítulo 2. Estado del Arte. Con el objetivo general en mente, se lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura con el fin de evaluar los diferentes enfoques metodológicos utilizados en la práctica diaria en todo el mundo, de exponer los temas de actualidad en estuarios (hidrodinámica y mezcla) y, por último, de revisar las herramientas numéricas disponibles utilizadas para estudiar la hidrodinámica y de mezcla de vertidos en estuarios. Esta revisión destaca los puntos fuertes y las deficiencias encontradas en los enfoques actuales y permite la definición de los objetivos específicos de la presente obra.
• Capítulo 3. Metodología general. En este capítulo, se describe la metodología escalonada desarrollada mediante el uso de cinco pasos. En el Paso 1, se recopila la información requerida sobre el área de estudio y las descargas de sustancias tóxicas. El Paso 2 identifica la relevancia del vertido en la zona de estudio. A continuación, el Paso 3 evalúa el efecto generado por los vertidos y delimita las zonas de mezcla a partir de un cálculo simplificado, que tiene en cuenta unas condiciones fijas de los forzamientos. El Paso 4 evalúa el efecto generado por las descargas y delimita las zonas de mezcla durante el año más seco de acuerdo con el caudal del río. Finalmente, en el Paso 5, se 'reevalua' el efecto generado por las descargas y se ‘redelimitan’ las zonas de mezcla con base en el caso real de dilución y teniendo en cuenta la variabilidad de los forzamientos ambientales.
• Capítulo 4. Herramientas numéricas. En este capítulo, se presenta una revisión de los modelos numéricos usados y de todas las herramientas matemáticas de desarrollo propio que permiten la integración, la transferencia, la comunicación y la representación gráfica de la información requerida y obtenida a lo largo de la metodología expuesta.
• Capítulo 5. Resultados: Aplicación en el estuario de Suances. En este capítulo, se ilustra la implementación/aplicación en el estuario de Suances de la metodología desarrollada en el capítulo 3, usando las herramientas numéricas propuestas y descritas en el capítulo 4.
• Capítulo 6. Conclusiones y futuras líneas de investigación. Al final del documento, se detallan las conclusiones del presente trabajo junto con algunas propuestas para futuros temas de investigación que pueden complementar el presente estudio y la metodología desarrollada. Por último, se listan todas las aportaciones realizadas por esta tesis. / The main objective of the present study is to make a step forward in the assessment of mixing zones of single-port industrial discharges in estuaries by developing and implementing a stepped methodology according to the significance of the considered discharge. Thereby, this methodology establishes where a mixing zone is required and determines its size and acceptability for each point discharge based on numerical models and mathematical tools.
Thus, in this thesis a “Stepped Approach” has been developed to document the policy decision tree (methodology) that may be adopted by Member States and/or Industries when setting Mixing Zones (MZs) under Directive 2008/105/EC and Directive 2013/39/EU.
The structure of the thesis is organized in six chapters as follows:
• Chapter 1. Introduction. This chapter has introduced the reader in all other chapters of the thesis. Firstly, the motivations for research, explaining their importance and the reasons that led to the development of this thesis, are displayed. Secondly, the general aim of the thesis is presented and, finally, the organization of this thesis is explained.
• Chapter 2. State of the Art. With the general aim in mind, a literature review is carried out in this chapter in order to evaluate the different methodological approaches used in daily practice around the globe, to state the contemporary issues in estuarine physics (hydrodynamics and mixing) and, finally, to gather the available numerical tools used to study estuarine hydrodynamics and mixing. This review highlights the strengths and deficiencies found in current approaches and allows the definition of the final objectives of the present work.
• Chapter 3. Overall Methodology. In this chapter, the developed methodology, involving five steps, has been described. In Step 1, we collect the required information about the study area and the toxicant discharges. Step 2 identifies the significance of the discharge or discharges in the study zone. Next, Step 3 evaluates the effect generated by discharges and delimitates MZs from a simplified calculation that takes into account fixed conditions. Step 4 evaluates the effect generated by discharges and delimitates MZs during the driest year according to the river flow. Finally, in Step 5, we ’reevaluate’ the effect generated by discharges and ’redelimitate’ MZs according to a real case of dilution taking into account the variability of the environmental forcings.
• Chapter 4. Numerical Tools. In this chapter, a review of the used numerical models and all the self-developed mathematical tools for integrating, transferring, communicating and plotting the required and obtained information along the overall methodology is presented.
• Chapter 5. Results: Application to Suances Estuary. The implementation/application to Suances Estuary of the developed methodology in Chapter 3, using the proposed numerical tools described in Chapter 4, is presented.
• Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Research Topics. At the end of the document the conclusions of the present work are presented together with some proposals for future research topics that may complement the present study and the proposed methodology. Lastly, all the contributions made by this thesis were itemized.
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Características da postura corporal de escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Porto AlegreMoreira, Suzana January 2008 (has links)
Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.
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Invalidez por dor nas costas entre os contribuintes da Previdência Social, Brasil, 2007Ney Armando de Mello Meziat Filho 02 February 2010 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a magnitude e a distribuição das aposentadorias por invalidez por dor nas costas no Brasil em 2007. Trata-se de estudo descritivo utilizando registros do Sistema Único de Informações de Benefícios e dos
Anuários Estatísticos da Previdência Social de 2007. Foram concedidos 10.839 benefícios de aposentadoria por invalidez referentes a dor nas costas. As variáveis idade, sexo, estados e grandes regiões foram utilizadas para o cálculo das taxas de
incidência de dor nas costas em aposentadorias por invalidez enquanto as variáveis faixa salarial, ramo de atividade, clientela e tipo de filiação, foram utilizadas para o cálculo das proporções. Para o cálculo das dez primeiras causas de aposentadoria por invalidez foram utilizados os dados de todas as causas deste benefício. Foram analisados ainda, os dias de trabalho perdidos por invalidez por atividade profissional. A
dor nas costas idiopática foi a primeira causa de invalidez em 2007. A maioria dos beneficiários residia em área urbana, era composta por comerciários e recebia até três salários mínimos. A taxa de incidência de dor nas costas em aposentadorias por
invalidez foi de 29,96 por 100.000 contribuintes. Este valor foi mais elevado no sexo masculino e apresentou crescimento à medida que se eleva a faixa etária. A taxa de Rondônia, estado com a maior proporção de trabalhadores rurais foi mais de quatro
vezes o esperado (RT=4,05) enquanto a segunda maior taxa foi aproximadamente duas vezes o esperado (RT=2,07). A dor nas costas foi uma importante causa de invalidez em 2007. As diferenças observadas entre as incidências por estado apontam para a necessidade de melhor compreender os fatores associados a este importante problema de morbidade para a população trabalhadora brasileira. / The aim of the present work was to analyze the magnitude and the distribuition of the back pain disability retirements in Brazil, 2007. It is a descriptive study utilizing data from the Unique System of Benefits Information of the National Institute of Social Secure and from the Statistical Annual of Social Security. There were 10.839 benefits of back pain disability retirements (B32 and B92). The variables: age, gender, state and great
regions were used to calculate the incidence rate of back pain in disability retirements while the variables, salary level, branch of activity, clientele, type of filiation were used to calculate the proportions. The data of all causes of disability retirement were used to calculate the ten first causes. The working days lost from disability retirement for each branch of activity were calculated. The idiopatic back pain was the first cause of
disability retirement in 2007. The majority of the beneficiaries lived in urban area, was commerce workers and earned up to three minimum salaries. The back pain incidence rate in disability retirements was 29,96 per 100.000 contributors. The incidence was more elevated in males and presented a growing tendence with age. The incidence rate in Rondonia, state of greater proportion of rural workers, was four times the expected
value (RR= 4,05) while the second greater incidence was only twice as expected (RR=2,07). The back pain was an important reason of disability retirement in 2007. The observed differences in the states incidences indicate to a necessary better
comprehension of the associated factors of this important morbidity problem for the Brazilian working population.
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Características da postura corporal de escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Porto AlegreMoreira, Suzana January 2008 (has links)
Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.
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