Följande studie hanterar ämnet eSport. Med hjälp av uses & gratifications theory kommer eSportpublik studeras och analyseras, med syftet att förstå vilka motivationer som leder till att man vill titta på eSport. Studien kommer med hjälp av kvalitativ metod, det vill säga intervjuer och observationer, med tillämpande mini enkäter i observationerna studera publiken som tittar på eSport. Uses & gratifications är en teori som ofta tillämpas vid kvalitativ metod då de gratifikationer man analyserar är enkelt tillämpbara i intervjufrågor. Studien kom fram till att de viktigaste gratifikationerna för eSportpublik var underhållning samt tidsfördriv. Viktigt är det att notera att dessa faktorer var uppmuntrande för tolkning, där informanter har gett olika definitioner av samma faktorer, samt ger flera förklaringar på samma ord. Det är utifrån denna syn som arbetet har analyserats och ge ett definitivt svar på frågan varför publiken tittar på eSport. / The following essay studies the subject of eSport. The concept audience will be analysed with help of the uses & gratifications theory to create an understanding about the audience in eSport. The study will also with the help of qualitative methods, to be specific interviews and observations, with an applied mini- survey in the observations study the audiences of eSport. Uses & gratifications is a theory that a lot of the time is applicable in qualitative methods because the gratifications that are analyzed very often are easily applicable when writing questions for interviews. The result was that the most important gratifications for the audience of eSport was entertainment and killing time. It’s also important to note that these factors were encouraged for interpretation, and given multiple explanations regarding the same word. It’s based on this view that the study has been analyzed and given a definitive answer on the question why the audience watches eSport.

This thesis is made up of two parts. Part A - describes the construction of a scintillation counter and its operation, as an instrument for use in medical research. Part B - is a study of the stopping of mesons in various absorbers as a preliminary to the investigation of the meson decay process. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The problem of violent extremism is approaching a critical point in America. American government and community leaders must find an effective approach to deterring violent extremism immediately. A national and comprehensive approach to deter violent extremism in America is currently lacking. This comparative policy perspective seeks to determine whether the United Kingdom and Australia have good practices to deter violent extremism that can be useful in America. Secondly, this thesis also seeks to determine whether the United States can implement potential good practices to deter violent extremism. After a thorough review of the issue of violent extremism in America, this thesis studies similar background, research, and violent extremism issues in the United Kingdom and Australia. This thesis concludes that a variety of good practices in the United Kingdom and Australia can counter radicalize and deter violent extremists in America. The findings and recommendations from this research include challenges and a way forward to implement certain potential best practices for the United States. The arguments offer viable options and alternatives that the United States should consider when creating a national deterring-violent-extremism strategy. The details and information regarding understanding and implementing good practices to deter violent extremism in America are contained in this thesis. / Major, New York Army National Guard, Latham, New York

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In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour in a complex reactor-typical geometry and to supply suitable data for CFD code validation, a model of the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor was built at FZD. The hot leg model is operated in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility, which is used to perform high-pressure experiments under pressure equilibrium with the inside atmosphere of the chamber. This technique makes it possible to visualise the two-phase flow through large windows, also at reactor-typical pressure levels. In order to optimise the optical observation possibilities, the test section was designed with a rectangular cross-section. Experiments were performed with air and water at 1.5 and 3.0 bar at room temperature as well as with steam and water at 15, 30 and 50 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature (i.e. up to 264°C). The total of 194 runs are divided into 4 types of experiments covering stationary co-current flow, counter-current flow, flow without water circulation and transient counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) experiments. This report provides a detailed documentation of the experiments including information on the experimental setup, experimental procedure, test matrix and on the calibration of the measuring devices. The available data is described and data sheets were arranged for each experiment in order to give an overview of the most important parameters. For the cocurrent flow experiments, water level histograms were arranged and used to characterise the flow in the hot leg. In fact, the form of the probability distribution was found to be sensitive to the boundary conditions and, therefore, is useful for the CFD comparison. Furthermore, the flooding characteristics of the hot leg model plotted in terms of the classical Wallis parameter or Kutateladze number were found to fail to properly correlate the data of the air/water and steam/water series. Therefore, a modified Wallis parameter is proposed, which takes the effect of viscosity into account.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit dokumentiert die Erstellung eines RDF-basierten Vokabulars zur Darstellung von Nutzungsstatistiken elektronischer Ressourcen, die nach dem COUNTER-Standard erstellt wurden. Die konkrete Anwendung dieses Vokabulars bildet das Electronic Resource Management System (ERMS), welches momentan von der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig im Rahmen des kooperativen Projektes AMSL entwickelt wird. Dieses basiert auf Linked Data, soll die veränderten Verwaltungsprozesse elektronischer Ressourcen abbilden können und gleichzeitig anbieterunabhängig und flexibel sein. Das COUNTER-Vokabular soll aber auch über diese Anwendung hinaus einsetzbar sein. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in die beiden Teile Grundlagen und Modellierung. Im ersten Teil wird zu nächst die bibliothekarische Notwendigkeit von ERM-Systemen herausgestellt und der Fokus der Betrachtung auf das Teilgebiet der Nutzungsstatistiken und die COUNTER-Standardisierung gelenkt. Anschließend werden die technischen Grundlagen der Modellierung betrachtet, um die Arbeit auch für nicht mit Linked Data vertraute Leser verständlich zu machen. Darauf folgt der Modellierungsteil, der mit einer Anforderungsanalyse sowie der Analyse des den COUNTER-Dateien zugrunde liegenden XML-Schemas beginnt. Daran schließt sich die Modellierung des Vokabulars mit Hilfe von RDFS und OWL an. Aufbauend auf angestellten Überlegungen zur Übertragung von XML-Statistiken nach RDF und der Vergabe von URIs werden anschließend reale Beispieldateien manuell konvertiert und in einem kurzen Test erfolgreich überprüft. Den Abschluss bilden ein Fazit der Arbeit sowie ein Ausblick auf das weitere Verfahren mit den Ergebnissen. Das erstellte RDF-Vokabular ist bei GitHub unter der folgenden URL zur Weiterverwendung hinterlegt: https://github.com/a-nnika/counter.vocab

Klättring som utförs på överhängande ytor blir allt vanligare och kräver mer avancerad användning av underkroppen. Då tidigare forskning i synnerhet undersökt överkroppsstyrka saknas en muskulär profilering av underkroppen hos klättrare vilket således var syftet med denna studie. Frågeställningarna eftersträvade att undersöka om skillnader i styrka och power i nedre extremiteter kan relateras till prestation hos manliga klättrare. Deltagarna var 10 manliga amatörklättrare som delades in i 2 grupper baserat på idrottsspecifik prestationsnivå. Grupp 1 (n=6) kategoriserades som avancerade klättrare och grupp 2 (n=4) som moderata. Ett isokinetiskt styrketest och två olika hopptester genomfördes av samtliga studiedeltagare. Efter statistisk analys framgick det att det inte fanns några signifikanta skillnader (p= 0,05) mellan grupperna gällande relativ styrka i quadriceps, relativ styrka i hamstrings, H/Q-kvot, hopphöjd vid SJ eller hopphöjd vid CMJ. Gruppen med mer avancerade klättrare presterade signifikant högre vid CMJ kontra SJ (p=0,013). Slutsatserna av denna studie är att klättrare har förhållandevis låga resultat både vid mätning av H/Q-kvot vid 90°/s (grupp 1: 51% vs. grupp 2: 53,9%), 210°/s (59,4% vs. 57,9%) och vid vertikala hopptester (SJ: 32,1cm vs. 31,7cm; CMJ: 35,8 cm vs. 33,9 cm) samt att hoppteknik verkar kunna vara en bidragande faktor för prestation inom klättring. / Rock climbing performed on overhanging surfaces is becoming more common and requires more advanced use of the lower body. Since previous research has mostly examined upper body strength there is a need for a muscular profiling of the lower body of climbers, which was the purpose of this study. The study sought to investigate whether differences in strength and power in the lower extremities can be related to climbing performance in male climbers. The participants were 10 male amateur climbers divided into two groups based on athletes-specific performance level. Group 1 (n=6) where categorized as advanced climbers and group 2 (n=4) as moderate. An isokinetic strength test and two different jump tests were performed by all study participants. After statistical analysis, there were no significant differences (p= 0,05) between the groups in relative strength in the quadriceps, relative strength in hamstrings, H/Q-ratio, jump height at SJ or jump height at CMJ. The group with more advanced climbers performed significantly higher at CMJ versus SJ (p = 0.013). The conclusions of this study are that climbers have relatively low results when measuring H/Q-ratio at 90°/s (group 1: 51% vs. group 2: 53,9%), 210°/s (59,4% vs. 57,9%) and height at vertical jump tests (SJ: 32,1cm vs. 31,7cm; CMJ: 35,8 cm vs. 33,9 cm) and that jump technique seems to be a contributing factor in climbing performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how anonymous online players treat each other in the game environment in Counter Strike (CS GO), where the way they communicate can affect other people's gaming experience through cheating or "griefing". We have also sought to examine how issues of anonymity affected player's experiences. Data was collected through the use of qualitative methods, such as semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations. Ten respondents participated in the interviews, five women and five men who had played Counter Strike for at least two years. The questions which they were asked related to attitudes, communication, gaming experience, trust, behavior, cheaters and griefers inCounter Strike. The results were analyzed with the help of previous research and theory related to the problem of our study. The results showed that the anonymous players responded to each other positively or negatively depending on various factors such as performance, gender, experience, communication and trust. Positive attitudes gave a positive gaming experience that increased the teamwork and changed the anonymity to friendship, while negative attitudes gave negative gameplay experience that made players lose the desire to play for awhile, because they had high expectations of others. In order to improve Counter Strike for anonymous players, we recommend that the game company improves its security, by blocking cheaters and griefers faster than they do at present, by changing blocking of a cheater from only a blocked account to a whole computersystem, and by making the game more expensive. We also recommend applying region or country functions when they people play anonymously to avoid linguistic misunderstandings and to ease communication by ensuring that players from the same country play with eachother and speak a common language. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur anonyma online-spelare bemöter varandra i spelmiljön som omger Counter Strike (CS GO), där det kan uppstå ett visst kommunikativt beteende som kan påverka andras spelupplevelse, såsom att fuska eller "griefa". Vi ville även undersöka hur man kan lösa de svårigheter som anonyma spelare upplevde när de spelade med varandra. Undersökningen använder kvalitativa metoder där data insamlades med hjälpav semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna som deltog i intervjuerna var totalt tio personer, fem tjejer och fem killar som hade spelat Counter Strike i minst två år. Frågorna som ställdes berörde bemötande, kommunikation, spelupplevelse, tillit, beteende, fuskare och griefers i Counter strike. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av relevant tidigare forskning och teori. Resultaten visar att anonyma spelare bemötte varandra positivt eller negativt beroende på olika faktorer, såsom prestation, kön, erfarenhet, kommunikation och tillit. Positiv bemötandegav en positiv spelupplevelse som ökade lagsamarbetet och ändrade anonymitet till vänskap, medan negativ bemötande gav negativ spelupplevelse som gjorde att man tappade lust att spela ett tag, eftersom man hade höga förväntningar på andra. För att kunna förbättra Counter Strike för anonyma spelare rekommenderar vi att spelutvecklarna förbättrar sitt säkerhetssystem, genom att blockera fuskare och griefers snabbare än vanligt, förändra blockeringen av fuskare till att omfatta både konto och datorsystem, samt göra spelet dyrare. Vi rekommenderar även att tillämpa en region- eller landfunktion när man ska spela med fyra andra anonyma, för att förhindra språkmissförstånd samt underlätta kommunikation med varandra när man hamnar med spelare från samma land och talar ett gemensamt språk.

Master of Science / Department of Chemistry / Jun Li / With the increasing consumption of energy and the depletion of fossil fuels, finding an alternative energy source is critical. Solar energy is one of the most promising energy sources and solar cells are the devices that convert solar radiation into electricity. Currently, the most widely used solar cell is based on p-n junction formed with crystalline silicon materials. While showing high efficiency, the high fabrication cost limits its broad applications. Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising low-cost alternative to the Si solar cell, but its efficiency is much lower. Improvements in materials and interfaces are needed to increase the DSSC efficiency while maintain the low cost. In this thesis, three projects were investigated to optimize the DSSC efficiency and reduce the cost. The first project is to optimize the TiO[subscript]2 barrier layers on Fluorine-doped Tin Dioxide (FTO) surface. Two preparation methods, i.e. TiCl[subscript]4 solution treatment and thermal oxidation of sputtered Ti metal films, were employed and systematically studied in order to minimize electron-hole recombination and electron backflow during photovoltaic processes of DSSCs. TiCl[subscript]4 solution treatment method was found to create a porous TiO[subscript]2 barrier layer. Ti sputtering method created a very compact TiO[subscript]2 blocking layer. Two methods showed different characteristics and may be used for different DSSC studies. The second project is to reduce the DSSC cost while maintaining the efficiency by replacing the expensive Pt counter electrode with a novel vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) electrode. A large specific electrode surface area (~125 cm[superscript]2 over 1 cm[superscript]2 geometric area) was obtained by using VACNFs. The relatively high surface area, good electric conductivity and the large numbers of active graphitic edges existed in cone-like microstructure of VACNFs were employed to improve redox reaction rate of I[subscript]3[superscript]-/I[superscript]- mediators in the electrolyte. Faster electron transfer and good catalytic activities were obtained with such counter electrodes. The third project is to develop a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method to coat TiO[subscript]2 shells on VACNF arrays as potential photoanodes in the DSSC system in order to improve the electron transfer. Fabrication processes were demonstrated and preliminary materials were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. MOCVD at 300 mTorr vapor pressure at 550° C for 120 min was found to be the optimal condition.

We study the decidability and complexity of verification problems for infinite-state systems. A fundamental question in formal verification is if the behaviour of one process is reproducible by another. This inclusion problem can be studied for various models of computation and behavioural preorders. It is generally intractable or even undecidable already for very limited computational models. The aim of this work is to clarify the status of the decidability and complexity of some well-known inclusion problems for suitably restricted computational models. In particular, we address the problems of checking strong and weak simulation and trace inclusion for processes definable by one-counter automata (OCA), that consist of a finite control and a single counter ranging over the non-negative integers. We take special interest of the subclass of one-counter nets (OCNs), that cannot fully test the counter for zero and which is subsumed both by pushdown automata and Petri nets / vector addition systems. Our new results include the PSPACE-completeness of strong and weak simulation, and the undecidability of trace inclusion for OCNs. Moreover, we consider semantic preorders between OCA/OCN and finite systems and close some gaps regarding their complexity. Finally, we study deterministic processes, for which simulation and trace inclusion coincide.