This research analyzes the operating performance of two commercially available passive infrared counters (PICs) of pedestrians as a function of site, summer, fall and winter seasons in terms of counter sensitivity. Three sites were selected for field analysis in Winnipeg, Canada. Based on a sample of 24,690 people counted by the two PICs from July 2014 to February 2015, this research found that with a 95 percent confidence, Eco-Counter’s sensitivity ranged from 73 to 97 percent while TRAFCO’s ranged from 57 to 97 percent related to people occlusion. On weekdays, Eco-Counter’s absolute error was 16 percent and TRAFCO’s was 18 percent. On weekends, Eco-Counter’s absolute error was 18 percent and TRAFCO’s was 21 percent. In addition to people occlusion, site, seasons, and time of week (weekday and weekend) were found to affect the operating performance of the PICs. Correction factors were also calculated per counter, site, and seasons. / May 2016

Master of Arts - International Relations / The events of September 11 (9/11) have proved to be the catalyst for the evolution of ‘traditional’ terrorism methodologies into those of a transnational dimension. As a consequence, 9/11 has reshaped the international security community’s perceptions regarding the transnational threat of terrorism. Security analysts have called for a ‘networked’ response as the most effective strategy of defence against global terrorist networks. Hence, efforts to contain the threat of transnational terrorism will be more effective if implemented in conjunction with policies and mechanisms designed to facilitate international counter-terrorism co-operation. Therefore, taking into account the ‘perceived’ intelligence failure of 9/11, intelligence and anti-terrorism law enforcement agencies of governments committed to the ‘war against terrorism’ will need to integrate their intelligence capabilities and establish operational co-ordination on a multilateral level as an effective counter-terrorism mechanism. This research will focus on the multilateral intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism co-ordination mechanisms implemented post-9/11 by governments and International Organisations, such as the UN’s Counter Terrorism Committee and NATO’s invoking of Article 5, to contain and confront transnational terrorism. It is not within the scope of this study to analyse the reasons and ideologies behind 9/11 and modern-day terrorism.

Det urbana betraktas ofta som en norm, studien syftar till att lägga ett fokus mot landsbygden och studera berättelser från de som flyttar från stad till land. Där studien baseras på att undersöka flyttmotiv i kontext till migrantens liv före och efter flytten. Studien har ämnat att besvara vad det är som påverkar upplevelser av platser före- och efter flytt, vilka motiv som kan påverka personer att vilja flytta samt vad som kännetecknar den som flyttar till landsbygden. Den tidigare forskningen i studien bygger huvudsakligen på en bred genomgång av migrationsforskning. Forskning som behandlar ämnet migration har försökt förstå vilka faktorer som påverkar människors val att flytta. Studien utgår från ett humanistiskt perspektiv då vi vill komma åt informanternas berättelser och upplevelser av både den gamla och nya platsen. Där studien genomförts med en kvalitativ metod bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes i Värmland som är studiens geografiska avgränsning och informanterna kommer från fyra olika landsbygdskommuner. Sammantaget genomfördes tio intervjuer med tolv informanter. Empirin är baserad på de tre teman som ingick i intervjuguiden - bakgrund och erfarenheter, motivet och platsen. Detta för att komma åt informanterna berättelser om varför de flyttat samt hur de upplevt/upplever den gamla och den nya platsen. I diskussionsdelen sammanvävs empirin med den tidigare forskningen. Där framkommer skilda motiv till flytt samt berättelser om hur informanterna upplever det urbana och landsbygden före och efter flytt. Studiens slutsats uttrycker, övergripande, informanternas upplevelser av en bättre vardag på landsbygden med mer livskvalite såsom lägre levnadsrytm, mindre stress och större närhet till natur. Det lyfts fram hur det kan tolkas att den urbana miljön bidrar till en undanträngningseffekt och hur landsbygden som plats är socialt annorlunda jämfört med staden. Där landsbygden ses som mer välkomnande och med mer spontant umgänge. / The urban area is seen as the norm today, this study aims to focus on the countryside and study the stories from those who move from the city to the countryside. Where the study is based on examining moving motives in context to the migrant's life before and after the move. The study is intended to answer what is affecting experiences of places before and after moving, which motives can affect people wanting to move and what characterizes the person who moves to the countryside. The previous research in this study is mainly based on a broad review of migration research. Research that deals with the subject of migration has tried to understand which factors affect people's choices to move. The study starts from a humanistic perspective as we want to access the informants' stories and experiences of both the old and the new place. Where the study was conducted with a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in Värmland which is the study's geographical delimitation and the informants come from four different rural municipalities. Overall, ten interviews were conducted with twelve informants.The empirical data is based on the three themes that were included in the interview guide - background and experiences, motive and place. This is to access the informants' stories about why they moved and how they experienced/experiencing the old and the new place. In the discussion section, the empirical data is interwoven with the previous research. Where there are different motives for moving and stories about how the informants experience the urban and rural areas before and after the move. The study's conclusion expresses, overall, the informants' experiences of a better everyday life in the countryside with more quality of life such as lower life rhythm, less stress and greater proximity to nature. It is emphasized how it can be interpreted that the urban environment contributes to a displacement effect and how the rural as a place is socially different from the city. Where the countryside is seen as more welcoming and with more spontaneous interactions.

Most recent research show that the role of the modern controller has changed from thetraditional bean counter towards a business partner role. However, all literature does notagree with this notion, claiming that the controller is still more of a bean counter. Further,what it actually means to be a business partner also differs between researchers. The rolechange has also brought several new challenges for the controller. The purpose of this studyis to examine what it means to be a controller at a consultancy company in the IT industry,and what challenges and opportunities exist for business partnering. This is achieved usingcase study as the research design, including qualitative data from interviews of ten controllersof different seniority. The findings are analyzed through a theoretical framework consistingof role theory combined with previous literature on the topic. The findings of the study showthat the role of the controller at the case company shared more similarities with the traditionaldescription of a bean counter than a business partner. While more elements of businesspartnering started to appear as seniority increases, the controllers still felt like they weredoing too much bean counting activities. However, some opportunities for businesspartnering were still found at the company. The study suggests four major challengescontributing to role issues and hindering the controllers from becoming business partners.The four challenges are related to (1) lack of adaptation to new technology, (2) a centralizedorganizational structure, (3) the interplay between financial and business departments, and (4)accountability issues.

Thesis advisor: Lauri Johnson / This qualitative case study explored how educators of color experienced recruitment and hiring practices in the Cityside Public School District (pseudonym). It was part of a larger group case study that sought to capture the perceptions of educators of color related to racial disproportionality and its impact on the educator pipeline and schools. Two research questions guided this individual study: (1) How do Cityside educators of color experience Cityside’s recruitment and/or hiring processes? (2) What practices and policies might Cityside school and district level leaders utilize to increase the number of educators of color recruited and hired? Data for this study were collected from semi-structured interviews with nine Cityside faculty of color and with six Cityside administrators (of different races), as well as from a document review. Analysis of these data through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT) revealed study participants’ perception that implicit racial bias had the potential to negatively impact Cityside's hiring of educators of color. Additionally, leveraging social networks as an essential recruitment strategy to increase the presence of educators of color, and the benefits of hiring committees with a racially diverse membership, emerged as key findings. Finally, this study illuminated counter narratives that powerfully captured instances of microaggressions and perceived racism experienced by Cityside educators of color. Recommendations include requiring professional development with an anti-bias focus for all hiring committee participants, increasing the utilization of social networks to enhance recruitment efforts, ensuring a racially diverse composition of hiring committees, and actively seeking the counter narratives of Cityside educators of color. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar e discutir a regulamentação e as principais características do mercado de balcão brasileiro como um todo, a fim de propor algumas modificações que o tornem mais seguro. Dentro do mercado de balcão, os negócios são realizados e estruturados de acordo com a vontade e as necessidades de ambas as partes, logo os contratos não são padronizados, também não existe um local determinado para as negociações acontecerem, sendo que estas podem ser realizadas por telefone ou via sistema eletrônico. No Brasil tal mercado é dividido em dois segmentos: o organizado, onde os contratos são pelo menos realizados ou registrados em órgãos que estão sob a supervisão da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e o não organizado, em que os contratos são firmados ou registrados em órgãos que não são fiscalizados pela CVM, logo esta parte do mercado de balcão esta menos sujeita à regulações. É dentro deste último segmento que são negociados os contratos de soja verde, de troca de insumo por produto, de CPR de gaveta, dentre outros, que servem como financiamento da produção agropecuária brasileira. Estes contratos incorrem em muitos riscos já que são firmados entre as partes e não possuem qualquer tipo de garantia oferecida por órgãos regulatórios, no que tange à sua liquidação, ou seja, não contam em seu ambiente de negociação com um sistema de clearing house. Logo, este trabalho buscou por meio de documentação de fontes primárias e secundárias e entrevistas não estruturadas, realizadas com profissionais que trabalham diretamente com o mercado de balcão, elaborar uma agenda de sugestões para tornar o ambiente de balcão não organizado mais regulamentado. Concluiu-se que existem medidas que podem ser implantadas no segmento aqui em questão, como a padronização de alguns itens dos contratos negociados, tais como as unidades de negociação e os meses de vencimento e também a conscientização dos agentes de mercado da importância de registrar suas operações, que podem tornar o mercado de balcão não organizado mais transparente e seguro. / This study aims to analyze and discuss regulations and main characteristics of the Brazilian over-the-counter (OTC) market as a whole and propose some changes to make it safer. Within the OTC, business is conducted and structured according to wishes and needs of both parties, therefore contracts are not standardized, and there is no physical place to conduct negotiations, which can be made by phone or through an electronic system. In Brazil, this market is divided into two segments: the organized one, where contracts are at least made or registered in organs under the supervision of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) and not organized, in which contracts are not made or registered nor inspected by CVM, thus, this type of OTC trade is less subject to regulation. Within this segment, contracts of soja verde (green soybean), exchange input product, off-the-record CPR, and others that serve for financing Brazilian agricultural production. These contracts are subjected to many risks as they are signed by the parties and do not have any warranty offered by regulators regarding liquidation, in others words, they do not make use of the clearing house. Therefore, this study aims to elaborate suggestions to provide regulation to the over-the-counter market through unstructured interviews conducted with professionals who work directly with the OTC market and documentation of primary and secondary sources. It can be concluded that there are measures to be implemented in the segment at issue here, such as the standardization of some items traded by contracts, such as bargaining units and the months of expiration and also raise awareness of the importance of market agents to register their operations, which can make the not organized OTC market more transparent and secure.

Les récentes attaques terroristes fomentées par l’État islamique ont conduit des scientifiques et des experts à examiner le phénomène de l’idéologie et la radicalisation jihadistes. L’attention des chercheurs a porté principalement sur les raisons psychosociologiques qui peuvent amener un individu à adhérer à l’idéologie jihadiste (Khosrokhavar, 2014). Plusieurs études ont été menées également sur les stratégies adoptées par Daesh pour diffuser sa propagande sur internet (Rogan, 2006). Dans une « guerre argumentative » (Angenot, 2008) qui se base sur le langage, les émotions jouent un rôle crucial (Lombardi, 2015). Cette recherche vise à étudier non pas les stratégies de diffusion du discours jihadiste, mais à examiner le discours-même et, plus particulièrement, les stratégies rhétoriques que Daesh adopte aussi bien pour menacer son ennemi que pour fasciner ses sympathisants. De même, cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser le discours que le gouvernement français et l’Union Européenne ont produit afin de contrer la radicalisation jihadiste. En examinant à la fois le discours jihadiste et le contre-discours, cette recherche se propose de comparer les stratégies discursives qui caractérisent ces deux discours.L’analyse a été menée sur les deux revues diffusées par Daesh sur le web : Dabiq, publiée en anglais, et Dar al-Islam, publiée en français. En ce qui concerne le contre-discours, le corpus a été constitué à partir des articles publiés en ligne par le gouvernement français et l’Union Européenne sur les sites dédiés à la lutte contre la radicalisation jihadiste. Une approche quanti-qualitative a été adoptée afin d’identifier les caractéristiques générales et les spécificités de chaque corpus. Une analyse quantitative a été menée avec les logiciels Tropes et Iramuteq. Les résultats issus de cette analyse ont constitué le point de départ pour une étude qualitative, qui a permis d’identifier et d’étudier des éléments qui seraient passés inaperçus avec une étude uniquement quantitative. En outre, les logiciels Iramuteq et R ont été employés pour mener une analyse statistique et textuelle des différents corpus.Cette recherche a révélé des différences entre le discours jihadiste et le contre-discours, ainsi qu’entre le discours anglophone et le discours francophone. Contrairement au discours jihadiste anglophone, focalisé sur la communauté musulmane, le discours jihadiste francophone se focalise sur l’ennemi. Cette étude propose donc une description linguistique des émotions et des stratégies rhétoriques du discours jihadiste. Cette caractérisation discursive débouche sur des critères d’identification de la radicalisation sur le web et sur des préconisations concernant les types de messages les plus susceptibles de contrer la radicalisation jihadiste. / The recent terrorist attacks by the Islamic State in Western Europe have led researchers and experts to investigate the phenomenon of jihadist radicalisation. To date, research has tended to focus on the psycho-sociological reasons that may lead an individual to adhere to jihadist ideology and, sometimes, to act in the name of this ideology (Khosrokhavar, 2014). Different studies have also been conducted on the strategies adopted by Daesh to spread its propaganda on the Internet (Rogan, 2006). In an “argumentative war” (Angenot, 2008), that is, a war based on language, emotions play a crucial role (Lombardi, 2015).This study does not aim at studying the strategies adopted to spread the jihadist discourse. Rather, its goal is to examine the jihadist discourse itself and, more precisely, the rhetorical strategies adopted by Daesh to both threaten its enemy and fascinate its sympathisers. This dissertation also aims at analysing the discourse produced by both the French government and the European Union to counter jihadist radicalisation. By examining both jihadist discourse and counter-narrative, this study aims at comparing the discursive strategies characterising these two discourses.As far as the jihadist discourse is concerned, the study was conducted on the basis of two magazines released by Daesh on the Internet: Dabiq, published in English, and Dar al-Islam, published in French. As for the counter-narrative, the corpus consisted of the articles published online by both the French government and the European Union.A double quanti-qualitative approach was adopted in order to identify both the general features and the specificities of the different sub-corpora. A first quantitative analysis was conducted with the software Tropes and Iramuteq. The results obtained constituted the starting point for a qualitative study that allowed identifying and examining different features that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. Furthermore, the software Iramuteq and R were used to conduct a statistical and textual analysis in order to compare the different sub-corpora.This study revealed that the different discourses differ both in terms of content and form. Contrary to the English jihadist discourse, which focuses on the Muslim community as well as on the way a good Muslim should behave, the French jihadist discourse seems to focus on the enemy as well as on the violent action to take against them.

<div> <div> <div> <p>This paper introduced a near real-time acoustic unmanned aerial vehicle detection system with multiple listening nodes using machine learning models. An audio dataset was collected in person by recording the sound of an unmanned aerial vehicle flying around as well as the sound of background noises. After the data collection phase, support vector machines and convolutional neural networks were built with two features, Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and short-time Fourier transform. Considering the near real-time environment, the features were calculated after cutting the audio stream into chunks of two, one or half seconds. There are four combinations of features and models as well as three versions per combination based on the chunk size, returning twelve models in total. To train support vector machines, the exhaustive search method was used to find the best parameter while convolutional neural networks were built by selecting the parameters manually. Four node configurations were devised to find the best way to place six listening nodes. Twelve models were run for each configuration, generating color maps to show the paths of the unmanned aerial vehicle flying along the nodes. The model of short-time Fourier transform and support vector machines showed the path most clearly with the least false negatives with 2-second chunk size. Among the four configurations, the configuration for experiment 3 showed the best results in terms of the distance of detection results on the color maps. Web-based monitoring dashboards were provided to enable users to monitor detection results. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Les blocs cryptographiques utilisés dans les circuits intégrés implémentent des algorithmes prouvés robustes contre la cryptanalyse. Toutefois des manipulations malveillantes contre le circuit lui-même peuvent permettre de retrouver les données secrètes. Entre autres, les attaques dites « en fautes » se sont révélés particulièrement efficaces. Leur principe consiste à injecter une faute dans le circuit (à l'aide d'un faisceau laser par exemple), ce qui produira un résultat erroné et à le comparer à un résultat correct. Il est donc essentiel de pouvoir détecter ces erreurs lors du fonctionnement du circuit.Les travaux de thèse présentées dans ce mémoire ont pour objet la détection concurrente d'erreurs dans les circuits cryptographique, en prenant comme support l'implantation du standard d'encryption symétrique l'Advanced Encryption standard « AES ». Nous analysons donc plusieurs schémas de détection d'erreur basés sur de la redondance d'information (code détecteur), certains issus de la littérature, d'autres originaux utilisant un double code de parité entrée-sortie permettant l'amélioration du taux de détection d'erreur dans ces circuits. Nous présentons aussi une étude montrant que le choix du type du code détecteur le plus approprié dépend, d'une part du type d'erreur exploitable pouvant être produite par un attaquant, et d'autre part du type d'implémentation du circuit à protéger. Les circuits cryptographiques sont également la cible d'autres attaques, et en particulier les attaques par analyse de consommation. Les contre mesures proposés jusqu'à lors pour un type d'attaques, se révèlent la plupart du temps néfastes sur la résistance du circuit face à d'autres types d'attaque. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une contre mesure conjointe qui protège le circuit à la fois contre les attaques en fautes et les attaques par analyse de consommation. / The cryptographic blocks used in the integrated circuits implement algorithms proved robust against cryptanalysis. However, malicious manipulation against the circuit itself can retrieve the secret data. Among known hardware attacks, attacks called "fault attacks" are proved particularly effective. Their principle is to inject a fault in the circuit (using for example a laser beam) that will produce an erroneous result and to compare it with a correct result. Therefore, it is essential to detect these errors during the circuit running.The work presented in this thesis concerns the concurrent detection of errors in cryptographic circuits, using as support the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard "AES". Thus, we analyze several error detection schemes based on the redundancy of information (detector code). We present a solution using dual code of parity to improve the rate of error detection in these circuits. We also present a study showing that the choice of the type of the detector code depends on one hand on the type of error that can be produced and be used by an attacker. On the other hand, it depends on type of the circuit implementation that we want to protect.The cryptographic circuits are also the target of further attacks, especially attacks by consumption analysis. The measures proposed against a type of attack, proved mostly negative against other types of attack. We propose in this work a joint measure that protects the circuit against both fault attacks and attacks by analysis of consumption.

Este trabalho descreve o comportamento do Judiciário brasileiro com relação aos derivativos. Para tanto, exploramos decisões dos Tribunais de Justiça entre os anos de 2006 e 2010, conforme metodologia específica. Como suporte da pesquisa jurimétrica, analisamos os aspectos financeiros (utilidade e risco, espécies e estratégias, locais de negociação) e as características jurídicas (jogo e aposta, natureza contratual, valores mobiliários) dos derivativos. / This paper describes the position of the Brazilian courts on derivatives. For this purpose, we examine decisions rendered by the Courts of Appeals between the years of 2006 and 2010, in accordance with a specific methodology. As a foundation for jurimetrics research, we analyse the financial aspects (utility and risk, species and strategies, trade environment) and the legal characteristics (gambling, contractual nature, securities) of derivatives.