Das aktuell vorherrschende lineare Wirtschaftsprinzip ist für viele Umweltprobleme verantwortlich. Neben der immensen Umweltverschmutzung sorgt der stetig wachsende Ressourcenverbrauch für eine zunehmende Verknappung vieler wertvoller Rohstoffe. Ein intelligentes Kreislaufwirtschaftskonzept wie Cradle-to-Cradle kann diesen Problemen entgegenwirken. Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Cradle-to-Cradle werden unternehmerische Ansätze benötigt. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels werden vier Konzepte untersucht, die in einer Kreislaufwirtschaft implementiert werden können. Diese sind Design für Demontage, Produkt-Service-Systeme, Take-back Strategien und Reverse Logistics. Für jeden dieser vier Ansätze werden die Voraussetzungen sowie Barrieren hinsichtlich der Umsetzung innerhalb eines Kreislaufwirtschaftssystems aufgezeigt. Zudem wird dargelegt, dass sie im Cradle-to-Cradle-System realisierbar sind. Weiterhin werden reale Beispiele in Form von Unternehmen vorgestellt, die die verschiedenen Modelle bereits erfolgreich umgesetzt haben. Alle vier untersuchten Konzepte sind für ein Kreislaufwirtschaftssystem unter Beachtung der Cradle-to-Cradle-Kriterien geeignet. / The currently prevailing linear economic principle is responsible for many environmental problems. In addition to the immense environmental pollution, the constantly growing consumption of resources is causing an increasing shortage of many valuable raw materials. An intelligent circular economy concept such as Cradle to Cradle can counteract these problems. Entrepreneurial approaches are needed for a successful implementation of Cradle to Cradle. This article examines four concepts that can be implemented in a circular economy. These are design for disassembly, product service systems, take-back strategies, and reverse logistics. For each of these four approaches, the prerequisites as well as barriers regarding the implementation within a circular economy system are shown. In addition, it is shown that they can be implemented in a cradle-to-cradle system. Furthermore, real examples are presented as companies that have already successfully implemented the various models. All four concepts examined are suitable for a circular economy system in compliance with the Cradle to Cradle criteria.

The cradle to cradle (C2C) is a sustainable business strategy that mimics the natural recycling cycle and waste is reused, the question of when and how to apply the C2C concept successfully in business is still controversial. This thesis takes Huawei, the leading enterprise in the mobile communication industry, as an example, and to investigate the challenges for Chinese mobile communication companies in implementing an effective C2C strategy to achieve a sustainable development. This study used the semi-structured interviews in the qualitative data collection method to interview both Huawei and China Telecommunications’ managers. Data analysis shows that for the electronics industry with low recycling rate and high pollution, Huawei still faces many challenges in adopting the C2C strategy，which includes alloy recycling, recycling of electronic products in consumers' hands, disassembly problems, and recycling of electronic products by value, Another challenge is the mismatch between C2C evaluation mechanism and China's mobile communications industry. Only fully considered cradle to cradle, cradle to Grave, and Life cycle, the sustainable mode of the mobile communications industry would be reached.

This work of examination describes an environmentally oriented product development aimed to develop new packaging with improved environmental and sale aspects of the products from Primus Sweden AB. The report covers the design process from the first collection of facts to the final results with a description of all methods involved in the work. The focus has been on a clear environmental awareness and the report contains a deepening of the concept life cycle assessment (LCA) for product development. In the process, the consumers’ opinions of the brand Primus and environmental profiling formed the basis for the packaging to communicate the right values such as quality, technology, environmental awareness and adventurer’s first choice. The deepening of the life cycle analysis shows that composting and other alternative treatment of the biological cycle is not possible to implement in a satisfactory way in the design process. The work results in two final concepts. The first concept consists of a protective packaging made from natural fibres, which are vacuum - thermoformed to produce attractive and unique shapes. The raw material is waste from other industries which otherwise would be of no use. The packaging can be composted but also recycled among cardboard. The second concept is both packaging and commercial product in the form of a seat pad. An outer packaging is thus replaced with a seat pad with the same life span as a Primus stove. The material is recommended to be polyamide 6.6, which can be fully recycled and has qualities that meet all customer requirements. The material can be recycled among other plastics, but a take-back system is recommended to fully recover the properties of materials. The two concepts follows the Cradle to Cradle philosophy in which polyamide 6.6 is part of the technical life cycle, and the natural fibre is part of the biological life cycle. A clear common layout have been developed to distinguish Primus and their products on the market. / Denna rapport redogör för en miljövänligt inriktad produktutveckling som syftat till att ta fram ny förpackning med förbättrade miljö- och säljaspekter åt Primus Sverige AB:s produkter. Rapporten behandlar designprocessen från den första insamlingen av fakta till slutgiltiga resultat med en beskrivning av alla metoder som involverats i arbetet. Fokus har legat på en tydlig miljömedvetenhet och rapporten innehåller en fördjupning av begreppet livscykelanalys (LCA) för produktutveckling. Under arbetet har konsumenters åsikter om varumärket Primus och miljövänlig profilering legat till grund för att med förpackningarna kommunicera rätt värdeord som kvalitet, teknik, miljömedvetenhet och äventyrarens självklara val. Fördjupningen i livscykelanalysen visar att kompostering och andra alternativa avfallshanteringar från det biologiska kretsloppet inte går att implementera på tillfredställande sätt i designprocessen. Arbetet resulterar i två slutkoncept. Ett koncept innebär en skyddande förpackning som tillverkas av naturfiber med vakuum - termoformning för att få fram attraktiva och unika former. Råvaran är avfall från annan industri som annars inte används till något. Förpackningen kan komposteras men även återvinnas i pappåtervinningen. Det andra konceptet är både förpackning och nyttoprodukt i form av ett sittunderlag. En yttre förpackning ersätts således med ett sittunderlag med samma livslängd som ett Primuskök. Materialet rekommenderas vara polyamid 6.6, vilken har möjlighet att återvinnas till 100 % och vars kvaliteter uppfyller alla kundkrav. Materialet kan återvinnas bland annan plast men ett återtagningssystem rekommenderas för att till fullo utnyttja materialets egenskaper. De två koncepten följer filosofin Cradle to Cradle med polyamid 6.6 som näringsämne i ett tekniskt kretslopp och naturfiber som näringsvärde i ett biologiskt kretslopp. En tydlig gemensam layout för koncepten har tagits fram för att utmärka Primus och deras produkter på marknaden.

<p>This work of examination describes an environmentally oriented product development aimed to develop new packaging with improved environmental and sale aspects of the products from Primus Sweden AB. The report covers the design process from the first collection of facts to the final results with a description of all methods involved in the work. The focus has been on a clear environmental awareness and the report contains a deepening of the concept life cycle assessment (LCA) for product development. In the process, the consumers’ opinions of the brand Primus and environmental profiling formed the basis for the packaging to communicate the right values such as quality, technology, environmental awareness and adventurer’s first choice.</p><p>The deepening of the life cycle analysis shows that composting and other alternative treatment of the biological cycle is not possible to implement in a satisfactory way in the design process.</p><p>The work results in two final concepts. The first concept consists of a protective packaging made from natural fibres, which are vacuum - thermoformed to produce attractive and unique shapes. The raw material is waste from other industries which otherwise would be of no use. The packaging can be composted but also recycled among cardboard. The second concept is both packaging and commercial product in the form of a seat pad. An outer packaging is thus replaced with a seat pad with the same life span as a Primus stove. The material is recommended to be polyamide 6.6, which can be fully recycled and has qualities that meet all customer requirements. The material can be recycled among other plastics, but a take-back system is recommended to fully recover the properties of materials.</p><p>The two concepts follows the Cradle to Cradle philosophy in which polyamide 6.6 is part of the technical life cycle, and the natural fibre is part of the biological life cycle. A clear common layout have been developed to distinguish Primus and their products on the market.</p> / <p>Denna rapport redogör för en miljövänligt inriktad produktutveckling som syftat till att ta fram ny förpackning med förbättrade miljö- och säljaspekter åt Primus Sverige AB:s produkter. Rapporten behandlar designprocessen från den första insamlingen av fakta till slutgiltiga resultat med en beskrivning av alla metoder som involverats i arbetet. Fokus har legat på en tydlig miljömedvetenhet och rapporten innehåller en fördjupning av begreppet livscykelanalys (LCA) för produktutveckling. Under arbetet har konsumenters åsikter om varumärket Primus och miljövänlig profilering legat till grund för att med förpackningarna kommunicera rätt värdeord som kvalitet, teknik, miljömedvetenhet och äventyrarens självklara val.</p><p>Fördjupningen i livscykelanalysen visar att kompostering och andra alternativa avfallshanteringar från det biologiska kretsloppet inte går att implementera på tillfredställande sätt i designprocessen.</p><p>Arbetet resulterar i två slutkoncept. Ett koncept innebär en skyddande förpackning som tillverkas av naturfiber med vakuum - termoformning för att få fram attraktiva och unika former. Råvaran är avfall från annan industri som annars inte används till något. Förpackningen kan komposteras men även återvinnas i pappåtervinningen. Det andra konceptet är både förpackning och nyttoprodukt i form av ett sittunderlag. En yttre förpackning ersätts således med ett sittunderlag med samma livslängd som ett Primuskök. Materialet rekommenderas vara polyamid 6.6, vilken har möjlighet att återvinnas till 100 % och vars kvaliteter uppfyller alla kundkrav. Materialet kan återvinnas bland annan plast men ett återtagningssystem rekommenderas för att till fullo utnyttja materialets egenskaper.</p><p>De två koncepten följer filosofin Cradle to Cradle med polyamid 6.6 som näringsämne i ett tekniskt kretslopp och naturfiber som näringsvärde i ett biologiskt kretslopp. En tydlig gemensam layout för koncepten har tagits fram för att utmärka Primus och deras produkter på marknaden.</p>

A demanda por recursos para o desenvolvimento de produtos se tornou uma importante área de pesquisa no início do século 21. O desperdício e o descarte de recursos, sem preocupação alguma com o meio ambiente, era uma atitude corriqueira, e sem grande importância para a sociedade global. Entretanto, o elevado custo para a extração de matérias-primas do meio ambiente, bem como a redução dos recursos no planeta, fez com que a indústria recorresse ao reaproveitamento de materiais ao longo de toda a cadeia de desenvolvimento de produtos bem como ao uso consciente de cada elemento. A partir da integração de conhecimentos das áreas de engenharia, foi identificada a necessidade de entender as influências das abordagens ecoinovadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos para a indústria. Assim essa tese tem por objetivo geral propor estratégias para desenvolvimento de produtos baseadas na ecoinovação como contribuição à melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) definir o conceito de ecoinovação através de uma pesquisa e avaliar exemplos brasileiros de acordo com sua definição; (ii) propor a criação de um produto ecoinovador através da aplicação dos conceitos de ecoeficiência e da filosofia ZERI; (iii) criar uma solução ecoinovadora para a geração de produtos desenvolvidos através do projeto berço-a-berço como alternativa para a redução dos resíduos sólidos; (iv) desenvolver e analisar as características físico-químicas de um compósito ecoinovador elaborado a partir de resíduos de casca de arroz e resíduos de MDF para aplicações de absorvedores de radiações eletromagnéticas; (v) criar um absorvedor piramidal de radiações eletromagnéticas baseado num compósito ecoinovador. Para atingir os objetivos desta tese foram utilizados, métodos e conhecimentos, para a geração de novos produtos com base em recursos obtidos através do reaproveitamento de resíduos. Também foram usadas estratégias que minimizam os impactos ambientais destes novos produtos concebidos no conceito da ecoinovação. Testes experimentais foram realizados com os produtos ecoinovadores desenvolvido por meio dessas abordagens. Os resultados envolveram a obtenção de conhecimento científico acerca do tema do desenvolvimento de produtos ecoinovadores para a melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações, bem como protótipos, apresentados na forma de cinco estudos científicos. / The demand for resources to product development has become an important research area in the early 21st century Waste and the disposal of resources without any concern for the environment, was a commonplace attitude, and without great importance for society global. However, the high cost for the extraction of raw materials from the environment, and the reduction of resources on the planet, made the industry resort to reuse of materials throughout the product development chain and the conscious use of each element. From the integration of knowledge from engineering, we identified the need to understand the influences of ecoinovadoras approaches in product development for the industry. So this thesis has the objective to propose strategies for product development based on eco-innovation as a contribution to improving the sustainability of organizations. The specific objectives are: (i) define the concept of eco-innovation through research and evaluate Brazilian examples according to their definition; (ii) propose the creation of a ecoinovador product through the application of the concepts of eco-efficiency and ZERI philosophy; (iii) create a ecoinovadora solution for the production of products developed through the cradle-to-cradle design as an alternative to the reduction of solid waste; (iv) develop and analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of a ecoinovador composite made from rice husks and MDF waste for absorbers of electromagnetic radiation applications; (v) create a pyramidal absorber of electromagnetic radiation based on a composite ecoinovador. To achieve the objectives of this thesis were used, methodologies and knowledge to generate new products based on resources obtained through the reuse of waste. Also were used strategies that minimize the environmental impacts of these new products designed on the concept of eco-innovation. Experimental tests were performed with the ecoinovadores products developed through these approaches. The results involved obtaining scientific knowledge about ecoinovadores product development theme for improving the sustainability of organizations, as well as prototypes, presented as five scientific studies.

A demanda por recursos para o desenvolvimento de produtos se tornou uma importante área de pesquisa no início do século 21. O desperdício e o descarte de recursos, sem preocupação alguma com o meio ambiente, era uma atitude corriqueira, e sem grande importância para a sociedade global. Entretanto, o elevado custo para a extração de matérias-primas do meio ambiente, bem como a redução dos recursos no planeta, fez com que a indústria recorresse ao reaproveitamento de materiais ao longo de toda a cadeia de desenvolvimento de produtos bem como ao uso consciente de cada elemento. A partir da integração de conhecimentos das áreas de engenharia, foi identificada a necessidade de entender as influências das abordagens ecoinovadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos para a indústria. Assim essa tese tem por objetivo geral propor estratégias para desenvolvimento de produtos baseadas na ecoinovação como contribuição à melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) definir o conceito de ecoinovação através de uma pesquisa e avaliar exemplos brasileiros de acordo com sua definição; (ii) propor a criação de um produto ecoinovador através da aplicação dos conceitos de ecoeficiência e da filosofia ZERI; (iii) criar uma solução ecoinovadora para a geração de produtos desenvolvidos através do projeto berço-a-berço como alternativa para a redução dos resíduos sólidos; (iv) desenvolver e analisar as características físico-químicas de um compósito ecoinovador elaborado a partir de resíduos de casca de arroz e resíduos de MDF para aplicações de absorvedores de radiações eletromagnéticas; (v) criar um absorvedor piramidal de radiações eletromagnéticas baseado num compósito ecoinovador. Para atingir os objetivos desta tese foram utilizados, métodos e conhecimentos, para a geração de novos produtos com base em recursos obtidos através do reaproveitamento de resíduos. Também foram usadas estratégias que minimizam os impactos ambientais destes novos produtos concebidos no conceito da ecoinovação. Testes experimentais foram realizados com os produtos ecoinovadores desenvolvido por meio dessas abordagens. Os resultados envolveram a obtenção de conhecimento científico acerca do tema do desenvolvimento de produtos ecoinovadores para a melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações, bem como protótipos, apresentados na forma de cinco estudos científicos. / The demand for resources to product development has become an important research area in the early 21st century Waste and the disposal of resources without any concern for the environment, was a commonplace attitude, and without great importance for society global. However, the high cost for the extraction of raw materials from the environment, and the reduction of resources on the planet, made the industry resort to reuse of materials throughout the product development chain and the conscious use of each element. From the integration of knowledge from engineering, we identified the need to understand the influences of ecoinovadoras approaches in product development for the industry. So this thesis has the objective to propose strategies for product development based on eco-innovation as a contribution to improving the sustainability of organizations. The specific objectives are: (i) define the concept of eco-innovation through research and evaluate Brazilian examples according to their definition; (ii) propose the creation of a ecoinovador product through the application of the concepts of eco-efficiency and ZERI philosophy; (iii) create a ecoinovadora solution for the production of products developed through the cradle-to-cradle design as an alternative to the reduction of solid waste; (iv) develop and analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of a ecoinovador composite made from rice husks and MDF waste for absorbers of electromagnetic radiation applications; (v) create a pyramidal absorber of electromagnetic radiation based on a composite ecoinovador. To achieve the objectives of this thesis were used, methodologies and knowledge to generate new products based on resources obtained through the reuse of waste. Also were used strategies that minimize the environmental impacts of these new products designed on the concept of eco-innovation. Experimental tests were performed with the ecoinovadores products developed through these approaches. The results involved obtaining scientific knowledge about ecoinovadores product development theme for improving the sustainability of organizations, as well as prototypes, presented as five scientific studies.

A demanda por recursos para o desenvolvimento de produtos se tornou uma importante área de pesquisa no início do século 21. O desperdício e o descarte de recursos, sem preocupação alguma com o meio ambiente, era uma atitude corriqueira, e sem grande importância para a sociedade global. Entretanto, o elevado custo para a extração de matérias-primas do meio ambiente, bem como a redução dos recursos no planeta, fez com que a indústria recorresse ao reaproveitamento de materiais ao longo de toda a cadeia de desenvolvimento de produtos bem como ao uso consciente de cada elemento. A partir da integração de conhecimentos das áreas de engenharia, foi identificada a necessidade de entender as influências das abordagens ecoinovadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos para a indústria. Assim essa tese tem por objetivo geral propor estratégias para desenvolvimento de produtos baseadas na ecoinovação como contribuição à melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) definir o conceito de ecoinovação através de uma pesquisa e avaliar exemplos brasileiros de acordo com sua definição; (ii) propor a criação de um produto ecoinovador através da aplicação dos conceitos de ecoeficiência e da filosofia ZERI; (iii) criar uma solução ecoinovadora para a geração de produtos desenvolvidos através do projeto berço-a-berço como alternativa para a redução dos resíduos sólidos; (iv) desenvolver e analisar as características físico-químicas de um compósito ecoinovador elaborado a partir de resíduos de casca de arroz e resíduos de MDF para aplicações de absorvedores de radiações eletromagnéticas; (v) criar um absorvedor piramidal de radiações eletromagnéticas baseado num compósito ecoinovador. Para atingir os objetivos desta tese foram utilizados, métodos e conhecimentos, para a geração de novos produtos com base em recursos obtidos através do reaproveitamento de resíduos. Também foram usadas estratégias que minimizam os impactos ambientais destes novos produtos concebidos no conceito da ecoinovação. Testes experimentais foram realizados com os produtos ecoinovadores desenvolvido por meio dessas abordagens. Os resultados envolveram a obtenção de conhecimento científico acerca do tema do desenvolvimento de produtos ecoinovadores para a melhoria da sustentabilidade de organizações, bem como protótipos, apresentados na forma de cinco estudos científicos. / The demand for resources to product development has become an important research area in the early 21st century Waste and the disposal of resources without any concern for the environment, was a commonplace attitude, and without great importance for society global. However, the high cost for the extraction of raw materials from the environment, and the reduction of resources on the planet, made the industry resort to reuse of materials throughout the product development chain and the conscious use of each element. From the integration of knowledge from engineering, we identified the need to understand the influences of ecoinovadoras approaches in product development for the industry. So this thesis has the objective to propose strategies for product development based on eco-innovation as a contribution to improving the sustainability of organizations. The specific objectives are: (i) define the concept of eco-innovation through research and evaluate Brazilian examples according to their definition; (ii) propose the creation of a ecoinovador product through the application of the concepts of eco-efficiency and ZERI philosophy; (iii) create a ecoinovadora solution for the production of products developed through the cradle-to-cradle design as an alternative to the reduction of solid waste; (iv) develop and analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of a ecoinovador composite made from rice husks and MDF waste for absorbers of electromagnetic radiation applications; (v) create a pyramidal absorber of electromagnetic radiation based on a composite ecoinovador. To achieve the objectives of this thesis were used, methodologies and knowledge to generate new products based on resources obtained through the reuse of waste. Also were used strategies that minimize the environmental impacts of these new products designed on the concept of eco-innovation. Experimental tests were performed with the ecoinovadores products developed through these approaches. The results involved obtaining scientific knowledge about ecoinovadores product development theme for improving the sustainability of organizations, as well as prototypes, presented as five scientific studies.

The diploma thesis Park and Ride deals with the design of a car park in the town of Hranice, which is known mainly for its important transport train node and Hranice Abyss. The city now suffers from the high intensity of car traffic in the city center due to insufficient street network. This network is disrupted by a four-lane road that was built in the 1980s and cut natural transport links. The abolition of the four-lane road, which is now lacking in transport services, releases a large amount of development area, which is primarily used as an agri-recreational area. Part of this green belt is the parking house, which prevents the entry of surplus cars into the city center. The parking house is a new transport hub of the city, which also includes elements of alternative transport - transfer to public transport or bicycle, which makes it possible to create a city center pleasant for pedestrians.