Cette étude porte sur la violence meurtrière en Haïti, qui selon plusieurs auteurs est maintenant à l'état endémique. Pourtant, son taux d’homicide officiel (10.2 par 100 000 habitants) se situe seulement légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne mondiale, mais demeure beaucoup plus bas que celui d'autres pays des Caraïbes ou d'Amérique Centrale. Le premier objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer si le taux officiel proposé par l’Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime (UNODC) représenterait une sous-estimation du phénomène. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, de nouvelles données provenant de la Commission Nationale Épiscopale Justice et Paix (CÉ-JILAP), qui recense les homicides s’étant produits dans l’ensemble du pays durant l’année 2012, ont été employées. Ces données ont été colligées à l’aide d’une grille comprenant des informations au sujet des victimes, des suspects et du motif du crime. Le second objectif de cette recherche est d'examiner la situation en Haïti face à celle de ses pays voisins. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons le cadre conceptuel et les données de l'Enquête mondiale sur l'homicide (EMH). Le but est de présenter les facteurs macro qui peuvent avoir un impact sur les taux de criminalité en Haïti. Les données de la CÉ-JILAP révèlent que le taux d’homicide de 10.2 par 100 000 habitants serait une sous-estimation du taux réel des homicides. Celui-ci se situerait plutôt entre 12.5 et 17.9 par 100 000 habitants. En ce qui concerne les données de l’EMH, les résultats démontrent que, comparativement aux autres pays, Haïti était plus touché par les conditions sociales adverses ce qui expliquerait la prévalence plus grande de l'homicide. En Haïti, l’on note la présence de types d'homicides rares que l'on retrouve peu dans les autres pays, soit des homicides liés au lynchage et à la sorcellerie. / This study pertains to deadly violence in Haiti, which, according to scholars, has reached an endemic state. However, its homicide rate (10.2 per 100 000 inhabitants) is slightly above the global average. The first objective of the current study is to determine whether this rate, suggested by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) represents an under estimation of the total number of homicides being perpetrated in this country. In order to meet this objective, disaggregated data on homicides in Haiti will be presented. Data from the Commission Nationale Épiscopale Justice et Paix (CÉ-JILAP), compiling homicide incidents which took place in 2012 are used (n = 1 133). The information was collected by using a coding sheet, which included information pertaining to victims, suspects and crime motive. The second objective of this project is to present these factors in the Haitian context, and to compare them to the situation in other countries across North America, Latin America and the Caribbean. We used the data and dynamic theory of homicide proposed by the World Homicide Survey (WHS) to this end. Questionnaires were distributed to informants hailing from 11 countries in order to further understand the manifestations of crime in this region. The data from the CÉ-JILAP reveal that the figure proposed by the UNODC is an underestimation of the actual homicide rate in Haiti. The estimated rate would be between 12,5 and 17,9 per 100 000 inhabitants. With regards to the WHS, results show that, compared to other countries, adverse social conditions such as poverty and inequality were very present in Haiti. Furthermore, informants noted a higher frequency of rare forms of homicides, such as lynching and homicides related to witchcraft.

Orientador: Bárbara Fadel / Banca: Silvia Alapanian Colman / Banca: Ethel Volfzon Kosminsky / Resumo: Este trabalho relata uma investigação que teve por motivação o interesse em analisar o perfil dos adolescentes infratores no município de Ourinhos e, mais especificamente, obter resposta para a hipótese baseada no conhecimento popular de que o Conjunto Habitacional Orlando Quagliato (CHOQ) seria o bairro mais violento da cidade (ou seria isto um mito?) Para a consecução deste estudo, optou-se em realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental nas Delegacias de Polícia existentes no município, onde 1.828 boletins de ocorrência foram consultados, totalizando 2.512 adolescentes, no período de 1999 a 2003. A partir desta pesquisa quantitativa, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil desses adolescentes, buscando identificar: número de boletins de ocorrência por delegacia, número de adolescentes envolvidos quanto a gênero, cor da pele, faixa estaria, situação familiar, procedência por região, grau de escolaridade, delitos mais cometidos, atividades ocupadas, destino dos boletins de ocorrência. Apurando os dados e analisados os resultados, é possível constatar que a opinião pública era sustentada por um mito. / Abstract: This work tell a research that had per motivation the interest to analyse the profile of the infractor adolescents in the municipal district of Ourinhos and, specifically, to obtain answear to the hypothesis based in the popular knowledge than habitational group Orlando Quagliato would be the neighborhood more violent of the city ( or wold be that a myth? ) to the attainment this study, was chosen to realyse a research bibliographical and documental in the police stations there are in the municipal district, where 1.828 occurrence reports were consulted, totaled 2.512 adolescents, in the period of 1999 to 2003. Starting from this research quantitative and qualitative, aim at in to know the profile this youngs, looking for to identify: number of occurrence reports per police station, number of adolescents involved as the gender, color of skin, age group, familiar situation, origin per region, step of education, offenses more commited, activities occupied, destination of occurrence reports. Raising the facts and analyzing the resulted, is possible to confirm that the public opinion was sustained per a myth. / Mestre

The thesis deals with special treatment of convicts, in particular a special programme of treatment in a special department. The thesis has two parts the theoretical one and the empirical one. The theoretical part defines basic notions connected with education, family, free time, pathological phenomena in society, crime. They are presented on the basis of scientific resources. Next, special treatment of convicts in a special department is described. The convicts suffer from a behaviour disorder caused by abuse of psychotropic drugs. The main goal of the empirical research was to describe, compare and analyse the opinions of the convicts on the relation between crime and family life, free time activities and also the therapeutic programme of the special department.

Diploma thesis Analysis of Negative Political and Security Impacts of Asylum Seekers Hosting in the European Union Member States reflects upon the increasing numbers of asylum seekers arriving at the shores of the European Union and therewith associated potential negative political and security impact of their hosting. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether any negative impact of asylum seekers hosting can be observed within three areas of concern identified as a) crime rate, b) terrorism rate and c) political tension between the host states and whether higher hosting performance of the member states produces a more negative impact. In order to fulfil the aim of the thesis, a quantitative ordinary least squares linear regression analysis followed by a qualitative approach is conducted. The analysis processes data on the number of asylum seekers arriving in each member state available via United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees database, the crime rate data available via Eurostat and the terrorism rate data available via Global Terrorism Database administered by University of Maryland. Two levels of analysis are present, a generalized level focusing on four categories of member states based on their per capita hosting performance and an individual level of analysis focusing on individual...

High performance organizations desire to provide services in an effective and efficient manner with positive outcomes; therefore measures of performance and cost can be utilized to gauge such success. Through comparative research and analysis of local governments that have and do not have collective bargaining for law enforcement, findings and results can determine if there is any correlation between employee workforce classification (in collective or non-collective bargaining workplaces), high performance traits, costs and high performance return on costs (HPRC) for law enforcement. A HPRC composite measure was developed and utilized to compare and contrast all of the local governments to determine relationships between performance and costs. Based upon the research, the following findings were discovered for the null hypothesis which compared two forms of collective bargaining - arbitration and mediation - separately to non-collective bargaining localities: 1) Correlation between workforce classification and high performance attributes – mediation (negative – perform at a lower performance level); 2) Correlation between workforce classification and law enforcement costs - arbitration (negative – costs are at a lower level); and 3) No correlation between workforce classification and HPRC. In the preceding three areas, only the model on high performance attributes had a high r square and low variance with adjusted r square; both indicators of a parsimonious model. While correlations arose, further research in this area is warranted in developing a more enhanced and publicly accepted comparable metric of performance, costs and HPRC for law enforcement. In addition, certain control variables illustrated a correlation with the dependent variables as follows: 1) Performance - High median household incomes, density, age, survey quality of life, and city; 2) Law Enforcement Costs per Capita - Non-right-to-work state and county; and 3) HPRC - Median household income and county. A rational choice theory was utilized as the lens of framework in assessing an employee’s motivational behavior in a collective and non-collective bargaining work environment that could contribute to differentials in performance.

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Grindsamhällen, eller "gated communities" som är en välanvänd term även i Sverige, är något som fått en kraftigt ökad popularitet runtom i världen. Den största tillväxten av denna boendeform kan vi framförallt se i USA, men även Latin- och Sydamerika samt Sydafrika. Vad är då ett grindsamhälle? Definitionen av ordet skulle kunna beskrivas som ett inhägnat område med bostäder, med säkerhetsåtgärder såsom murar, staket och bevakade grindar, vilka syftar till att hålla utomstående människor borta från området. Denna boendeform har mött stark kritik och flera forskare menar att dessa områden leder till en ökad segregation. Så vilka orsaker anses då ligga bakom denna kraftiga ökning i efterfrågan på grindsamhällen? Den absolut största anledningen anses vara att man upplever en ökad rädsla att utsättas för brott och därför söker en trygghet bakom grindarna. En aspekt som var intressant att undersöka var hur effektiva grindsamhällen är på att ge sina invånare vad de eftersträvar. Vissa studier visar att kriminaliteten till och med kan vara högre i ett grindsamhälle jämfört med utanför.   Uppsatsen mynnar ut i hur förutsättningarna ser ut för etablering av grindsamhällen i Sverige. Undersökningar visar att efterfrågan på grindsamhällen i Sverige är stor, men det finns även hinder, som exempelvis allemansrätten, vilken komplicerar byggandet av staket. Denna motkraft anses dock inte vara tillräcklig och utvecklingen mot en framtid med grindsamhällen i Sverige kommer till slut att vara omöjlig att stoppa. Det övergripande syftet med arbetet har i första hand varit att ta reda på mer om fenomenet grindsamhällen, för att sedan sätta det i en svensk kontext. Metoden för att åstadkomma detta har till stor del bestått av en litteratursökning, där urvalet gjordes genom att endast studera litteratur som var relevant för frågeställningarna, samt att sålla bort litteratur som var allt för platsspecifik eller som inte hade ett neutralt förhållningssätt till ämnet. / Gated communities is a phenomenon that has seen a big increase in popularity all around the world last years. The largest growth can be seen primarily in the United States, but also in Latin- and South America as well as South Africa. So what is a gated community? The definition of the word could be described as a gated residential area, which has security measures such as walls, fences and guarded gates, which intend to keep nonresidents away from the neighborhood. This form of living has faced massive criticism, and several researchers argue that these types of neighborhoods lead to an increased segregation. So what are the underlying causes behind this steep increase in demand of gated communities? What has been regarded as the absolutely biggest reason is an increased fear of being subject to crime and the search for security behind the gates. An interesting aspect is to study how effective a gated community is to actually help its residents achieve what they are searching for. Some studies show that the crime rate may actually be higher inside a gated community compared to the outside. The essay comes down to how well the conditions for establishment of gated communities in Sweden are. Studies show that the demand for gated communities in Sweden is high, but there are some obstacles, for example the "Right of Public Access", which complicates the building of fences. However, this is considered to be insufficient and the development towards a future with gated communities in Sweden will ultimately be impossible to stop. The overall purpose of this thesis has been to find out more about the phenomenon gated communities and to put it in a Swedish context. The method for accomplishing this has mainly consisted of a literature search, where the selection was made by only studying literature relevant to the research questions, as well as not studying literature which was far too site-specific or that did not have a neutral approach to the subject.