ABSTRACT This thesis explores the R. v. Gladue (1999) decision and whether it is applicable to federal corrections and parole release. I outline a Cree relational approach—wahkotowin—that can be employed as a Gladue method of analysis to help us understand Cree history through a kinship relational lens. In Chapter 1, I share an overview of the teachings of wahkotowin, as taught by knowledge keeper and respected author Maria Campbell. With the help of her circle teachings diagrams, I outline our relationships and obligations to one another. I also outline the shattering of wahkotowin through imposed colonial and present-day policies, programs, and legislation, and the resulting inherited intergenerational trauma. Chapter 2 locates my personal story, exploring family and community history, and its connection with First Nations and Métis history on the prairies. Chapter 3 reviews the Supreme Court of Canada’s R. v. Gladue and R. v. Ipeelee (2012) decisions, the duty to properly consider the unique social history of Aboriginal peoples, and the applicability of Gladue to section 84 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act. Chapter 4 outlines the qualitative data, including interviews with legal experts working with Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto and the Gladue Court. The data explore best practices of interviewing, researching, and report writing necessary for obtaining Gladue evidence. In Chapter 5, I propose a Gladue-through-wahkotowin approach that explores how Gladue’s duty to consider social history evidence can be expanded to all phases of the criminal justice system, from sentencing to parole release, and can include a Cree relationship-based way of interviewing an offender, carrying out in-depth family and community interviews, attaining oral and documentary historical research, and applying a broad Indigenous approach to interviewing and the writing of Gladue Reports.

This research examines Native Performance Culture (NPC), a unique practice in Native theatre that returns Aboriginal people to the sources of Aboriginal knowledge, and interrupts the colonial fragmenting processes. By looking at the experiences of six collaborators involved in a specific art project, the artist-researcher shares her journey of healing through the arts, while interweaving the voices of artistic collaborators Monique Mojica, Floyd Favel, and Erika Iserhoff. This study takes a decolonizing framework, and places NPC as a form of Indigenous research while illuminating the methodological discourses of NPC, which are rooted in an inter-dialogue between self-in-relation to family, community, land, and embodied legacies. Finally, this research looks at the ways that artists work with Aboriginal communities and with Aboriginal knowledge, and makes recommendations to improve collaborative approaches.

This dissertation compares and contrasts aboriginal language planning within Canada at both the national and local scale. In 2005, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force released their foundational report which entailed “a national strategy to preserve, revitalize, and promote [Aboriginal] languages and cultures” (2005:1); however, discrepancies exist between their proposed strategies and the strategies employed locally by the Taku River Tlingit First Nation, located in Atlin, British Columbia, and the Loon River Cree First Nation, located in Loon Lake, Alberta. Using data collected during ethnographic fieldwork with each First Nation between 2005 and 2008, I provide a rationale for these discrepancies and propose reasons why the national strategy has, as of 2008, been unsuccessful. Both national and local strategies have focused on the relationship between land and language and its role in language planning. National language planning rhetoric has also utilized the concept of nationhood. However, both the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree use the concept of nationhood in conjunction with assertions of sovereignty over land and, therefore, situate their language planning within land planning. Throughout my research, I have been involved in volunteer language projects for each of the communities. These have included creating a Tlingit language board game entitled “Haa shagóon ítxh yaa ntoo.aat” (Traveling Our Ancestors’ Paths) and Cree language storybooks entitled Na mokatch nika poni âchimon (I will never quit telling stories). Both of these projects connect land use and language use and can be seen as part of local language planning strategies. Finally, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force uses the concept of “language as a right” within their national language planning strategies; however, the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree have instead utilized a “language as resource” ideology (Ruiz, 1984). I argue that the Taku River Tlingit First Nation and the Loon River Cree First Nation use “language as a resource” rhetoric due to their ideologies of land stewardship over Euro-Canadian models of land ownership and I argue that language planning can not stand on its own – separated from the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural considerations that a community faces.

Seventeen Cree anti-diabetic herbal medicines and eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been examined for their potential to cause interactions with drugs, which is considered as a major reason for adverse drug effects. Specifically, the effect of these natural health products was examined on major Phase I drug metabolism enzymes including cytochrome P450, human carboxylesterase-1 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. Several of these natural health products have the potential to cause adverse drug effect through the inhibition of major drug metabolism enzymes. The results indicated that 7 Cree medicines plant extracts inhibited CYP3A4 activity, and 3 of them have been proven to cause potent mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4. Seven of eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been identified as strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; the ethanol extract of Goji has identified as a potent inhibitor for CYP2C9 and 2C19. Goji juice showed universal inhibitory effects on most of the tested enzymes except flavin-containing monooxygenases 3.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T21:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MarcelodosSantos_D.pdf: 15828219 bytes, checksum: ff068bb5edbfa09052e2449e067dcb18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, melhorias substanciais na tecnologia de fabricação de aços tornaram possível o desenvolvimento de aços de ultra-baixo carbono livres de intersticiais (interstitial free steels). Os aços IF apresentam teores de carbono menores que 50ppm, em peso, e são estabilizados com titânio e/ou nióbio, objetivando remover os elementos intersticiais presentes, principalmente o carbono e o nitrogênio. Se caracterizam por apresentar altos valores no coeficiente de anisotropia médio e no alongamento, e são aplicados em operações que requerem materiais com alta capacidade de conformação. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o de estabelecer uma correlação entre parâmetros do tratamento termomecânico; em especial as temperaturas de acabamento e bobinamento; a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas e, com isso, propor uma otimização no processamento deste material. O aço, doado pela Açominas, foi laminado a quente e a frio e recozido continuamente em escala laboratorial. As propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas através de ensaios de tração e de embutimento e ensaios para determinação do coeficiente de anisotropia médio, enquanto a microestrutura foi caracterizada através de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de altas temperaturas de acabamento (900°C) e de bobinamento (700°C), durante a laminação a quente, ocasiona a formação de uma microestrutura fina, homogênea e equiaxial, provoca um crescimento no tamanho dos precipitados e aumenta os valores do coeficiente de anisotropia e do alongamento do material, propiciando uma condição de processamento ótima do aço para aplicações em estampagem extra-profunda / Abstract: In the last years, substantial improvements on steelmaking technology have made possible the development of interstitial-free steels containing ultra-Iow carbonoThe IF steels show carbon content lower than 50 ppm, in weight, and are stabilized with titanium and niobium, in arder to remove the interstitial elements, mainly carbon and nitrogen. They are characterized by high levels of r-values and elongation, and are applied in operations which require materials with high conformation capacity. The purpose of this investigation is to establish correlations among thermomechanical treatment parameters; specially finishing and coiling temperatures; microstructure and mechanical properties and, on establishing these correlations, it proposes a processing optimizing of this material. The steel, produced by Açominas, was hot and cold rolled and continuous annealed in laboratorial scale. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile, drawing and r-value tests, whereas the microstructure was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the use of high finishing temperature (900°C) and high coiling temperature (700°C), during hot rolling, promotes a fine, homogeneous and eqüiaxial microstructure, grows the precipitate and increases the r-values and the elongation, propitiating a steel optimum processing condition for extra deep-drawing applications / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

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Cette étude propose d’examiner deux traits caractéristiques concernant les relations tutélaires chez les Innus et les Naskapis de l’est du Canada. Par contraste avec l’ethnographie d’autres groupes autochtones de la famille algonquienne, celle des Innus, d’un côté, est élusive quant aux relations tutélaires avec les animaux, tandis que de l’autre côté, les relations avec une entité anthropomorphe, Mishtapeu, y sont omniprésentes. Par l’analyse de récits traditionnels, des mythes, ce travail vise à évaluer si cet état singulier des relations tutélaires chez les Innus et Naskapis découlerait de transformations cosmologiques ayant opéré dans un passé plus ou moins récent, et qui auraient eu comme conséquence, premièrement, l’affaiblissement graduel des relations tutélaires avec des animaux, et deuxièmement, l’émergence et la consolidation de Mishtapeu. L’analyse d’un premier groupe de récits, à travers une approche structuraliste syntagmatique, tente d’y repérer la charpente d’un rituel d’obtention d’une entité tutélaire animale afin de démontrer la profonde influence du complexe de l’animal tutélaire chez les Innus. Ce sont les relations avec Mishtapeu que l’analyse d’un deuxième groupe de récits tente d’éclaircir. Les analyses diffusionnistes et symboliques tentent alors de déterminer un moment et un lieu d’émergence de l’entité ainsi que de proposer des pistes conceptuelles crédibles de son origine. / This study proposes to examine two characteristic features of guardian relationships among the Innu and Naskapi of eastern Canada. In contrast to the ethnography of other Aboriginal groups of the Algonquian family, the Innu ethnography, on the one hand, is elusive with respect to guardian relationships with animals, while on the other hand, relationships with an anthropomorphic entity, Mishtapeu, are omnipresent. Through the analysis of traditional narratives, also myths, this work aims to evaluate whether this singular state of guardianship relations among the Innu and Naskapi stems from cosmological transformations that took place in the more or less recent past, and that would have resulted, firstly, in the gradual weakening of guardianship relations with animals, and secondly, in the emergence and consolidation of Mishtapeu. The analysis of a first group of stories, through a syntagmatic structuralist approach, attempts to identify the framework of a ritual for obtaining an animal tutelary entity in order to demonstrate the profound influence of the complex of the tutelary animal among the Innu. It is the relationship with Mishtapeu that the analysis of a second group of stories attempts to clarify. Diffusionist and symbolic analyses then attempt to determine a time and place of emergence of the entity as well as to propose credible conceptual tracks of its origin.

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No description available.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la popularité des plantes médicinales s’est accrue auprès des civilisations occidentales de sorte que la quantité de plantes récoltées, la plupart provenant de populations sauvages, a grandement augmenté. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de mon mémoire est d’évaluer l’impact de la récolte de deux plantes médicinales (Sarracenia purpurea et Rhododendron groenlandicum) utilisées par la Nation Crie du Nord du Québec. Pour y parvenir, des parcelles expérimentales, simulant différentes intensités de récolte (S. purpurea) et différentes méthodes de récolte (R. groenlandicum), ont été mises en place, puis des suivis annuels de la reprise ont été réalisés. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les techniques de récolte chez R. groenlandicum devraient exclure les nouvelles pousses, leur exploitation causant une forte mortalité. Par ailleurs, chez S. purpurea, la récolte de 20 % des individus semble peu dommageable, mais critique lorsque plus de 50 % des plants sont récoltés. Un modèle démographique pour S. purpurea a aussi été construit à partir des observations de terrain. Ce modèle a permis de réaliser des projections temporelles en variant les taux de récoltes ainsi que les intervalles entre les récoltes. Les résultats indiquent qu’une récolte de 20 % des individus est acceptable une fois tous les 20 ans. Pour une récolte plus régulière, 5 % tous les trois ans serait soutenable. Mon projet permettra d’assurer une exploitation soutenable de deux plantes médicinales ayant un grand potentiel pour le traitement du diabète de type II. / Over the past few decades, the popularity and use of medicinal plants have increased in Western civilisation. Consequently, harvesting plants from wild populations has increased. Using this perspective, the principal goal of my thesis is to assess the impact of harvest on two medicinal plants (Sarracenia purpurea and Rhododendron groenlandicum) used by the Cree Nation of Northern Québec. To achieve my goal, the simulation of four harvesting intensities (S. purpurea) and of two harvesting methods (R. groenlandicum) were setup in experimental plots and an annual follow up were conducted on establishment and growth. Results show that harvesting methods used on R. groenlandicum should exclude new shoots, since their exploitation results in high mortality rates. For S. purpurea, harvesting of individuals does not seem harmful under 20% of harvest, but is critical when 50% or more are collected. Furthermore, a matrix population model of S. purpurea demography was built from field observations. This model was used to simulate population projection in time under different levels of harvest when varying the number of years between harvests. These results demonstrate that collecting 20% of individuals should be done only once every 20 years to remain sustainable. A more efficient and regular harvest of 5% every three years would be sustainable. My project allowed defining acceptable levels of harvest in order to insure sustainable exploitation of two Cree medicinal plants bearing interesting potential for treating type II diabetes related symptoms.