In South Africa, the assessment of the suitability and acceptability of water for drinking purposes is done according to the South African National Standards (SANS) 241 (2006) which requires that Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water should be less than 1 oocyst/10l and 1 cyst/10l respectively. Although there is a requirement to monitor for these parasitic protozoans, there is lack of uniformity in the monitoring approach. Therefore, the objective of the study was to develop a protocol/methodology that can be applied by drinking water producers to monitor Cryptosporidium and Giardia to ensure that the risk of exposure to these organisms and the risks of non–compliance to guidelines are reduced. Also, to test the feasibility of the protocol on a small system, the drinking water purification plant at the Vaal River Barrage Reservoir that supplies approximately 350 people with drinking water. The protocol for monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was developed based on monitoring procedures proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Drinking Water Inspectorate, Australia, New Zealand, and especially on the risk based procedure followed by Northern Ireland with the intention that it will be applicable to all water supply systems irrespective of size and system complexity of the purification works. It is focused on a preventative approach of monitoring Cryptosporidium and Giardia and it consists of ten steps which are: (i) Assessment of the monitoring requirements, (ii) Description and characterization of the source water types (iii) Abstraction of source water (iv) Assessment of the water purification plant (v) Water quality monitoring (vi) Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis outbreak (vii) Risk assessment (viii) Sample collection and Laboratory processing (ix) Data evaluation, interpretation and storage (x) Process evaluation and review. As stated, the developed protocol was tested at a small purification plants situated at the dam wall of the Vaal River Barrage catchment, Gauteng Province . From this assessment it was evident that steps of the protocol were easy to follow and the possible risks in the water value chain i.e. from source water to the supply of purified drinking water could be identified. Some of the challenges encountered during the application of the protocol include difficulty in obtaining detailed information regarding the activities around the catchment and information on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in the local community or in South Africa in general. From this study, it could be concluded that the source water from the Vaal River Barrage Reservoir was high risk. However, the use of the multi–barrier approach coupled with advanced treatment of UV rendered the water drinking supplied to the local community within the South African Drinking Water Standards for from Cryptosporidium and Giardia of less than 1 oocyst/10l and 1 cyst/10l. The protocol for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia could contribute to the protection of drinking water consumers by identifying high risk source waters, identifying areas that can be improved in the water treatment system and also protecting the catchment areas from further faecal pollution. With respect to this outcome, the developed protocol could be used by water utilities as part of their Water Safety Plans to optimize monitoring. Furthermore, this methodology has a potential to contribute to the blue drop certification as it should for part of the Water Safety Plans. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

In South Africa, the assessment of the suitability and acceptability of water for drinking purposes is done according to the South African National Standards (SANS) 241 (2006) which requires that Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water should be less than 1 oocyst/10l and 1 cyst/10l respectively. Although there is a requirement to monitor for these parasitic protozoans, there is lack of uniformity in the monitoring approach. Therefore, the objective of the study was to develop a protocol/methodology that can be applied by drinking water producers to monitor Cryptosporidium and Giardia to ensure that the risk of exposure to these organisms and the risks of non–compliance to guidelines are reduced. Also, to test the feasibility of the protocol on a small system, the drinking water purification plant at the Vaal River Barrage Reservoir that supplies approximately 350 people with drinking water. The protocol for monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was developed based on monitoring procedures proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Drinking Water Inspectorate, Australia, New Zealand, and especially on the risk based procedure followed by Northern Ireland with the intention that it will be applicable to all water supply systems irrespective of size and system complexity of the purification works. It is focused on a preventative approach of monitoring Cryptosporidium and Giardia and it consists of ten steps which are: (i) Assessment of the monitoring requirements, (ii) Description and characterization of the source water types (iii) Abstraction of source water (iv) Assessment of the water purification plant (v) Water quality monitoring (vi) Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis outbreak (vii) Risk assessment (viii) Sample collection and Laboratory processing (ix) Data evaluation, interpretation and storage (x) Process evaluation and review. As stated, the developed protocol was tested at a small purification plants situated at the dam wall of the Vaal River Barrage catchment, Gauteng Province . From this assessment it was evident that steps of the protocol were easy to follow and the possible risks in the water value chain i.e. from source water to the supply of purified drinking water could be identified. Some of the challenges encountered during the application of the protocol include difficulty in obtaining detailed information regarding the activities around the catchment and information on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in the local community or in South Africa in general. From this study, it could be concluded that the source water from the Vaal River Barrage Reservoir was high risk. However, the use of the multi–barrier approach coupled with advanced treatment of UV rendered the water drinking supplied to the local community within the South African Drinking Water Standards for from Cryptosporidium and Giardia of less than 1 oocyst/10l and 1 cyst/10l. The protocol for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia could contribute to the protection of drinking water consumers by identifying high risk source waters, identifying areas that can be improved in the water treatment system and also protecting the catchment areas from further faecal pollution. With respect to this outcome, the developed protocol could be used by water utilities as part of their Water Safety Plans to optimize monitoring. Furthermore, this methodology has a potential to contribute to the blue drop certification as it should for part of the Water Safety Plans. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Thesis (M. Env. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-153).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2004. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-167).

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium en alpacas crías menores de 3 meses de edad y en adultos (hembras y machos). Con este fin se toma un total de 898 muestras de alpacas al azar del Banco de Especímenes del Laboratorio de Epidemiología y Economía Veterinaria. La temporada de parición considerada es la del 2012 y las muestras son de La Raya en el departamento de Cusco. Las muestras se procesan con la coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado y el criterio de diagnóstico es el hallazgo de estructuras ovoides, de color fucsia, refringente y con un glóbulo obscuro en su interior. Cada ooquiste hallado es medido con el programa de medición LAS EZ de la cámara (Leica ICC50). Se encuentra una prevalencia de 18.46 ± 4,07% en alpaca cría, 10.25 ± 3% en hembras adultas y 60,49 ± 7,67% en machos reproductores. / Tesis

Orientador: Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani / Coorientador: Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles / Banca: Sílvia Helena Venturoli Perri / Banca: Mônica Regina Vendrame Amarante / Resumo: No primeiro capítulo foi abordada a importância, assim como os aspectos da etiologia, biologia, epidemiologia e diagnóstico da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. No segundo capítulo, um total de 101 amostras fecais de éguas das raças Quarto de Milha, Mangalarga Marchador, Paint Horse, Crioula e Pampa e seus respectivos potros foram analisados pela técnica de Kinyoun. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste estudo foi elaborado um artigo científico a ser submetido à Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia. A ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium detectada pela técnica de Kinyoun foi de 20,8% (21/101) para potros e 17,8% (18/101) para éguas. Adicionalmente, observou-se que potros com idade superior a dois meses, independentemente da raça analisada, bem como os animais da raça Mangalarga são menos susceptíveis à ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp / Abstract: In the first chapter, the importance and aspects related to the etiology, biology, epidemiology and diagnosis of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. were addressed. The second chapter reports the analysis, using Kinyoun stain, of a total of 101 fecal samples from mares of the breeds Quarter Horse, Mangalarga Marchador, Paint Horse, Crioula and Pampa and their respective foals. The results obtained in this study were used to prepare a scientific paper to be submitted to the Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. Occurrence of infection by Cryptosporidium, according to Kinyoun stain, was 20.8% (21/101) for foals and 17.8% (18/101) for mares. In addition, foals older than two months, regardless of the analyzed breed, as well as Mangalarga animals, are less susceptible to the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp / Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T09:27:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A diarréia é responsável por mais de 3 milhões de mortes ao ano no mundo e a maioria dos casos ocorre em crianças de países em desenvolvimento. A diarréia em crianças, além dos problemas relacionados à desidratação, ainda pode ocasionar má absorção dos nutrientes causando um quadro de desnutrição afetando, até mesmo, as funções cognitivas. Muitos patógenos causadores de diarréia podem ser veiculados pela água e por alimentos contaminados. Eles podem ser vírus, bactérias e parasitas. Os protozoários Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia são importantes causadores de diarréia, principalmente em crianças. Estima-se que no Brasil a prevalência destes patógenos seja de 8% e 28,5%, respectivamente. Devido a cistos de Giardia e oocistos de Cryptosporidium serem estruturas muito pequenas, sua detecção torna-se difícil, já que as fezes naturalmente possuem muitos detritos e microrganismos que podem mascarar ou ser confundidos com estes protozoários. Para facilitar e tornar mais eficiente este diagnóstico, este trabalho teve por objetivo padronizar a Técnica de Imunoseparação Magnética (IMS) acoplada à Imunofluorescência (IFA) para o diagnóstico de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia em fezes humanas, além de avaliar sua eficiência quando comparada às Técnicas Clássicas descritas por Faust et al. (1939) e por Lutz (1919), ou Hoffman Pons & Janner (1934), quando utilizadas para o diagnóstico da giardíase; e por fim avaliar as prevalências de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia em uma creche e em ambulatórios de dois Hospitais da Grande Florianópolis-SC. Os resultados da Padronização da Técnica, utilizando-se 4 tratamentos com 3 repetições para cada, demonstraram que a IMS-IFA foi capaz de recuperar oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. (média de 4,7%) e cistos de Giardia lamblia (média de 1,3%) em fezes humanas. Quando comparadas, as recuperações das duas espécies, não apresentaram diferenças significativas (F > 0,05). Ao se comparar o desempenho das Técnicas de IMS-IFA com a de Faust et al. e a de Lutz no diagnóstico de G. lamblia, utilizando-se 127 amostras de fezes de crianças, percebeu-se que a primeira deteve vantagem quando comparada às outras duas técnicas em conjunto, mas quando se comparou a recuperação de cistos pela primeira em relação à soma dos resultados da segunda (confirmados ou não pela Técnica de Lutz) observou-se que as diferenças não foram significativas (?2< 0,05). Avaliando-se as prevalências de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia encontradas em 77 crianças de uma creche e de 50 crianças de ambulatório, ambos na Grande Florianópolis, observou-se que para Cryptosporidium spp. estas foram baixas e próximas nas duas populações (1,3% e 2% respectivamente). Para Giardia lamblia, elas se comportaram de forma bastante distinta (45,5% e 2% respectivamente) e estatisticamente significativa. Também se detectou diferenças quando foram comparadas crianças menores com as maiores de 5 anos de idade dentro da mesma população (creche ou ambulatório) e na prevalência de giardíase comparando-se as faixas etárias analisadas das duas populações. A IMS-IFA mostrou-se capaz de detectar cistos de Giardia e oocistos de Cryptosporidium em fezes humanas e, devido a sua especificidade, não se fez necessária a confirmação através de outras metodologias de diagnóstico para Cryptosporidium.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-18Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000816635.pdf: 1408307 bytes, checksum: 5daacbf627e5bb9b1039a599a8e5bed4 (MD5) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência da infecção e realizar a caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em caprinos jovens do município de Quixadá, Ceará, Brasil. Participaram do estudo um total de 400 animais, com idade entre três e 360 dias, com e sem padrão racial definido, nos quais 154 eram machos e 246 fêmeas, procedentes de 25 estabelecimentos rurais distribuídos em três circuitos. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas diretamente da ampola retal dos cabritos e cadastradas de acordo com o aspecto e a coloração. Uma quantidade de 200 mg de cada amostra foi distribuída em microtubos de 2 mL e congeladas “in natura” a -20 °C, até o momento das extrações de DNA genômico do parasito com auxílio de kit comercial. Todas as amostras foram submetidas a “Nested”-PCR para amplificação de fragmentos do gene da subunidade 18S RNA ribossômico. As positivas nesta amplificação foram testadas na “Nested”-PCR com os genes actina e HSP 70. As amostras que tiveram amplificação nesses três genes foram submetidas a “Nested”-PCR em triplicata e posterior sequenciamento nas direções “sense” e “anti-sense”. A ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cabritos de Quixadá foi de 7,50% (30/400) e 64,00% (16/25) das propriedades tinham cabritos positivos. O distrito Tapuiará foi o que apresentou maior número de animais positivos, e a frequência no período seco e chuvoso foi de 9,55% (19/199) e 5,47% (11/201), respectivamente (P = 0,1218). Das 30 amostras de fezes positivas, 50,00% (15/30) tinham aspecto normal e 70,00% (21/30) coloração normal, sugerindo que cabritos assintomáticos eliminam oocistos no ambiente. Não foi observada positividade para Cryptosporidium spp. em animais com 301 a 360 dias. Por meio do sequenciamento foi possível identificar que as espécies do coccídio detectadas nas fezes dos cabritos foram Cryptosporidium xiaoi ... / The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of infection and perform molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in goats kids from the town of Quixadá – state of Ceará – Brazil. A total of 400 animals, 154 males and 246 females, with aged between three and 360 days, with and without defined breed, from 25 farms distributed in three circuits, participated in this study. Stool samples were obtained directly from the goats rectum and registered in accordance to their appearance and coloring. An amount of 200 mg of each sample, were distributed in micro tubes of 2 mL and frozen “in nature” at -20 °C until the moment of extraction of the parasite genomic DNA using a commercial kit. All samples were submitted to Nested-PCR to amplify fragments of 18S subunit of ribosomal RNA. The positives samples in this amplification were tested in Nested-PCR with actin and HSP 70 genes. Samples that were amplified in these three genes were subjected to Nested-PCR triplicate and subjected to sequencing in sense and anti-sense directions. The occurrence of the infection by Cryptosporidium in goats kids of the town of Quixadá was 7.50% (30/400) and 64.00% (16/25) of the farms with positive goats. The Tapuiará district showed the highest number of positive animals and the frequency in dry and rainy period was 9.55% (19/199) and 5.47% (11/201), respectively (P = 0.1218). Considering 30 samples of positive stools, 50.00% (15/30) had normal appearance and 70.00% (21/30) normal coloring, suggesting that asymptomatic goats can eliminate oocysts in the environment. It was not observed positivity for Cryptosporidium spp. in animals aged between 301 and 360 days. Through sequencing, it was possible to identify that the species of coccidian found in the feces of the goats are Cryptosporidium xiaoi, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Different species of protozoa are present in rural farms ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 simoes_dc_me_araca.pdf: 146638 bytes, checksum: 82ece9f69d229b01f099fe04675f2505 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Devido à escassez de informações referentes à ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em aves selvagens no Brasil, este projeto foi realizado visando à detecção de Cryptosporidium em amostras de fezes de várias espécies de aves selvagens da fauna brasileira, por meio da reação em cadeia de polimerase – “nested” (n-PCR). Um total de 488 amostras de 146 espécies de aves selvagens foi coletado em zoológicos, criatórios, Hospitais Veterinários e residências, para extração do DNA genômico de oocistos e realização de n-PCR, visando à amplificação de fragmentos dos genes da subunidade 18S do RNA ribossômico e da actina. Foi observada amplificação para Cryptosporidium em 20 (4,7%) das amostras examinadas. Por meio de sequenciamento dos fragmentos de DNA amplificados foram identificadas duas espécies de Cryptosporidium: C. galli em curiós (Oryzoborus angolensis) e C. baileyi em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus). / Due to the paucity of data related to the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in wild birds from Brazilian fauna, this research was accomplished in order to screen fecal samples from various species of wild birds in Brazil for the presence of Cryptosporidium by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR). A total of 488 fecal samples from 146 species of wild birds were collected in Zoos, Veterinary Hospitals, breeder’s facilities and residences. After extraction of genomic DNA from oocysts n-PCR was accomplished for amplification of fragments from 18S subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene and from actin gene. Positive amplification for Cryptosporidium was obtained in 20 (4.09%) samples. Sequencing of amplified fragments allowed the identification of C. galli in lesser-seed finches (Oryzoborus angolensis) and C. baileyi in black vulture (Coragyps atratus).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_wmd_me_araca.pdf: 275699 bytes, checksum: bb07e28839059ea06a2205b9ed0a0f18 (MD5) / Formas evolutivas parasitárias são eliminadas nas fezes dos animais, propiciando a contaminação ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de parasitos causadores de zoonoses em gatos entregues ao Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) do Município de Andradina, SP, no período de março a novembro de 2007. Amostras de sangue, medula óssea, linfonodos e fezes foram submetidas a análises laboratoriais. Para o diagnóstico coproparasitológico associou-se as técnicas de Willis e Faust, observando-se uma ocorrência de 96,1% dos animais para Ancylostoma spp., 43,1% para Toxocara spp., 43,1% para Cystoisospora spp., 21,6% para Dipylidium caninum e 5,9% para Giardia spp. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foram detectados em 3,9% das amostras pela técnica de verde malaquita. Por meio do ELISA direto, constatou-se uma ocorrência de 5,8% para Cryptosporidium spp. e 13,7% para Giardia spp. Dos animais, 3,9% foram reagentes para anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. pela técnica de ELISA indireto. Foi observada presença de forma amastigota de Leishmania spp. em “imprint”de linfonodo de um único animal. Não foi verificada associação significativa entre a ocorrência de endoparasitos e a raça, sexo e idade dos animais analisados. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que os felinos de Andradina, SP, são importantes hospedeiros de parasitos, alguns destes com elevado potencial zoonótico. / Forms evolving parasitic are eliminated in the feces of animals, promoting the environmental contamination. The purpose of this study was to verify the occurrence of the parasites that cause zoonoses in cats delivered to the Center for Zoonoses Control (CCZ) of the Andradina City, SP, in the period from March to November 2007. Samples of blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes and feces were subjected to laboratory tests. For the diagnosis coproparasitológics was associated with the techniques of Willis and Faust, observing the occurence of 96.1% of the animals to Ancylostoma spp., 43.1% for Toxocara spp., 43.1% for Cystoisospora spp. , 21.6% to Dipylidium caninum and 5.9% for Giardia spp. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 3.9% of the samples by the technique of malachite green. By the technique of direct ELISA, it is 5.8% of positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and 13.7% for Giardia spp. Of the animals, were reagents in 3.9% for antibodies anti- Leishmania spp. the technique of indirect ELISA. It was observed presence of amastigote form of Leishmania spp. in lymph nodes. There was no significant association between the occurrence of endoparasite and breed, gender and age of animals tested. The results confirm that the feline from Andradina City, SP, are important hosts of parasites, some of those with high potential zoonotic.