A Plataforma Continental Sul Brasileira (PCSB) é considerada uma importante região do litoral do Brasil, suas massas d’água e os processos dinâmicos apresentam um comportamento sazonal que imprime fortes efeitos no ecossistema costeiro. Com objetivo de caracterizar a Frente Subtropical de Plataforma (FSTP) e seu impacto na atmosfera, o presente trabalho utilizou o modelo acoplado oceano-atmosfera COAWST (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport) para estudar, na região da PCSB, a distribuição das massas d’água e a variabilidade oceânica durante o ano de 2012. Assim como, o acoplamento oceano-atmosfera durante 10 dias do mês de junho de 2012, coincidentes com a realização do cruzeiro oceanográfico ACEx/SIMTECO. Os resultados de ambos os períodos de estudo foram comparados com observações históricas, com dados coletados in situ pelo cruzeiro ACEx/SIMTECO e com dados de satélite. Os resultados indicam que essa componente foi capaz de reproduzir as principais características termohalinas e a sazonalidade das águas que dominam a PCSB. A mistura entre as águas de plataforma subtropicais e subantárticas que ocorre na FSTP, apresentou uma clara mudança sazonal em seu volume. Como consequência da mistura e da oscilação sazonal de posição da FSTP, a estabilidade da coluna d´água dentro da PCSB também muda sazonalmente. Os valores de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) e altura da superfície do mar mostraram valores sazonais de REQM inferiores a 2°C e um skill médio superior a 0,75. Valores de velocidade sobre a plataforma para a Corrente Costeira do Brasil (CCB) chegam 0,6 (m.s-1), enquanto o transporte para a Corrente do Brasil (CB) e CCB foram de -7 a -44 Sv e -0,3 a 0,3 Sv, respectivamente. Os mapas sazonais de energia cinética média e energia cinética turbulenta representam o comportamento já conhecido da CB e ressaltam a importância do fluxo costeiro médio ao largo da costa da Argentina ao longo do ano. A comparação dos dados do modelo atmosférico, rodado no modo acoplado do COAWST, com dados observacionais indicam um satisfatório desempenho do modelo em representar as variáveis temperatura potencial, umidade relativa e específica, assim como os campos de vento na superfície do mar. O módulo atmosférico do COAWST foi também capaz de representar as variações da camada limite atmosférica marinha (CLAM), mesmo em condições sinóticas pré e pós-frontais como as observadas durante a realização do cruzeiro ACEx/SIMTECO. O presente trabalho apresenta, pela primeira vez para a região de estudo, resultados que demonstram a robustez do modelo regional COAWST em descrever o comportamento sinótico da atmosfera frente aos gradientes de TSM na região da PCSB. E oferece novos subsídios para o estudo do comportamento do sistema acoplado oceano-atmosfera nesta importante região da costa brasileira. / The South Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) is considered an important region of Brazilian coast, their water masses and the dynamic processes present a seasonal behavior that has strong effects on the coastal ecosystem. In order to characterize the Subtropical Shelf Front (STSF) and its impact on the atmosphere, this work used the ocean-atmosphere coupled model COAWST (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport) to study, in the SBCS region, the distribution of water massas and ocean variability during the year 2012. As well, the ocean-atmosphere coupling during 10 days of June 2012, coinciding with the ACEx/SIMTECO oceanographic cruise. The results of both study periods were compared with historical observations, data collected in situ by the ACEx/SIMTECO cruise and satellite data. The results indicate that this component was capable of reproducing the main thermohaline characteristics and the seasonality of dominant waters of the SBCS. The mixture between subtropical and subantarctic shelf waters that occurs in the STSF, showed a clear seasonal change in its volume. As consequence of mixing and seasonal STSF oscillation, the stability of the water column within the SBCS also changes seasonally. The values of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height showed seasonal RMSE values below 2 °C and an average skill greater than 0,75. Velocity values on the shef for Brazilian Coastal Current (BCC) reach 0,6 (ms-1), while transport to Brazil Current (BC) and BCC were -7 to -44 Sv and -0, 3 to 0.3 Sv, respectively. The seasonal maps of medium kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy represent the behavior of the BC and highlight the importance of the average coastal flow off the coast of Argentina during the year. The comparison of data from the atmospheric model, run in coupled mode of COAWST, with observational data indicates a satisfactory performance of the model in representing the variables potential temperature, relative and specific humidity, as well as the wind fields at the surface of the sea. The atmospheric module of COAWST was able to represent the variations of marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), even in pré and post-frontal synoptic conditions such as those observed during the ACEx/SIMTECO cruise. The present work presents, for the first time in this region, results that demonstrate the robustness of the COAWST regional model in describing the synoptic behavior of the atmosphere in front of SST gradients in the SBCS region. And offers new subsidies for the study of the behavior of the ocean-atmosphere coupled system in this important region of the Brazilian coast.

This work deals with the content of iodine in soils, furthermore with obtaining and processing samples from four selected sampling areas, all of which are in the proximity of the Arnoštov settlement in district Prachatice in the foothills of Šumava. The soil samples were obtained from forest, meadow, pasture and fallow soil in 2009 to 2011. The iodine content in the soils was determined by using the spectrophotometric method, which had been optimized for the soil samples. Iodine concentration in lysimeter water was determined by using method inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. The results obtained from each sampling areas were compared with each other and with the results from other areas. Consequently, the iodine concentration results in the soils were compared with the iodine concentration in lysimeter waters. It was found, that the highest iodine content in soils was measured in a sample obtained from Area 1 (meadow), part B in a depth of 16 - 30 cm in June of 2009, namely a content of 8,67 mg of I per kg of dry soil. The lowest content of 1,42 mg of I per kg of soil was found in the area 4 (forest), sample obtained in June of 2010, in the L horizon. By comparing iodine content with iodine concentrations in lysimeter waters, it was concluded that the concentration of iodine in lysimeter waters does not depend on iodine concentrations in soils and that it does not even represent the absolute iodine content in soil, as was determined by comparing the results from Arnoštov with data acquired from Agrovýzkum Rapotín in Jeseníky.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-19T13:42:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALÂNNIO BARBOSA NÓBREGA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2008..pdf: 544710 bytes, checksum: 3a29bbca0618e68075cdfc926fdc6a64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T13:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALÂNNIO BARBOSA NÓBREGA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2008..pdf: 544710 bytes, checksum: 3a29bbca0618e68075cdfc926fdc6a64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01 / Neste trabalho, estudamos um devido a Kryszewi e Szulkin, o qual completa o bem conhecido resultado devido a Rabinowitz, no sentido que, é possivel considerar uma decomposição do tipoX=Y⊕Z comY eZ tendo dimensão infinita. Usando o Teorema do Linking Generalizado acima, iremos provar a existência de solução nãotrivial para dois sistemas de equações de Poisson acopladas com crescimento crítico em domínios não-limitados. / In this work, we study a Generalized LinkingT heorem due Kryszewi and Szulkin, which complets a well know result due Rabinowitz, in the sense that, it is possible to consider a decomposition of the typeX=Y⊕Z, withY andZ have infinite dimensional. Using the above Generalized Linking Theorem, we prove the existence of nontrivial solutions to two systems of coupled Poisson equations with critical growth in unbounded domains.

Ce travail de thèse concerne la prédiction des structures en béton soumises à des chargements extrêmes. Il s'intéresse plus particulièrement au comportement du béton sous fort confinement où la contrainte peut atteindre des niveaux de l'ordre du giga Pascal. La modélisation de ce comportement doit être capable de reproduire la compaction irréversible. Pour ce faire, deux lois de comportement élasto-plastique - endommageable ont été développées et implantées dans un code aux éléments discrets. Les paramètres utilisés dans ces lois sont calibrés par les simulations des essais de traction/compression uniaxial, des essais hydrostatiques et triaxiaux. Une fois les paramètres calibrés, la loi montrant le meilleur agrément avec l'expérience a été choisie pour la prédiction de la réponse du béton sous différents niveaux de confinement. Les résultats du modèle sont analysés non seulement à l'échelle macroscopique mais également à l'échelle de l'élément discret. La nécessité de prendre en compte une loi d'interaction de type élasto-plastique-endommageable est aussi montrée. La deuxième partie du travail de thèse développe une méthode de couplage entre le modèle éléments discrets et un modèle d'écoulement compressible en tenant compte des mécanismes physiques fondamentaux d'interaction entre l'écoulement interne et les particules solides d'un matériau poreux. Le problème d'écoulement est résolu par une méthode en volumes finis, où le volume est discrétisé en tétraèdres issus d'une triangulation régulière de Delaunay. Notre modèle est une adaptation aux fluides compressibles d'un modèle développé initialement pour les écoulements incompressibles. Ce couplage a été utilisé pour simuler le comportement triaxial des bétons humides et saturés sous différents niveaux de confinement. Les résultats nous montrent une bonne reproduction du comportement non-drainé du béton saturé sous faible confinement. Pour fort confinement, les simulations ne se rapprochent des résultats expérimentaux qu'au prix d'une compressibilité du fluide plus faible que celle de l'eau. Par ailleurs, la contrainte effective était une variable pertinente pour décrire le comportement du béton humide par un état limite intrinsèque indépendant du degré de saturation. / This thesis work deals with the predicting of concrete structures submitted to some extreme loadings, and, more particularly, focuses on behavior of concrete under a high-confining pressure. At this range of pressures, irreversible compaction of the material occurs and needs to be considered. Doing so, two elasto-plastic-damaged constitutive laws have been developed and implanted into a discrete element numerical code. Local parameters to be used in these constitutive laws are identified by simulating reference uniaxial traction/compression tests and triaxial compression tests. Once these parameters have been obtained, the law showing the best agreement with the experimental data has been chosen to predict the reponse of concrete sample for triaxial compressive tests at different levels of confinement. The numerical results have been analyzed not only at macroscopic scale but also at discrete element scale. The need of a constitutive law taking into account the elasto-plastic-damaged behavior has been also proved. The second objective of the thesis work was to develop a fluid flow – coupled discrete element model by considering fundamental physical mechanisms of the interaction between the internal fluide flow and the solid particles of a porous material. The flow problem is solved by the finite volume method, where the volume is discretized into tetrahedra issue of a regular Delaunay triangulation. Our model is an adaptation for elastic fluids of a model originally developed for incompressible flows. The developed fluid-flow coupled discrete element has been used to simulate the undrained triaxial behavior of concrete under different levels of confinement. The results show a good reproduction of undrained behavior of saturated concrete under low confinement. For high confinement, the simulations only resemble the experimental results when the fluid compressibility is lower than that of water. Moreover, the effective stress was a relevant variable to describe the behavior of the wet concrete by an intrinsic limit state independent of the degree of saturation.

Le but de cette thèse est d’établir une modélisation électromagnétique du détecteurbolométrique térahertz (THz). Ce travail aide à faciliter la conception de bolomètre THz dontla structure est basée sur celle de bolomètre infrarouge à température ambiante. Le contextede la thèse est l’imagerie THz active. Nous avons étudié le comportement électromagnétiqued’un bolomètre à antenne de bande spectrale 1 – 5 THz. Deux modes de simulation ont étéréalisées : l’une est en mode de réception et l’autre est d’émission. La combinaison de cesmodes de simulation constitue un outil important pour concevoir le bolomètre THz. Latechnique de spectroscopie par transformée de Fourier a été utilisée pour caractériserexpérimentalement le comportement électromagnétique du détecteur. Nous avons mesuré laréflectivité de la surface du plan focal de détecteur ainsi que la réponse spectrale du détecteur.Les deux sont confrontées avec la simulation et elles se trouvent en bon accord. Avec lesconnaissances obtenues des résultats théorique et mesuré, la recherche aide à améliorer desperformances du détecteur actuel. Nous avons aussi proposé un design pour le bolomètre defaible fréquence (850 GHz). Ce dernier ouvre la perspective d’emmener la technologie debolomètre d’infrarouge vers la bande sous-térahertz où l’imagerie est beaucoup plusfavorable. / This PhD thesis aims to establish an electromagnetic modeling of the bolometer atterahertz (THz) range that can facilitate the design of the detector from the uncooled infraredbolometer technology. The envisaged application for the detectors lies in active THz imagingat room temperature. We have studied the optical coupling of a THz antenna-coupledbolometer operating in the range 1 – 5 THz. Simulations in receiving and transmitting modeshave been performed to study the optical characteristics of the bolometer. The combination ofthese two simulation types leads to a powerful toolset to design terahertz bolometers. For theexperimental aspect, measurements have been performed by using Fourier-transformtechnique to study experimentally the electromagnetic behavior of the bolometer. They aremeasurement of reflectivity of the focal plane array’s surface and spectral responsemeasurement. The results of measurement were found to be in good agreement with thesimulation. The understanding from the study in this PhD helps us make improvement to theactual detector. Also the design of bolometer for low frequency (850 GHz) has beenproposed. This leads to a perspective of using bolometer for terahertz imaging at thefrequency where many characteristic of the terahertz radiation are favorable for imagingapplication.

Les nanostructures de semi-conducteurs de faibles dimensions (comme les nanofils(NFs)) sont devenues l'objet de recherches intensives pour explorer de nouveaux phénomènes émergents à l'échelle nanométrique et sonder leur possibilités d’ utilisation dans l'électronique du futur. Parmi les différents nanofils semi-conducteurs, SiC a des propriétés très particulières, comme une large bande interdite, une excellente conductivité thermique, un haut champ électrique de claquage, une stabilité chimique et physique, une haute mobilité des électrons et une haute biocompatibilité.Nous proposons dans cette étude ; d'examiner une nouvelle approche pour fabriquer des nanostructures de SiC par l'approche « top-down ». Cela permet l'élaboration de nanostructures cristallines de SiC de haute qualité monocristalline avec un niveau de dopage contrôlé. Le comportement de nanostructures de SiC gravées a également été étudié en fonction de polytypes et des orientations cristallographiques.Nous avons également étudié les trois principaux sujets de SiC nano-devices pour atteindre une excellente performance. Pour répondre à ces questions, deux types de SiC nanoFET (SiC NFFET et SiC NPFET) ont été fabriqués et caractérisés par l'utilisation de nanofils de SiC et de nanopiliers de SiC préparés respectivement par les méthodes « bottom-up » et « top-down ». / Low dimensional semiconductor nanostructures, such as nanowires (NWs), have become the focus of intensive research for exploring new emergent phenomena at the nanoscale and probing their possible use in future electronics. Among these semiconductor NWs, Silicon Carbide (SiC) has very unique properties, such as wide bandgap, excellent thermal conductivity, chemical and physical stability, high electron mobility and biocompatibility. These factors makes SiC a long standing candidate material to replace silicon in specific electronic device applications operating in extreme conditions or/and harsh environments. SiC nanostructures have been studied extensively and intensively over the last decade not only for their fabrication and characterization, but also for their diverse applications. I have outlined the growth of SiC nanostructures based on different growth methods, a noteworthy feature of their characteristic properties and potential applications in the chapter one. As-grown SiC NWs fabricated by bottom-up method present a high density of structural defects, such as stacking faults. This kind of defect is one of the factors which lead to poor electrical performance (such as weak gate effect and low mobility) of the related devices. Therefore, it is required to develop a high quality of SiC nanostructures with low density of the structural defects using an alternative method, such as top-down process. Main objectives of this thesis are divided into three main parts. The first part of the thesis (Chapter two), we present the simulation results of the electrical transport and thermoelectric properties of SiC NWs. I have investigated the thermoelectric enhancement by studying the complex interplay of the size of NWs, temperature and surface roughness. Our simulation results show that the ZT of C terminated SiC NW (2.05×2.05 nm2) reaches a maximum value of 1.04 at 600K. The second part of the thesis (Chapter there) is devoted to the fabrication of high quality SiC nanostructures with controlled doping level. I have developed a top-down fabrication technique for high quality nanometer scale SiC nanopillars (NPs) using inductively coupled plasma etching. The etching behavior of SiC NPs has also been studied depending on polytypes and crystallographic orientations. Under the optimal etching conditions using a large circular mask pattern with 370 nm diameter, the obtained 4H-SiC nanopillars exhibit high anisotropy features (6.4) with a large etch depth (>7μm). A hexagonal, rhombus and triangle based pillar structures have been obtained using α-SiC (0001), 3C-SiC (001) and 3C-SiC (111) substrates, respectively. The last part of the thesis (Chapter four) is dedicated to the design and the electrical characterization of SiC nanodevices. To investigate the electrical properties of SiC nanostructures, two different kinds of SiC nanoFETs (SiC NWFET and SiC NPFET) have been fabricated by using SiC NWs and SiC NPs prepared via bottom-up method and top-down methods, respectively. In case of SiC NWFET, low resistivity ohmic contacts (378 kΩ) have been obtained after the annealing at 650 °C. Ni silicide intrusion into the SiC NW channel has been observed the annealing at 700 °C. This temperature is compared to one of other group IV materials. In case of SiC NPFET, two different types of NPFET (3C-SiC (001) and 4H-SiC (0001)) have been fabricated using our SiC nanopillars, obtained by top-down approach. The estimated values of the field-effect carrier mobility are 232.7 cm2⋅V-1s-1 for 3C-SiC (001) NPFET (#2) and 53.6 cm2⋅V-1s-1 for 4H-SiC (0001) NPFET, which is higher than the best values reported in the literature (15.9 cm2⋅V-1s-1).

Le béton est un matériau dont le comportement est complexe, notamment dans le cas de sollicitations extrêmes. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser expérimentalement le comportement du béton lorsque celui-ci est soumis à des sollicitations générées par un impact (compression confinée et traction dynamique) ; et de développer un outil numérique robuste permettant de modéliser son comportement de manière fiable. Dans la partie expérimentale, on a étudié des échantillons de béton provenant du centre de VTT (Centre de recherche technique en Finlande). Dans un premier temps, des essais statiques de compression triaxiale dont le confinement varie de 0 MPa (compression simple) à 600 MPa ont été réalisés. On observe que, sous l’effet de confinement la rigidité du béton devient plus importante à cause de la réduction de la porosité. Par conséquent, la résistance maximale au cisaillement du béton est augmentée. La présence d’eau joue un rôle important lorsque le degré de saturation est élevé et le béton est soumis à un fort confinement. Au delà d’un certain seuil de confinement, la résistance maximale au cisaillement diminue avec l’augmentation de la teneur en eau. L’eau influence également le comportement volumique du béton. Lorsque tous les pores libres du béton sont fermés sous l’effet de la compaction, la faible compressibilité de l’eau s’oppose à la déformation du béton, de sorte que le béton humide est moins déformé que le béton sec pour une même contrainte moyenne. Le deuxième volet du programme expérimental concerne des essais de traction dynamique à différentes vitesses de chargement, et à différents états d’humidité du béton. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la résistance en traction du béton C50 peut augmenter jusqu’à 5 fois par rapport à sa résistance statique pour une vitesse de déformation de l’ordre de 100 s-1. Dans la partie numérique, on s’intéresse à développer le modèle de comportement du béton PRM couplé (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) capable de prédire le comportement du béton sous impact. Ce modèle repose sur un couplage entre un modèle d’endommagement capable de décrire des mécanismes de dégradation et de fissuration du béton à faible confinement et un modèle de plasticité permettant de simuler le comportement du béton sous très fort confinement. L’identification du modèle a été réalisée avec les résultats des essais expérimentaux. L’amélioration du modèle, notamment sur le modèle de plasticité, porte sur trois points principaux : prise en compte de l’effet de la contrainte déviatoire dans le calcul de la contrainte moyenne ; de l’effet de l’eau avec la loi poro-mécanique au lieu de la loi des mélanges ; amélioration de la variable de couplage entre le modèle d’endommagment et le modèle élastoplastique avec une prise en compte de l’angle de Lode. Ces améliorations ont ensuite été validées par une confrontation des résultats numériques obtenus et des essais de type impact qui démontrent la fiabilité de la prédiction du modèle. Le modèle amélioré est capable de reproduire le comportement du béton sous différents trajets de chargement et à différents niveaux de confinement tout en tenant compte du degré de saturation du béton. / Concrete is a material whose behavior is complex, especially in cases of extreme loads. The objective of this thesis is to carry out an experimental characterization of the behavior of concrete under impact-generated stresses (confined compression and dynamic traction) and to develop a robust numerical tool to reliably model this behavior. In the experimental part, we have studied concrete samples from the VTT center (Technical Research Center of Finland). At first, quasi-static triaxial compressions with the confinement varies from 0 MPa (unconfined compression test) to 600 MPa were realized. The stiffness of the concrete increases with confinement pressure because of the reduction of porosity. Therefore, the maximum shear strength of the concrete is increased. The presence of water plays an important role when the degree of saturation is high and the concrete is subjected to high confinement pressure. Beyond a certain level of confinement pressure, the maximum shear strength of concrete decreases with increasing water content. The effect of water also influences the volumic behavior of concrete. When all free pores are closed as a result of compaction, the low compressibility of the water prevents the deformation of the concrete, whereby the wet concrete is less deformed than the dry concrete for the same mean stress. The second part of the experimental program concerns dynamic tensile tests at different loading velocities, and different moisture conditions of concrete. The results show that the tensile strength of concrete C50 may increase up to 5 times compared to its static strength for a strain rate of about 100 s-1. In the numerical part, we are interested in improving an existing constitutive coupled model of concrete behavior called PRM (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) to predict the concrete behavior under impact. This model is based on a coupling between a damage model which is able to describe the degradation mechanisms and cracking of the concrete at weak confinement pressure and a plasticity model which allows to reproduce the concrete behavior under strong confinement pressure. The identification of the model was done using the results of experimental tests. The improvement of this model, especially the plasticity part, focuses on three main points : taking into account the effect of the deviatoric stress in the calculation of the mean stress; better accounting for the effect of water using poromechanical law instead of mixing law, improvement of the coupling variable between the damage model and the elastoplastic model with consideration of the Lode angle. These improvements were then validated by comparing numerical results and impact tests. The improved model is capable of reproducing the behavior of concrete under different loading paths and at different levels of confinement pressure while taking into account the degree of saturation of concrete.

Les Récepteurs Couplés à un Canal Ionique (ICCRs) sont des canaux ioniques artificielscréés par fusion d'un Récepteur Couplé aux Protéines G (RCPG) au canal ionique Kir6.2. Dansce concept, le canal agit comme un rapporteur direct des changements conformationnels desRCPGs permettant de détecter par simple mesure de courant, la fixation d'agonistes etd'antagonistes proportionnellement à leur concentration.Le signal induit étant directement corrélé à l'activité du récepteur, indépendamment desvoies de signalisation des protéines G, nous avons exploité cet avantage pour étendre le champd'applications des ICCRs au cours de cette thèse. Nous avons développé quatre applications quisont: 1) la caractérisation fonctionnelle des RCPG optimisés pour la cristallisation par insertionde domaine du lysozyme du phage T4 dans la boucle ICL3; 2) la détection de la dépendance desRCPGs au cholestérol; 3) la détection de ligands dits "biaisés" pour faciliter leur criblage; et 4) lacartographie fonctionnelle des portes du canal Kir6.2 régulées par des protéines membranairesinteragissant par le domaine N-terminal. / Ion Channel-Coupled Receptors (ICCRs) are artificial ion channels created by the fusion of a Gprotein-coupled receptor to a Kir6.2 channel. In this concept, the channel acts a direct reporter ofthe conformational changes of the GPCRs, allowing the detection by simple current recordingsof agonists and antagonists binding in concentration-dependent manner.The signal being directly correlated to the receptor activity, independently of G protein signallingpathways, we exploited this advantage to extend the field of applications of ICCRs during thisthesis. We developed 4 applications: 1) the functional characterization of the optimized GPCRsfor crystallization by insertion of the T4 phage lysozyme domain in the ICL3 loop; 2) thedetection of a cholesterol-dependence of the GPCRs; 3) the detection of the so-called "biasedligands" to simplify their screening; and 4) the functional mapping of the Kir6.2 channel gatesunder control of membrane proteins interaction with the N-terminus domain.

Les machines à absorption LiBr/H2O, appliquées aux systèmes de rafraîchissement par compression chimique présentent des avantages et des inconvénients à l'heure de leur intégration dans des bâtiments de basse consommation. Grandes tailles et coûts de mise en œuvre élevés les rendent peu attractives. Le développement de modules évapo-absorbeur et desorb-condenseur compacts et multifonctionnels, utilisant des échangeurs à film ruisselants couplés peuvent être une solution pour réduire les coûts de mise en œuvre, et augmenter la compacité et le rendement global du processus d'absorption. L'étude se centre autour de l'absorption de la vapeur d'eau à basse pression au sein d'un film de bromure de lithium qui ruisselle sur des échangeurs à plaques verticales. Les objectifs de la thèse sont le développement d'un modèle théorique simple décrivant le transfert de chaleur et de masse et sa validation à l'aide d'expériences de référence. Le modèle analytique est construit à l'aide des méthodes intégrales mettant en ouvre un écoulement laminaire établit à l'entrée de l'absorbeur et des conditions de saturation à l'interface Nous avons résolu le problème couplé de transfert de masse et de chaleur en prenant en compte couches limites thermiques et diffusives. Une représentation adimensionnelle des transferts à l'aide des nombres de Nusselt et de Sherwood en fonction du nombre de Graetz permet de décrire de manière générale les différentes zones thermiques et diffusives. Les variations de la température et la concentration à l'interface sont prises en compte, en considérant la linéarité des équations de transfert et, en appliquant la théorie des perturbations. Un banc d'essais a été spécifiquement développé pour l'étude de l'absorption de vapeur sur des films ruisselants de bromure de lithium à basse Reynolds (Re < 500). Il permet de fixer l'état de la solution LiBr à l'entrée (température, concentration et débit) ainsi que les conditions aux limites (pression de vapeur, condition adiabatique ou de température imposée à la paroi verticale). Différentes géométries de plaque sont comparées aux résultats du model en vu de quantifier l'impact des effets de bord et des instabilités. / Low pressure absorption machines, used in chemical compression refrigeration systems present several advantages and drawbacks in sustainable buildings integration. Large sizes and high implementation cost makes them unprofitable. Compact absorption machines with multifunctional absorption and desorption units using coupled falling film exchangers can be one solution to reduce implementation costs, increasing compactness and global machine performance. The present study is focused in the absorption process applied to vertical falling film exchangers and its improvement. The thesis objectives are: construction of a simple theoretical model; describing heat and mass transfer over a Lithium bromide falling film and model validation after data processing from a test bench build for this purpose. The analytic model is based on integral methods taking into account established flow conditions at the top of the plate, parabolic velocity profiles and saturation conditions at the interface. We solved the coupled heat and mass transfer problem considering thermal and diffusive boundary layers. Non dimensional representation of Nusselt (Sherwood) number as a function of the modified Graetz number, enables a general description of different transfer zones. Concentration and temperature evolution at the interface are studied considering the linearity of heat and mass transfer equations and applying perturbations theory. The test bench was created to study vapor absorption in a lithium bromide falling film at low Reynolds Numbers (Re < 500). Absorber inlet parameters (temperature, concentration and mass flow rate) and also boundary conditions (vapor pressure, adiabatic or isothermal condition at the vertical wall) can be varied. Different plate geometries were studied and compared with model results, to evaluate boundary conditions and instabilities. This study presents a simplified model for adiabatic and isothermal falling films absorbers with a local description of the absorption process. Influences of flow conditions and initial operation parameters were simulated, studied and compared with equivalent models and experimental data from literature;

[pt] Atrelado aos cenários cada vez mais complexos de extração de energia, o estudo de fenômenos acoplados em meios porosos - notadamente térmicos, hidráulicos, químicos e mecânicos - tem se apresentado como essencial na previsão de comportamento de meios geológicos no que diz respeito à disposição de rejeitos radioativos, armazenamento de dióxido de carbono, engenharia de reservatórios geotérmicos e geomecânica de reservatórios. Assim, este trabalho objetiva desenvolver um esquema de acoplamento termo-hidro-mecânico-químico iterativo visando a simulação do armazenamento geológico de dióxido de carbono, empregando um simulador de fluxo composicional (GEM) e um programa de análise de tensões (ABAQUS ou CHRONOS). A idealização das metodologias de acoplamento foi efetuada através dos processos hidro-mecânico, termo-hidro-mecânico e termo-hidro-mecânico-químico, bem como as validações e aplicações em casos reais. Os casos de validação, realizados empregando modelos simplificados monofásicos, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto ao comportamento hidro-mecânico e termo-hidro-mecânico. Adicionalmente às validações, os esquemas termo-hidro-mecânico e termo-hidro-mecânico-químico foram aplicados em dois casos reais de armazenamento de CO2 apresentados na literatura, projeto In Salah (Argélia) e aquífero Utsira (Noruega), respectivamente. De maneira geral, os resultados encontrados, para ambos os casos estudados, representaram acuradamente as respostas encontradas em campo, fato que evidencia a qualidade, robustez e aplicabilidade dos esquemas de acoplamento propostos neste trabalho. / [en] Considering the increasingly complex scenarios of energy extraction, the study of coupled phenomena in porous media - notably thermal, hydraulic, chemical and mechanical - has been considered as essential in order to predict the behavior of geological media with regard to radioactive waste storage, CO2 geological storage, geomechanics of geothermal reservoirs and reservoir geomechanics. Thus, this work aims to develop a thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical iterative coupling scheme in order to simulate the geological storage of CO2, employing a compositional flow simulator (GEM) and a stress analysis program (ABAQUS or CHRONOS). The idealization of the coupling methodologies was carried out through the processes hydro-mechanical, thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical, as well as the validations and applications in real cases. The validation cases, performed employing simplified single-phase models, presented satisfactory results regarding the hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviors. Additionally to the validations, the thermo-hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical schemes were applied in two real cases of CO2 geological storage reported by the literature, In Salah project (Algeria) and Utsira aquifer (Norway), respectively. In general, the results found, in both cases studied, accurately represented the behavior observed in the field, which in turn highlights the accuracy, robustness and applicability of the coupling schemes proposed in this work.