Univ., Fak. für Wirtschaftswiss., Diss.--Magdeburg, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [269] - 296.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, August 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the economic impact of the Olympic Park Lipno. First of all, it describes the so-called mega sport events and their impacts, especially the economic ones. Furthermore, the ex-ante and ex-post studies and crowding out effect are characterised in the research. In addition, two analyzes which are described in detail in the thesis were prepared by KPMG. The research method is a questionnaire survey with all information gained at the Olympic Park Lipno. The questionnaires and the collection of secondary data allowed us to proceed to comparison of the researched studies and, in particular, to the calculation of the economic impact.

The nonprofit arts and culture sector in the United States is uniquely situated in tension between its not-for-profit status and its growing role as a catalyst for regional economic growth. Since the mid-20th century, for metropolitan areas in particular, these organizations have become an integral part of local economies and visible symbols of regions as robust cultural centers. Their growth is increasingly viewed as a significant contribution to regional economic development. But concomitant with their newly defined roles as regional "economic engines," nonprofit arts and culture organizations also are increasingly pressed to adopt a "market orientation" with respect to both their audiences and funders. This dissertation is an investigation into how these changes have shaped the organizational structures and processes of the sector. The guiding inquiry of this research is how an increased "market orientation" in the sector is affecting organizational operations (especially expenditures), and ultimately, their constituencies. More specifically, this analysis explores the effects of marketization, defined here as dependence on earned income, agenda-oriented local corporate sponsorship, and outcomes-based foundation support, on organizational expenditures and constituency levels and composition. The present research assesses the relative utility of three organizational growth theories- resource dependency theory, institutional theory, and urban growth agenda theory-on the one hand, and the "crowding-out" hypothesis on the other hand, in accounting for the effects of increasing marketization on the size and composition of organizational constituencies. The first three frameworks suggest a connection between marketized revenues and the prioritization of organizational visibility and legitimacy, organizational professionalization, and production quality, with the end goal of constituency growth. On the other hand, the crowding-out hypothesis, though it retains a focus on revenue sources, suggests that revenue from certain sources may lead to the stagnation or even reduction of deeper organizational affiliations such as membership. Specifically, the perspective suggests that a heightened market orientation conflicts with a not-for-profit or philanthropic orientation, thereby "crowding-out" potential members. The tension between these theoretical perspectives reflects the lack of solid empirical evidence regarding the effects of economic inputs (particularly those tied to marketization) on organizational outcomes (particularly constituency composition). The current research hypothesizes that marketized revenues will ultimately lead to audience growth and expansion while simultaneously leading to stagnation or decline in membership. This study focuses on museums and performing arts institutions located within the Pennsylvania portion of the Greater Philadelphia Area. The analysis utilizes survey data on revenues, expenditures, and other organizational characteristics collected on a continuing basis through the Cultural Data Project of the Pew Charitable Trusts, and audience data collected co-operatively by the arts and culture organizations. To test the competing theories listed above, this research uses structural equation modeling to estimate the effects of marketized revenues on organizational expenditures, and ultimately, on constituency composition. The current findings can be divided into three sections. The first central finding of the analysis is that marketized revenues tend to have a positive effect on attendance levels which provides support for resource dependency theory, institutional theory, and urban growth agenda theory in that the need for resources affects organizational expenditures and prioritization in such a way as to ultimately increase organizations' attendance size. The second central finding of the analysis is that the processes that lead to attendance growth in organizations do so, not through increased demographic diversity, but primarily through increases in attendance from communities and neighborhoods outside the region and communities and neighborhoods where there are already high levels of arts and culture participation. This finding is consistent with the critical metropolitan growth perspective that marketization in organizations leads to the establishment of growth over diversity as the absolute bottom line. According to this perspective, if the pursuit of attendance diversity, attendance expansion to local underserved communities, or new single site-attendees does not contribute to the bottom line of attendance growth, then marketized revenues and those who control their flow will not encourage these priorities. The third central finding of the analysis deals with the crowding-out perspective. This analysis shows some degree of support for the crowding-out hypothesis. The results show that membership is decreasing as a result of marketization, and this effect is explained, in part, by differences in organizational prioritization and orientation reflected in organizational expenditure allocation. The implications of this research are extensive for individual organizations, their urban areas, and the future of the sector. As the sector evolves, arts and culture organizations inevitably face the task of balancing their goals and missions with the demands that accompany revenue acquisition. Furthermore, as urban areas continue to emphasize their role as cultural centers which also foster economic development, they will need to consider the balance between the economic and public service functions of arts and culture organizations. Finally, the trend of greater marketization may encourage organizational growth even while it increasingly alienates the sector's not-for-profit identity and, with it, its most ardent supporters. / Sociology

In meiner Dissertation untersuche ich, inwiefern sich der Zugang zu individuellen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten auf die informellen Unterstützungsnetzwerke zwischen Haushalten auswirkt. Diese Forschungsfrage ist vor dem Hintergrund der rasanten wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung vieler vormalig einkommensschwacher Länder von besonderer Relevanz. Sowohl um Voraussagen machen zu können, wie diese Entwicklung die soziale Struktur verändert als auch um Wohlfahrtseffekte spezifizieren zu können, ist es wichtig die Beziehung zwischen dem Zugang zu individuellen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten und der Nutzung informeller Unterstützungsnetzwerke zu verstehen. In dieser Arbeit erforsche ich diese Beziehung unter drei Gesichtspunkten. In der ersten Studie, untersuche ich die Struktur des Unterstützungsnetzwerks eines Fischerdorfes in den Philippinen. Ausgehend von einem theoretischen Netzwerkmodell, analysiere ich die Faktoren, die dazu führen, dass zwei Haushalte sich im Falle eines Schocks auf den jeweils anderen verlassen, wobei der Fokus auf dem Zugang zu alternativen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten liegt. In der zweiten Studie untersuche ich gezielt, inwieweit die Bereitschaft jemanden zu unterstützen davon beeinflusst wird, ob dieser Zugang zu individuellen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten hat. Dies wird mit Hilfe eines lab-in-the-field-Experimentes, das im ländlichen Kambodscha durchgeführt wurde, analysiert. In der dritten Studie verknüpfe ich die Unterstützungs-Entscheidungen aus dem Experiment mit dem tatsächlichen Unterstützungsnetzwerk der Experimentteilnehmer und untersuche, ob die Struktur der persönlichen sozialen Netzwerke das Verhalten im Experiment erklären kann. Zusammengefasst zeigen die drei Studien, dass mit dem Zugang zu individuellen Absicherungsmöglichkeiten Anreize abnehmen können, in informelle Unterstützungsnetzwerke zu investieren oder altruistisch Unterstützung zu gewähren. Dies hat direkte Auswirkungen auf die lokale Sozialstruktur. / In this thesis, I investigate how access to resources can affect the formation of informal support arrangements between households. This question is of particular relevance in the light of the rapid economic development that many former low-income countries recently experienced, which goes hand in hand with increasing possibilities for the population to cope with hardships individually. An understanding of the relationship between informal support and access to alternative risk management resources is crucial in order to make predictions about how this development can affect the social structure, and to specify welfare effects. In the thesis, I investigate this relationship from three different angles. First, I study the structure of mutual support arrangements in a fishing village on the Philippines (Chapter 2). Based on a model of strategic link formation I investigate which factors explain that two households engage in a mutual support arrangement with a focus on the role of households' alternative resources. In a second study, I investigate how the willingness to provide support can be affected by the availability of alternative resources, in particular individual insurance (Chapter 3). This is analyzed based on a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Cambodia. Different to the first study, the second study focuses on social preference motivated support. The last study conceptually links the first two studies. I relate the subjects' support decisions observed in the experiment back to the subjects' engagement in mutual support arrangements in real life and thus put the behavior in context to the social structure (Chapter 4). In summary, the studies show that with access to individual risk management options, the incentives to engage in mutual support arrangements as well as social preference motivated support can reduce, which has a direct impact on the local social structure.

A presente tese realiza uma análise interdisciplinar dos contratos de aliança, arranjos colaborativos desenvolvidos a partir do início da década de 90, cujo objetivo é a implantação de projetos complexos industriais e de infraestrutura. Este trabalho investiga a percepção do autor de que o modelo proposto pelos contratos de aliança, em regra, promove um esvaziamento voluntário da função do contrato como ferramenta de aplicação, ainda que potencial, de sanções a comportamentos culposos, justamente com o fim de não prejudicar a construção natural de uma relação cooperativa. Busca-se ainda compreender a função desempenhada pelo contrato e pelo direito contratual, nesse contexto colaborativo, e qual a relação entre os mecanismos formais e informais de garantia de cumprimento contratual. Sustenta-se que, nesse universo, o aparato formal do contrato auxilia as ferramentas informais de enforcement, fornecendo o arcabouço de troca de informações essencial à criação endógena de confiança. Ademais, a fim de não prejudicar o ambiente cooperativo, sustenta-se a aplicação de sanções contratuais formais somente em situações excepcionais, geralmente caracterizadas pelo elemento de quebra de confiança. Sugere-se, ao longo da tese, que uma abordagem processual de regulação do contrato a qual permite sanção de comportamentos que descumpram o procedimento contratual acordado seria mais adequada do que uma abordagem estritamente substantiva que proteja a relação inicial de troca. Ao final, amparada pelas percepções construídas ao longo da pesquisa, é realizada uma reflexão jurídico-dogmática, na qual, após a contextualização jurídica dos contratos de aliança, lhes são sugeridas interpretações de aplicação de conceitos da teoria obrigacional, e de ferramentas de organização de interesses intracontratuais, como a boa-fé, o conflito de interesses e os deveres fiduciários. / This thesis conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of project alliancing, collaborative arrangements developed as of the beginning of the 90s, whose goal is the implementation of complex industrial and infrastructure projects. This work investigates the perception of the author that the model proposed by alliance contracts, in general, promotes a voluntary emptying of the role of the contract in punishing, even potentially, unintentional contractual defaults, as a means of not harming the natural construction of a cooperative relation. The work seeks to understand the role played by the contract and the contractual law, in such collaborative environment, and what is the relation between formal and informal mechanisms of contractual enforcement. It argues that, in this universe, formal contractual apparatus supports informal contractual enforcement mechanisms, providing a governance framework that allows information exchange, which is essential to the endogenous creation of trust. Moreover, in order not to jeopardize the cooperative environment, this thesis suggests the suitability of formal contractual punishment only in exceptional circumstances, often characterized by the breach of trust. It is suggested, along the thesis, that a procedural approach of contract regulation which allows punishment of behaviors that deviates from agreed contractual procedures may be more suitable than a strictly substantive approach that protects the initial exchange relation. At the end, supported by the perceptions constructed along the research, some legal-dogmatic considerations are made, in which, after legally qualifying the alliance contracts, it is suggested to it some applicative interpretations of concepts of obligational theory, and organizational tools of intracontractual interests, such as good faith, conflicts of interest and fiduciary duties.

台灣的社區發展推行至今，從傳統由上而下的硬體支持，轉為時下由下而上的全方位發展。社區自主發展是自發性的治理行動，藉由信任、溝通、相互尊重等意識建構當地的社會網絡雛形，進而累積龐大的社會資本，以為社區發展的基礎。社區發展並非是終點，而是個連續的過程。因此，於社區發展的集體行動過程中，需提供相當的誘因以維持集體行動的運行。 然而，依台灣社區發展推行至今的經驗觀之，不少案例顯示政府機構所提供的誘因機制，經常排擠了地方社區的自發性集體行動以及自主制度的建立。這樣的結果推翻了以往「引進物質性誘因以激勵合作行為時，既有存在的非物質性誘因並不會受到影響」的假設。 有鑑於此，本研究以珍珠社區案例為研究對象，透過文獻分析與深度訪談的方式，檢視珍珠社區於社區發展過程中，外部各項誘因的挹注對社區發展歷程產生的排擠效果，包括影響社會網絡的強健與社會資本的積累。研究成果發現，一旦涉及利益分配，不同誘因類型間的排擠效果愈明顯。同時，容易造成不同參與者間的信任網絡的崩解、裂痕，進而削弱原有設區社會資本的存量。 惟誘因導入對於維持社區發展的集體行動持續不衰實有舉足輕重之影響，故結合案例觀察成果，誘因導入社區發展之集體行動需建立於下列前提：1.培養社區認同、調整社區願景、消弭宗教衝突以充實社區社會資本2.進行跨區整合，減低對政府的依賴 3.建立獎懲及監督機制，減少搭便車情形4.領導者風範的調整與包容或可促進社區發展持續有效的集體行動運作，達成社區永續發展的目標。 / Taiwan's community development carrying out until now, the community development the infrastructure which leads from the traditional government, transfers development. The community self-development is the spontaneous government motion, because of the trust, communication, mutual respect etc. which constructs local the social network and accumulate social capital. Because community development is a process, to maintain collective action continually needs provide suitable incentives. However, according to the experience of community development in Taiwan, many cases demonstrated a phenomenon: incentives that government provides usually crowds out the community collective actions and establish independent system. Such result has overthrown the assumption : to encourage cooperation actions by lead in incentives, the existence of non-material incentives will not be affected. In view of this, a case study of Jenju Community, we will survey the crowding-out effect which injecting external incentives during the community development. Include strong social networks and social capital accumulation. Research found that when it comes to the distribution of benefits, crowding-out effect between the different types of incentives is more apparently. At the same time, it is likely to cause network of trust between different actors collapse of cracks, which would weaken the existing stock of social capital in the community. However, incentives for the maintenance of community development into collective action has a significant continuing decline of the real impact, Therefore, the results observed with the case, incentives for collective action in community development into the need to establish the following premise:1. to enrich social capital by foster community identity, community vision to adjust, to eliminate the religious conflict. 2. for cross-integration, to reduce dependence on government. 3. the establishment of incentive and monitoring mechanisms to reduce the free rider situation. 4. leadership style and tolerance of adjustment. This may facilitate sustainable community development and effective operation of collective action, to achieve sustainable community development objectives.

<p>Halving poverty until 2015 is something that all member states of United Nation have agreed up on by adopting the Millennium Development Goals MDG in 1991. The question asked in this paper is how much aid is needed in Tanzania, to reduce poverty by half. The method we use links estimated annual economic growth rates to the required amount of aid needed to halve poverty.</p><p>This study finds that during 2002-2015 Tanzania should receive between $37 to $43 (2002 US dollar) per year and capita depending on the underlying assumptions. Between 1994 and 2002 Tanzania received 36 dollar per year and capita so the amount of aid must at least be kept on the same level as preceding years and perhaps be increased to reach the goal of halving poverty until 2015.</p><p>Moreover, this study only calculates the cost of reaching the first MDG and not the cost of reaching the remaining goals stated in the United Nations Millennium Declaration.</p>

Halving poverty until 2015 is something that all member states of United Nation have agreed up on by adopting the Millennium Development Goals MDG in 1991. The question asked in this paper is how much aid is needed in Tanzania, to reduce poverty by half. The method we use links estimated annual economic growth rates to the required amount of aid needed to halve poverty. This study finds that during 2002-2015 Tanzania should receive between $37 to $43 (2002 US dollar) per year and capita depending on the underlying assumptions. Between 1994 and 2002 Tanzania received 36 dollar per year and capita so the amount of aid must at least be kept on the same level as preceding years and perhaps be increased to reach the goal of halving poverty until 2015. Moreover, this study only calculates the cost of reaching the first MDG and not the cost of reaching the remaining goals stated in the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

This dissertation is a collection of three essays in the fields of environmental and public economics. The first essay assesses the effect of government spending on charitable donations to environmental causes. Using a theoretical model, I solve for changes in private donations due to increased government spending and contrast this with changes due to direct grants to nonprofit organizations. Depending on the nonprofit’s fundraising response, government spending may result in the crowding out or in of private giving. I empirically investigate this topic using data from the tax returns of environmental charities as well as a panel survey data set on the philanthropic behavior of individuals. My results indicate that government expenditures on the environment actually crowd in private giving, partly due to the increased fundraising response by charities. The second essay examines the incidence of a pollution tax scheme in which tax revenue is returned to low-income workers. Using a general equilibrium model with both skilled and unskilled labor, a decomposition of the real net wage effects shows the effect of the tax rebate, the effect on the uses side of income (higher product prices), and the effect on the sources side of income (relative wage rates). Numerical examples show that returning the revenue to the low-skilled workers is still not enough to offset the effect of higher product prices; in almost all cases, the rebate does not prevent a reduction in the real net wage. The third essay studies the distributional effects of the SO2 allowance market. Even if low-income households do not have large budget shares for the polluting good, grandfathered permit systems may still be regressive since the permit rents accrue disproportionately to wealthy shareholders in the polluting industry. I estimate the burden imposed on different income groups under a grandfathered permit policy and compare this with the burden under an auctioned policy. Using Monte Carlo techniques, I calculate the 5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution of possible results. I find evidence of regressivity for grandfathered permits whereas an emissions tax/auctioned permit system can be progressive if the scarcity rents are distributed in lump sums. / text