Linhagens celulares humanas tem despertado interesse como plataformas de produção de proteínas terapêuticas recombinantes por sua capacidade de realizar modificações pós-traducionais complexas e de modo similar à humana, sem gerar epítopos imunogênicos como ocorre com proteínas produzidas em células de mamíferos. Para a produção de uma proteína com correta qualidade terapêutica, as agências regulatórias recomendam processos livres de componentes animais de modo a evitar contaminação com vírus e príons. Deste modo, esse trabalho visa a produção do fator VII da coagulação sanguínea recombinante (FVIIr) utilizada no tratamento de hemofílicos com inibidores em células humanas adaptadas para meios de cultura livres de soro fetal bovino. As linhagens humanas SK-Hep-1, HKB-11 e Huh-7 foram adaptadas para suspensão e meios livres de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Essas células adaptadas foram transfectadas de forma transiente com o vetor lentiviral p1054-GFP e o reagente polietilenimina. No entanto, a baixa eficiência de transfecção nas células SK-Hep-1 e Huh-7 mostraram que essas linhagens são difíceis de transfectar por esse método, e mesmo a transfecção da célula HKB-11 só foi possível após a variação de alguns parâmetros, resultando em uma transfecção de 49,5% de células HKB-11 GFP-positivas. Desta forma, a expressão estável foi avaliada e as células adaptadas foram transduzidas com um ciclo de lentivírus (MOI = 1) contendo o vetor p1054-FVII. Foram observadas porcentagens de células GFP-positivas acima de 35% nas três linhagens celulares humanas modificadas. As células transduzidas foram submetidas a dois processos de sorting por citometria de fluxo, no qual a população obtida apresentava mais de 90% de células GFP-positivas. As três células foram avaliadas com relação à expressão de FVIIr após a adição de vitamina K no cultivo, no entanto, não foi possível detectar níveis de FVIIr no sobrenadante de 48 horas do cultivo dessas células pelo teste ELISA. As células foram transduzidas com um segundo ciclo de lentivírus (MOI = 2). A quantificação por ELISA do sobrenadante de 48 horas de cultivo das três células detectou 240,96 ng/mL, 217,42 ng/mL e 78,46 ng/mL de FVII total, respectivamente, nos cultivos das células HKB-11-F7-2C, SK-Hep-1-F7-2C e Huh-7-F7-2C. A expressão relativa de RNA mensageiro por RT-PCR também foi observada nos três cultivos. Paralelamente, foi analisado o proteoma das três células adaptadas e não-adaptadas em triplicata sendo identificadas de forma abundante proteínas do citoesqueleto, do metabolismo celular, da síntese, enovelamento e degradação de proteínas, relacionadas à apoptose, ao ciclo celular e ao crescimento, proteínas contra estresse oxidativo e osmótico, com ação antioxidante, entre outras. / Human cell lines have attracted great interest as a plarform for recombinant therapeutic proteins production, due their ability to perform complex posttranslational modification in a similar manner to human proteins. These proteins do not carry immunogenic epitopes as occurs with proteins produced in mammalian cells. These therapeutic proteins should be produced in a animal-free process avoiding virus and prion contamination, as recommended by regulatory agencies for quality control. Thus, this work aims the production of recombinant blood coagulation factor VII (rFVII) used in the treatment of hemophiliacs with inhibitors in human cell lines adapted to serum-free suspension cultures. Human cell lines SK-Hep-1, HKB-11 and Huh-7 were adapted to suspension and serum-free media. These adapted cells were transiently transfected with p1054-GFP lentiviral vector and the polyethyleneimine reagent. However, low transfection efficiency in SK-Hep-1 and Huh-7 cells showed that these cells are difficult to transfect by this method, and even transfection of HKB-11 cell was only possible after varying some parameters, resulting in a 49,5% HKB-11 GFP-positive cells. Stable transfection was assessed and adapted cells were transduced with lentivirus particles containing p1054-FVII vector in one cycle (MOI=1). Percentages of GFP-positive cells above 35% were observed in three modified human cell lines. Transduced cells were sorted by FACS and more than 90% of GFP-positive cells were obtained. The expression of rFVII were evaluated by ELISA test after vitamin K supplementation, however, it was not possible to detect FVII levels in the 48 hour culture supernatant. Cells were transduced again with a second lentivirus cycle (MOI = 2). ELISA quantification of the 48 hour culture supernatant detected 240,96 ng/mL, 217,42 ng/mL and 78,46 ng/mL total FVII, respectively, in the cultures of HKB-11-F7-2C, SK-Hep-1-F7-2C and Huh-7-F7-2C cells. Relative expression of mRNA by RT-PCR was also observed in the three cultures assessed. In parallel, a proteomic analysis of adapted and non-adapted cells was performed in triplicate. Proteins related to cellular metabolism, cytoskeletal structure, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell growth, against oxidative and osmotic stress, antioxidant action were found.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la popularité des plantes médicinales s’est accrue auprès des civilisations occidentales de sorte que la quantité de plantes récoltées, la plupart provenant de populations sauvages, a grandement augmenté. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de mon mémoire est d’évaluer l’impact de la récolte de deux plantes médicinales (Sarracenia purpurea et Rhododendron groenlandicum) utilisées par la Nation Crie du Nord du Québec. Pour y parvenir, des parcelles expérimentales, simulant différentes intensités de récolte (S. purpurea) et différentes méthodes de récolte (R. groenlandicum), ont été mises en place, puis des suivis annuels de la reprise ont été réalisés. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les techniques de récolte chez R. groenlandicum devraient exclure les nouvelles pousses, leur exploitation causant une forte mortalité. Par ailleurs, chez S. purpurea, la récolte de 20 % des individus semble peu dommageable, mais critique lorsque plus de 50 % des plants sont récoltés. Un modèle démographique pour S. purpurea a aussi été construit à partir des observations de terrain. Ce modèle a permis de réaliser des projections temporelles en variant les taux de récoltes ainsi que les intervalles entre les récoltes. Les résultats indiquent qu’une récolte de 20 % des individus est acceptable une fois tous les 20 ans. Pour une récolte plus régulière, 5 % tous les trois ans serait soutenable. Mon projet permettra d’assurer une exploitation soutenable de deux plantes médicinales ayant un grand potentiel pour le traitement du diabète de type II. / Over the past few decades, the popularity and use of medicinal plants have increased in Western civilisation. Consequently, harvesting plants from wild populations has increased. Using this perspective, the principal goal of my thesis is to assess the impact of harvest on two medicinal plants (Sarracenia purpurea and Rhododendron groenlandicum) used by the Cree Nation of Northern Québec. To achieve my goal, the simulation of four harvesting intensities (S. purpurea) and of two harvesting methods (R. groenlandicum) were setup in experimental plots and an annual follow up were conducted on establishment and growth. Results show that harvesting methods used on R. groenlandicum should exclude new shoots, since their exploitation results in high mortality rates. For S. purpurea, harvesting of individuals does not seem harmful under 20% of harvest, but is critical when 50% or more are collected. Furthermore, a matrix population model of S. purpurea demography was built from field observations. This model was used to simulate population projection in time under different levels of harvest when varying the number of years between harvests. These results demonstrate that collecting 20% of individuals should be done only once every 20 years to remain sustainable. A more efficient and regular harvest of 5% every three years would be sustainable. My project allowed defining acceptable levels of harvest in order to insure sustainable exploitation of two Cree medicinal plants bearing interesting potential for treating type II diabetes related symptoms.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la participation locale des Cris de Waswanipi lors de consultations à propos de l’exploitation forestière de leur territoire ancestrale. Depuis la signature de l’Entente concernant une nouvelle relation entre le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris du Québec, communément appelée la Paix des braves en 2002, les Cris d’Eeyou Istchee ont obtenu des dispositions de consultation distincte concernant la gestion du territoire forestier. Entre autres, le régime forestier adapté assure la mise en place de Groupes de travail conjoints, où le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris négocient la planification forestière sur une base territoriale. Ce mécanisme de mise en oeuvre de la Paix des Braves fait suite aux nombreuses revendications des Cris. Toutefois, plus de dix ans après la signature de l’entente, il est pertinent de se demander si les processus de consultation orchestrés par les Groupes de travail conjoints répondent aux besoins et aspirations des Cris. Cette recherche sociologique réalisée dans la communauté de Waswanipi s’efforce de mettre en lumière l’expérience des tallymen, intendant du territoire familial et représentant de la famille aux Groupes de travail conjoints, lors des processus de consultation. À l’aide d’une douzaine d’entretien avec des tallymen, ce mémoire cherche à soulever l’impact que ces derniers possèdent dans la planification territoriale ainsi que la place accordée aux savoirs traditionnels lors des rencontres de consultation. / This thesis focuses on the local participation of the Waswanipi Cree during consultation meetings concerning forestry operations on their ancestral territory. Since the signing of the the Agreement Concerning a New Relationship Between le Gouvernement du Québec and the Crees of Québec, commonly called Paix des Braves Agreement in 2002, the Crees of Eeyou Istchee have gained distinct consultation provisions related to forest land management. Among other things, the adapted forestry regime ensures the establishment of Joint Working Groups, where the Quebec government and the Crees negotiate territorially-based forest planning. This mechanism for implementing the Paix des Braves falls in line with the initial demands made by the Crees. Acknowledging this, it is pertinent to ask whether the consultation processes orchestrated by the Joint Working Groups meet the needs and aspirations of the Crees more than a decade after the signing of the agreement. This sociological research conducted in the community of Waswanipi strives to highlight the experience of tallymen, stewards of traditional family lands and family representatives in Joint Working Groups, during consultation processes. Through a dozen interviews with tallymen, this thesis seeks to highlight the impact tallymen have on territorial planning as well as the place given to traditional knowledge during consultation meetings.

Les populations autochtones au Canada, comme partout dans le monde, sont moins en santé que leur contrepartie non autochtone. La médecine traditionnelle, notamment pour les populations autochtones, offre une avenue intéressante à une amélioration de leur santé et elle peut être mise en place dans les programmes de santé publique. Par la notion de culture inscrite dans la MT, celle-ci permet d’offrir des soins culturellement adaptés. Bien que de nombreux avantages découlent de la combinaison des médecines, la combinaison dans un contexte de soins primaires présente des défis. À ce jour, il semble que les organisations de santé aient des difficultés à bien arrimer ces deux approches de soins. L’objectif général de cette étude consiste à comprendre et analyser la dynamique d’interactions ayant cours entre les acteurs qui participent à la conception, au développement et à la planification d’une offre de soins et services qui permette une combinaison des MT et la MA. Cette recherche qualitative avec cas multiples est menée dans deux communautés autochtones du Québec, de nations ilnue et crie, ayant des caractéristiques variées. Les données proviennent d’entrevues individuelles et d’ateliers de transfert de connaissances réalisés auprès des aînés et guérisseurs, des patients, des professionnels et des administrateurs de la santé, ainsi que de documents écrits et d’observations sur le terrain. Le cadre conceptuel s’appuie sur l’analyse stratégique de Crozier et Friedberg (1977) et sur le système des professions d’Abbott (1988). Cette recherche met en évidence les multiples dimensions ayant un impact sur une offre de soins combinés. Ces dernières peuvent entre autres être liées à la culture comme les modes de transmission du savoir, et aux contextes organisationnel, administratif, réglementaire et même géographique. De plus, la compréhension des enjeux et des stratégies des parties prenantes permet de mieux comprendre l’organisation de chacun des deux mondes. Nos résultats montrent que, dans les deux cas à l’étude, la combinaison des deux médecines est coordonnée par le patient (modèle du patient coordonnateur). Mais dans un des cas, le patient est davantage soutenu dans sa trajectoire de soins. Une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques d’interaction entre les parties prenantes permet d’avoir un impact sur une offre des soins mixtes améliorant la santé des autochtones. Cette étude soutient le développement d’un modèle de soins qui met de l’avant les médecines traditionnelles et suscite une réflexion sur les facteurs qui influencent la mise en œuvre d’une combinaison des médecines. / Indigenous peoples in Canada and around the world are less healthy than their non-Indigenous counterparts. Traditional medicine, especially for Indigenous populations, offers an interesting avenue for improving their health and it can be implemented in public health programs. Through the notion of culture enshrined in traditional medicine, the latter can provide culturally appropriate care. Although many advantages are derived from such mixed care models, this combination has significant challenges. To date, it seems that health organizations have difficulty to properly engage these two-health approaches. The consideration of Indigenous knowledge and healing practices has begun, but it remains fragmented with discontinuous health services offered to the population. The general objective of this research is to understand and analyze the dynamics of interaction going among actors who involved in the implementation of a mixed care model of delivery of services that combines traditional and allopathic medicines. This multiple case qualitative research is conducted at two Indigenous communities in Quebec, Ilnu and Cree nations, with various characteristics. The data comes from individual interviews and knowledge transfer workshops with elders and healers, patients, health professionals and health administrators, as well as written documents and participant observations. The conceptual framework builds on the strategic analysis of Crozier and Friedberg (1977) and Abbott’s system of professions (1988). This research highlights the multiple dimensions that have an impact on a mixed care offer. These can, among other things, be related to culture such as the modes of transmission of knowledge, and to organizational, administrative, regulatory and even geographic contexts. In addition, understanding the challenges and strategies of the actors makes it possible to better understand both worlds. Our results show that, in the two cases under study, the combination of the two medicines is coordinated by the patient (patient coordinator model). But in one of the cases, the patient is more supported in his care trajectory. A better understanding of the dynamics of interaction between stakeholders makes it possible to have an impact on the delivery of mixed care improving the health of Indigenous people. This study has the potential to impact on the delivery of combined health care services, thereby improving prevention and health promotion for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. It supports the development of an alternative model of care, putting forward Indigenous traditional medicine. It encourages the reflection on the different factors involved in combining medicines.

La présente recherche vise à ajouter la vision et l’expérience de vie des buveurs autochtones à la littérature anthropologique portant sur ces derniers. La documentation publiée à ce jour démontre un lien entre les habitudes de consommation d’alcool chez les autochtones et les conséquences de siècles de perturbations coloniales. Toutefois, la perception qu’ont les buveurs autochtones demeure absente de ces ouvrages d’analyse. Des entrevues, des observations participatives et des analyses par les médias locaux ont été menées entre 2010 et 2011 dans la communauté crie (eeyou) de Chisasibi, au Québec, auprès de membres répondants de la communauté prenant part à un large éventail d’habitudes relatives à l’alcool. Une attention particulière a été portée aux Eeyouch âgés de 18 à 60 ans se définissant eux-mêmes comme des buveurs d’alcool. Une approche phénoménologique axée sur l’expérience vécue et sur les concepts d’agentivité et de corporéité a été utilisée pour démontrer la manière dont les buveurs interagissent avec les idées et les personnes pour donner un sens à leurs expériences et à leurs identités. La possession et la consommation d’alcool sont interdites à Chisasibi et l’opinion générale au sein de la communauté est que l’alcool est à la fois un résultat et un facteur de perturbation sociale et culturelle. La recherche a démontré que de nombreux membres de la communauté craignent d’interagir avec des individus en état d’ébriété, tout en ressentant de la compassion à leur égard en raison des traumatismes intergénérationnels qu’ils ont vécus. Les participants à la recherche qui se sont définis comme des buveurs actuels ou anciens ont exprimé des sentiments positifs associés à la consommation d’alcool et à l’ivresse, tout en reconnaissant que leurs raisons de boire découlaient d’émotions douloureuses liées aux effets de la colonisation sur leur communauté et leurs familles. Au cours des observations participatives et des entrevues, ces participants ont exprimé une certaine prise de décision par rapport à leur choix de boire; la plupart d’entre eux ont estimé qu’ils avaient le droit et la capacité de choisir, et beaucoup considèrent qu’une consommation responsable demeure possible. En outre, lorsqu’ils décident d’arrêter ou de réduire leur consommation d’alcool, ils mesurent la moralité de leurs actions par rapport aux normes et aux valeurs locales. Malgré l’opinion populaire selon laquelle les gens ne sont pas eux-mêmes lorsqu’ils sont ivres, ils ont revendiqué la responsabilité de leur choix de boire et de leurs actions lorsqu’ils étaient ivres. Enfin, ces participants se sont qualifiés eux-mêmes en termes qui allaient au-delà de celui de buveur et qui étaient axés sur le maintien de la culture eeyoue, l’épanouissement spirituel ou religieux, les rôles familiaux et la réussite professionnelle. / This research aimed to add the perspectives and life experiences of Indigenous drinkers to the anthropological literature on Indigenous drinking. Existing literature demonstrates links between current rates and patterns of drinking and centuries of colonial disruption. However, the perspectives of drinkers are largely absent from these analyses. Interviews, participant-observation, and an analysis of local media were conducted in the Eeyou (Cree) community of Chisasibi, Quebec, from 2010 to 2011 with interested community members of all drinking statuses. A focus was placed on the experiences of Eeyouch between the ages of 18 and 60 who identified as current or former drinkers. A phenomenological approach, focusing on lived experience, and the concepts of agency and embodiment were employed to demonstrate the ways in which drinkers interact with ideas and people to give meaning to their experiences and identities. Possession and consumption of alcohol are banned in Chisasibi, and the dominant community view is that alcohol is both a result of and contributor to social and cultural disruption. Research demonstrated that many community members feared interacting with drunken individuals while expressing compassion toward them due to their own experiences of inter-generational trauma. Research participants who identified as current and former drinkers expressed positive feelings associated with drinking and drunkenness, while recognizing that their reasons for drinking stemmed from painful emotions related to the impacts of colonization on their community and families. During both participant-observation and interviews, these participants expressed a sense of volition in relation to their choice to drink; most participants felt that they had the right and capacity to choose, and many felt that responsible drinking was possible. Further, when deciding whether to quit or reduce their drinking, they measured the morality of their actions against local norms and values. Despite the popular view that people are not themselves when drunk, they claimed responsibility for both their choice to drink and actions performed while drunk. Finally, these participants expressed identities that went beyond that of “drunk” and that focused on the maintenance of Eeyou culture, spiritual or religious fulfilment, familial roles, and professional achievement. / ᐆ ᑎᐹᒋᒧᐧᐃᓐ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᒥᒫᐅᐦᑐᓂᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᓈᓂᑐᑭᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐋᐅᒄ ᐊᓐ ᑳ ᒥᓯᓂᐦᐄᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᑖᓐ ᐊᓐ ᐋᑎ ᐃᔅᐱᔨᒡ ᐄᔨᔨᐅᐱᒫᑎᓯᐧᐃᓐ ᐅᐦᒋ ᐋᐦ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᒡ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ᙮ ᑖᓐ ᐊᓐ ᐋᑎ ᐃᔅᐱᔨᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᑎ ᐄᔑᓈᑯᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᐊᓅᐦᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᓂᑖᐦ ᐹᒋ ᐅᑖᐦᒡ ᐅᐦᒋ ᐊᓐ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓐ ᓂᓈᐦᑭᐤ ᐋᐦ ᐄᔑᓈᑯᓂᔨᒡ᙮ ᓂᒧᐃ ᒫᒃ ᓈᔥᒡ ᒥᐦᒑᑐᐧᐃᒡ, ᒥᔥᑎᐦ ᓂᒥ ᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᓂᔅᑯᒧᒡ ᒑ ᐧᐄᒋᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᑖᓐ ᐊᓐ ᐋᐦ ᐃᔑ ᐊᔨᐧᒫᐅᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᐅᑎᐦ ᐆ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᐃᔑ ᓈᓂᑐᑭᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᓄᑯᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᒥᒄ ᐅᑎᐦ ᐄᔨᔨᐅᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᓂᐦᒡ, ᒋᓵᓰᐲ, ᑯᐯᒃ, 2010 ᐲᐦᐃᒻ 2011᙮ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᓈᔥᒡ ᑳ ᑭᓂᐧᐋᐱᒫᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐋᐅᑯᓂᐦᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ 18 ᐲᐦᐃᒻ 60 ᐋᐦ ᐄᐦᑐᐱᐳᐧᓈᓯᒡ, ᐊᓂᒌ ᑭᔨᐧᐹ ᒫᐧᑳᒡ ᐋᐦ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᓰᐧᐃᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐧᐋᔥᑭᒡ ᔖᔥ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᐹᒋ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᒡ ᐃᔅᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ᙮ ᐊᓐ ᒫᒃ ᒋᔥᒋᓂᐧᐋᒡ ᐋᐦ ᓄᑯᐦᒡ ᐊᓐ ᑭᔨᐧᐹ ᐋᑎ ᐄᔅᐱᔨᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᐊᓐ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓐ, ᑖᓂᑖᐦ ᑳ ᒫᒃ ᒑ ᒌᐦ ᐄᔑᑳᐳᐧᐃᔥᑎᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᒥᒄ ᐋᐦ ᑭᓂᐧᐋᐱᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐊᓐ ᑖᓐ ᐧᐋᒋᐦᒡ ᓂᐦᐋᐤ ᐋᐦ ᐃᔅᐱᔨᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᐊᓐ ᐅᐦᒋ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓐ ᑭᔮᐦ ᑖᓂᑖᐦ ᒑ ᒌᐦ ᐃᔨᐦᑎᓈᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐧᐄᐦ ᐧᐄᒋᐦᐄᐧᐋᐱᔨᒡ ᒑ ᒌᐦ ᒌᐦᑳᓈᑯᐦᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᑎᔒᔥᑖᑭᐧᐃᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᐦ ᐧᐋᐱᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᑖᓐ ᐋᐦ ᐄᔑᑳᐳᐧᐃᔥᑎᐦᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᒡ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ᙮ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᓂᒌ ᑯᑎᑭᒡ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᑖᓂᑖᐦ ᐋ ᐃᔑ ᒦᐧᐋᒡ ᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑎᒧᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ ᑖᓂᔮ ᑳ ᐃᔅᐱᔨᐦᐄᑯᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐧᐃᔨᐧᐋᐤ᙮ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᒫᒃ ᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᓐ ᒋᓵᓰᐲ ᓂᒧᐃ ᓈᔥᑎᔨᒡ ᓂᑎᐧᐋᔨᐦᑖᑯᓯᐤ ᐊᐧᐋᓐ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᑦ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒑ ᐊᑎ ᓂᓄᑯᐦᐄᓱᒡ ᐊᓂᑖᐦ ᒥᒄ ᐋᑎ ᐃᔨᐦᑖᑦ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᓐ ᐄᔨᔨᐅᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᓐ ᐋᑯᑖᐦ ᐋᔑ ᑭᓂᐧᐋᐱᐦᑎᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᔨᐤ ᓈᔥᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐅᓈᒋᐦᑖᐱᔨᒡ᙮ ᐋᐅᒄ ᒫᒃ ᐧᐋᐦᒋ ᐋᑳ ᓂᑎᐧᐋᔨᐦᑖᑯᐦᒡ ᐊᓐ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃ ᒑ ᐱᔨᐦᑖᐱᔨᒡ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᐄᔨᔨᐅᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᓂᐦᒡ᙮ ᐊᓐ ᒫᒃ ᑳ ᐃᔑ ᒥᔅᑭᐧᐋᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᑳ ᓈᓂᑐᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ, ᐋᐦ ᓄᑯᐦᒡ ᒥᐦᒑᑐ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᐃᐦᑖᐧᐃᓂᐦᒡ ᐋᑳ ᐧᐃᔨᐦᑖᐧᐹᐅᒑᔨᒫᒡ ᐊᓂᔮᐦ ᐊᐧᐋᔨᐤᐦ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᔨᒡ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ ᐋᐦ ᐧᐄᐦ ᐊᔨᒥᐦᐄᑯᐧᑖᐤ ᐅᐦᒋ ᐊᓂᔮ ᐧᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᑳ ᐃᔑ ᐹᒋ ᓂᑎᔥᑭᐦᒡ ᐧᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᐊᓂᑖᐦ ᐹᒋ ᐅᑖᐦᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓂᔮᔨᐤ ᑳ ᐄᑖᔨᒧᒡ ᐅᐦᒋ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᑯᑎᒋᔨᐤ ᒑᐧᑳᔨᐤ᙮ ᐊᓂᒌ ᒫᒃ ᑳ ᐧᐄᒋᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᐅᔮ ᑳ ᐃᔑ ᓈᓂᑐᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᑳ ᐹᒋ ᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑖᑯᓯᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᑦ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐋᔥᒄ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᓯᐤ ᐋ ᐄᑎᐧᐋᑖᑭᓂᐅᐧᐃᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᐧᐄᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑖᔨᐦᑎᒥᐦᐄᑯᒡ ᐋᐦ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᐧᑳᒡ ᐋᐦ ᒌᔥᐧᑳᐹᒡ ᐋᑯᑎᐦ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐧᐋᐦᑎᐦᒡ, ᐧᐃᔮᐱᐦᑎᔨᐧᐋᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᑯᑎᑭᒡ ᐄᐦᐱᓂᐦᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐦᑯᐦᐄᑯᒡ ᒑᐧᑳᔨᐤ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᐅᐱᒫᑎᓰᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐦᒡ ᐅᐦᒋ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᐅᐹᔨᑯᑖᐅᓯᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐦᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᑯᑎᒋᔨᐤ ᒑᐧᑳᔨᐤ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᐃᔅᐱᔨᐦᐄᑯᒡ ᐊᓂᑎᐦ ᐅᐱᒫᑎᓯᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐦᒡ᙮ ᐊᔨᐧᒫᐅᐦᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐅᑎᐦ ᑎᐹᒋᒧᐧᐃᓂᐦᒡ, ᒫᐧᑳᒡ ᒫᒃ ᑳ ᑭᓂᐧᐋᐱᒫᑭᓂᐧᐃᐧᐃᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᑳ ᐧᐄᒋᐦᐄᐧᐋᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᓂᒌ ᑳ ᐊᔨᒥᐦᐋᑭᓂᐧᐃᐧᐃᒡ, ᐅᒌ ᒫᒃ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᐱᔥᒡ ᒌᐦ ᓄᑯᐦᑖᐧᐃᒡ ᒋᓯᐧᐋᓱᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒌ ᐧᐄᐦᑎᒧᒡ ᐧᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦ ᐄᑖᔨᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᒑ ᐅᑎᓂᐦᒡ ᐊᓂᔮᐦ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ ᓵᐦᒑᐃ᙮ ᑰᑎᑭᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᐊᔨᐧᒫᐅᐦᐄᐧᐋᐧᐃᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑖᔨᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᐋᑳ ᐅᔮᔑᓂᔨᒡ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ ᐋᐦ ᐋᐱᑎᓂᔨᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒥᒄ ᑖᓐ ᐧᐋᐦ ᐃᔥᐱᔥ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᔮᐦᒡ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑖᔨᐦᑎᐦᒡ᙮ ᒦᓐ ᒫᒃ ᐊᑎᑎᐤ ᐧᐄᐦᑖᑯᓐ ᑭᔮᐦ ᑯᑎᑭᒡ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᐋ ᐃᔑ ᒥᔥᑭᐧᐃᐧᐋᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᐧᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᓵᐦᒑᐃ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑖᔨᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᐋᑳ ᐧᐄᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᒡ ᐊᓂᔮ ᐃᔥᑯᑖᐧᐋᐳᐃᔨᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐋᑳ ᓈᔥᒡ ᐧᐄᐦ ᐋᐱᒋᐦᑖᑦ ᐋᐦ ᑭᓂᐧᐋᐱᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᐅᑎᐦ ᐅᐱᒫᑎᓰᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐋᐦ ᒌᐦᑳᔮᐱᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᐧᐄᐧᐋᐤ ᑭᔮᐦ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓂᔮ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑎᔅᑳᓈᓯᒡ ᐋᐦ ᒋᓯᒑᔨᐦᑎᐦᐄᑯᒡ᙮ ᐋᑳ ᒫᒃ ᒫᑯᔥᑳᒑᒡ ᐊᓐ ᐋᐦ ᐃᔑ ᐧᐋᐱᐦᑖᑭᓂᐧᐃᒡ ᓄᑯᓐ ᐱᔥᒡ ᐋᑳ ᒋᔅᒋᓯᑦ ᑯᑎᒃ ᐊᐧᐋᓐ ᒫᐧᑳᒡ ᐋᐦ ᒋᒋᔥᑳᑯᑦ ᒥᓂᐦᐧᑳᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤ᙮ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐅᒌ ᑯᑎᒃ ᐊᐧᐋᓂᒌ ᓄᑯᓂᔨᐤ ᐋᐦ ᒋᔅᒑᔨᐦᑎᐦᒡ ᑖᓐ ᐋᐦ ᐄᑎᔅᑳᓈᓯᒡ ᑭᔮᐦ ᑭᔨᐧᐹ ᒑᓯᒑᔨᐦᑎᒥᐦᐄᑯᒡ ᐅᑎᐄᔨᔨᐅᐃᔨᐦᑎᐧᐃᓂᔨᐤᐦ, ᐅᑎᐊᔨᒥᐦᐋᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐤᐦ, ᐅᐹᔨᑯᑖᐅᓰᐧᐋᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐤᐦ ᑭᔮᐦ ᐅᑖᐱᑎᓰᐧᐃᓂᐧᐋᐤᐦ᙮

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Cette étude vise à identifier les effets des changements climatiques sur les activités de subsistance traditionnelles des chasseurs cris de la Baie-James. De nombreuses études se penchent sur les changements climatiques, mais relativement peu d’entre elles traitent de leurs effets socio-économiques et socioculturels sur les populations dans le Subarctique du Québec. Cette thèse explore les mécanismes d’intégration des connaissances scientifiques au savoir écologique traditionnel (SET) ; une intégration prônée par de nombreux chercheurs comme l’évolution souhaitable dans la recherche sur le SET et sur ses applications. L’étude de cette intégration se fait ici à l’aide d’une analyse des perceptions des chasseurs de l’Association des Trappeurs Cris concernant les effets des changements climatiques, avec l’accent sur les activités de subsistance traditionnelles en lien avec la bernache du Canada et le caribou des bois, deux espèces importantes culturellement. Une approche combinant l’aspect théorique de l’ethnoécologie et l’aspect pratique de l’étude de cas a été utilisée. Diverses sources de données ont été employées : l’analyse documentaire et cartographique, les questionnaires et les entrevues ouvertes et semi-dirigées. Cette recherche met en évidence des variations dans l’observation des changements climatiques et dans la perception de leurs effets par les chasseurs cris selon la localisation de leur communauté. Certains effets sont ressentis de la même façon par tous. Ainsi, les participants de toutes les communautés s’inquiètent des dangers liés à une fragilité accrue de la glace sur les lacs et les rivières. Cependant, ce sont surtout les membres des communautés côtières qui s’alarment du déplacement des bernaches vers l’intérieur du territoire. Ils sont aussi les seuls à ne pas percevoir de baisse du nombre de caribous des bois sur leurs lignes de trappe. Les effets des changements climatiques paraissent avoir un impact sur le mode de vie traditionnel cri en lien avec la bernache du Canada et le caribou des bois et affecter la transmission du savoir traditionnel vers les nouvelles générations quant au caribou des bois. Les résultats montrent aussi que la combinaison du SET et des données scientifiques permet de compléter le portrait de l’évolution du climat et des espèces (par ex. : variation du climat entre la côte et l’intérieur du territoire, apparition du cerf de Virginie et du coyote sur le territoire) et d’élaborer de nouvelles pistes de recherches et des hypothèses qui n’auraient pas été autrement identifiées (par ex. : causes d’un changement dans la structure de la gla ce, évolution des aires de répartition des sous-espèces de bernaches, impact des insectes suceurs-piqueurs sur la santé des caribous). Elle facilite également l’identification et la compréhension des enjeux et des processus d’adaptation qui ont lieu dans les communautés cries de la Baie-James (par ex. : diminution de la consommation du caribou, maintien de la consommation de la bernache, dangers accrus dans les déplacements liés à la fragilité de la glace ou à la difficulté à prévoir les schèmes climatiques). L’utilisation combinée du SET et du savoir scientifique permet de mieux appréhender les effets des changements climatiques et les dynamiques socioculturelles et environnementales complexes du territoire de la Baie-James. / This thesis intends to identify the effects of climate change as it relates to the traditional activities of the Eastern James Bay Cree. Numerous studies have analysed climate change, however relatively few have studied its socioeconomic and socio-cultural effects on the subarctic populations of Quebec as does this one. Exploring the integration mechanisms between scientific knowledge and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), this combination of knowledge being presented by many researchers as the next step in TEK research, this thesis utilizes the various perceptions that the hunters of the Cree Trappers Association have of the impacts of climate change. Emphasis was placed on their traditional activities in connection with the Canada goose and the woodland caribou, two culturally important species The study uses an approach combining the theoretical aspects of ethnoecology with the practical aspects of case studies. Various methods of data collection were used: literary and cartography reviews, questionnaires and long and short interviews. The research demonstrates a variation in Cree observations of climate change and in their perceptions of the effects of these changes based on the location of the community in the James Bay region. Certain effects are perceived in all communities, for instance participants from all communities worried about the dangers associated with an increased fragility of the ice formed on lakes and rivers. However, it was primarily members of the coastal communities who worried over the Canada geese moving further inland. Members of the coastal communities were also the only ones to not notice a reduction in the numbers of woodland caribou on their traplines. Climate change seems to have an impact on the Cree’s traditional way of life associated with the Canada goose and woodland caribou and to affect the transmission of their traditional knowledge to the newer generations as it pertains to the woodland caribou. Also highlighted is the fact that a combination of TEK and scientific data allows for a broader picture of climate and species evolution (e.g.: climate variations between the coast and the interior of the territory, presence of white-tailed deers and coyotes on the territory) and suggests new research questions and hypothesis (e.g.: causes for a change in the ice structure, evolution in the range and distribution of Canada geese subspecies, impact of bloodsucking insects on caribou health). It also allows for a better identification and understanding of the stakes and adaptation processes currently going on in Eastern James Bay communities (e.g.: decrease in caribou consumption, maintenance of geese consumption, increased dangers during travel due to an increase in ice fragility or in unusual climatic events). The combined use of TEK and scientific knowledge allows for a better understanding of the effects of climate change and the complex sociocultural and environmental dynamics at play in the Eastern James Bay.

This thesis examines the cytochrom P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial properties of 46 common food plants available in the Canadian Market and the inhibitory properties of 17 traditional Cree antidiabetic medicines on aldose reductase. Inhibitory activity profiles of CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 2D6 were created for the 46 samples. The most active plants in the CYP inhibition assay were the spices, belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Similarly, the most active plants in the antimicrobial assay were also the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Swine lens homogenate was tested as a novel model for the aldose reductase inhibition assay. Several Cree plants selected for the aldose reductase study showed a high activity, primarily in samples which also contained high levels of phenolics. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolics content and aldose reductase inhibition r2=0.44, p=0.05. Crude extracts of Rhododendron groenlandicum exhibited inhibitory activities of 35.11 ± 0.16 %. The subfractionation and HPLC analysis of R. groenlandicum revealed high levels of phenolics compounds including, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. This study found that medicinal and food plants contain phytochemicals that may have both beneficial and detrimental biological effects. / Nous avons étudié dans cette thèse les capacités de 46 plantes comestibles, disponibles sur le marché canadien, à inhiber le cytochrome P450 (CYP), enzyme responsable du métabolisme des médicaments, les propriétés antimicrobiennes, et les propriétés inhibitrices de l'aldose réductase à partir de 17 médicaments antidiabétiques traditionnellement utilisés par les Cris. Les profils de l'activité inhibitrice du CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 et 2D6 ont été réalisés pour les 46 plantes à l'étude. Les plantes les plus actives dans le test d'inhibition du CYP furent les épices, plantes appartenant aux familles des Apiaceae et Lamiaceae. De même, les plantes les plus actives dans le bioessai antimicrobien furent aussi les plantes de ces deux mêmes familles. Un homogénat de cristallin de porc a été utilisé comme modèle nouveau pour le test d'inhibition de l'aldose réductase. Plusieurs plantes, utilisées par la nation Cri, qui ont été sélectionnées pour l'étude ont montré une forte activité inhibitrice de l’aldose réductase, principalement dans les échantillons qui contenaient des teneurs élevées en composés phénoliques. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre la teneur totale en composés phénoliques et l'inhibition de l'aldose réductase (r2 = 0.44, p = 0.05). Des extraits bruts de Rhododendron groenlandicum ont montré des activités inhibitrices de 35.11 ± 0.16%. Le sous-fractionnement et l'analyse HPLC de R. groenlandicum ont aussi révélé des teneurs élevées des composés phénoliques, incluant la catéchine, l'épicatéchine, la quercétine et les glycosides de quercétine. Cette étude a montré que les plantes médicinales et alimentaires contiennent des composés phytochimiques qui peuvent avoir à la fois des effets biologiques bénéfique et préjudiciable.

This study examines intricately related questions of consciousness and learning, textually-mediated social coordination, and human relationships within nature, anchored in the everyday life practices and concerns of a remote First Nation community in the Treaty 9 region. Through the use of Institutional Ethnography, community-based research and narrative methods, the research traces how the ruling relations of land use planning unfold within the contemporary period of neoliberal development in Northern Ontario. People’s everyday experiences and access to land in the Mushkego Inninowuk (Swampy Cree) community of Fort Albany for example, are shaped in ways that become oriented to provincial ruling relations, while people also reorient these relations on their own terms through the activities of a community research project and through historically advanced Indigenous ways of being. The study examines the coordinating effects of provincially-driven land use planning on communities and territories in Treaty 9, as people in local sites are coordinated to others elsewhere in a complex process that serves to produce the legislative process called Bill 191 or the Far North Act. Examining texts, ideology and dialectical historical materialist relations, the study is an involved inquiry into the text process itself and how it comes to be put together. The textually mediated and institutional forms of organizing social relations—effectively land relations—unfold with the involvement of people from specific sites and social locations whose work is coordinated, as it centres on environmental protection and development in the region north of the 51st parallel. A critique of the textually mediated institutional process provides a rich site for exploring learning within the context of neoliberal capitalist relations and serves to illuminate ways in which people can better act to change the problematic relations that haunt settler-Indigenous history in the contemporary period. The work asks all people involved in the North how we can work to address historic injustices rooted in the relations and practices of accumulation and dispossession. The voices and modes of governance of Aboriginal people, obfuscated within the processes and relations of provincial planning, must be afforded the space and recognition to flourish on their own terms.

This thesis looks at the relevance of ideology to the emergence of capitalist social formation in Ruperts Land and the North West between 1852 and 1885 in two contexts: 1) as a mechanism of transforming the mercantilist social formation - the economy, state, and society - that arose to oversee the fur trade in Ruperts Land and the Indian Territory between 1670 and 1870; and 2) its role in establishing capitalist social formation in the North West up to 1885. I focus on the social processes by which ideology is transmitted and its significance to the emerging formation. I attempt to explain how a diverse group of politicians, bankers, investors, merchants, and industrialists took control of vast, resource-rich, and occupied territories like Ruperts Land and the North West and completely transformed the existing social arrangements according to their worldview. This thesis engages Marxist theory to examine the ideas of John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, and Edward Blake as heads of the eastern polity, state, central government, and official opposition, and the representatives of commercial, financial, and industrial factions of the bourgeoisie. Over six hundred primary samples of their discourses in the form of political speeches, historical debates, and personal correspondence were reviewed in this research. The major themes emerging from the analysis pertain to the ideological underpinnings of a capitalist worldview in terms of the relevance of law and Christianity to the colonization and civilization of emigrant and indigenous peoples in the North West. It was also found that while politicians disseminate the worldview of their class and faction, they rely significantly on the support of capital and the producing classes to implement their ideas and establish, legitimize, and reproduce the conditions and relations of capitalism. When Macdonald and Mackenzie failed to rally consent for capitalism among local peoples in the North West, ideological coercion became the means of transforming the necessary social, economic, and political structures. I suggest that the use of force (rather than cooperation) to organize agricultural society in Saskatchewan has had long-term consequences for emigrant and indigenous peoples alike.