No description available.

Colorless crystals of the new hydroxometalates Ba[RE(OH)5] with the rare-earth elements RE=Tb, Dy, Ho were synthesized under ultra-alkaline conditions in a KOH hydroflux at 200 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the three compounds crystallize isostructural in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14). In the crystal structure, the rare-earth cations are coordinated by the oxygen atoms of seven hydroxide anions, which define a distorted pentagonal bipyramid. These polyhedra share edges of their basal ring forming infinite chains that run parallel to the [010] direction. Hydrogen bonds connect the chains into layers parallel to the (101) plane. The Ba2+ cations are located between these layers and surrounded by nine oxygen atoms. Ba[Dy(OH)5] is paramagnetic and shows no luminescence under UV light. When heated in synthetic air or argon, water is released in well-defined steps. Ba[Dy(OH)5] decomposes via DyOOH to Dy2O3, which then reacts with the remaining Ba(OH)2 to form BaDy2O4. Thus, the hydroxometalates can be used as carbon-free precursors for oxides.

No description available.

No description available.

Hf₁₋ₓZrₓO₂ (x ∼ 0.5–0.7) has been the leading candidate of ferroelectric materials with a fluorite crystal structure showing highly promising compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. Despite the notable improvement in device performance and processing techniques, the origin of its ferroelectric crystalline phase (space group: Pca2₁) formation has not been clearly elucidated. Several recent experimental and theoretical studies evidently showed that the interface and grain boundary energies of the higher symmetry phases (orthorhombic and tetragonal) contribute to the stabilization of the metastable non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic phase or tetragonal phase. However, there was a clear quantitative discrepancy between the theoretical expectation and experiment results, suggesting that the thermodynamic model may not provide the full explanation. This work, therefore, focuses on the phase transition kinetics during the cooling step after the crystallization annealing. It was found that the large activation barrier for the transition from the tetragonal/orthorhombic to the monoclinic phase, which is the stable phase at room temperature, suppresses the phase transition, and thus, plays a critical role in the emergence of ferroelectricity.

<p>Continuum atomistic and mesoscopic models are developed and utilized in the context of studying microstructural evolution and phase selection in materials systems. Numerous phenomena are examined, ranging from defect-solute interaction in solid state systems to microstructural evolution under external driving conditions. Emphasis is placed on the derivation and development of models capable of self consistently describing the intricate mechanisms at work in the systems undergoing these phenomena.</p> <p>Namely, grain growth dynamics are studied in nanocrystalline systems under external driving conditions using a newly developed phase-field-crystal model, which couples an additional free energy source term to the standard phase-field-crystal model. Such external driving can be attributed to incident energetic particles. The nanocrystalline system is found to be susceptible to enhanced grain growth as a function of the intensity/flux associated with the external driving and the energy of driving. Static kinetic phase diagram calculations also seem to confirm that systems under external driving conditions can be forced into long metastable states.</p> <p>Early stage solute clustering and precipitation in Al alloys is also examined with a variant of the phase-field-crystal method, so-called structural phase-field-crystal models for multi-component alloys developed as part of this thesis. We find that clustering is aided by quenched-in defects (dislocations), whereby the nucleation barrier is reduced and at times eliminated, a mechanism proposed by Cahn for a single dislocation for spinodal systems. In a three-component system, we predict a multi-step mechanism for clustering, where the nature and amount of the third species plays an important role in relieving stresses caused by the quenched-in dislocations before clustering, i.e., segregation as predicted by the equilibrium phase diagram, can occur.</p> <p>Finally, we present a new coarse-graining procedure for generating complex amplitude models, i.e., complex order-parameter phase-field models, derived from phase-field-crystal models. They retain many salient atomistic features and behaviours of the original phase-field-crystal model, however is now capable of describing mesoscopic length scales like the phase-field model. We demonstrate the scheme by generating an amplitude model of the two-dimensional structural phase-fieldcrystal model, which allows multiple crystal structures to be stable in equilibrium, a crucial aspect of proper multi-scale modelling of materials systems. The dynamics are demonstrated by examining solidification and coarsening, peritectic growth, along with grain growth and the emergence of secondary phases.</p> / Doctor of Science (PhD)

The rare mineral cyanochroite, K2Cu(SO4)2·6H2O, features isolated Cu2+ ions in distorted octahedral coordination, linked via a hydrogen-bond network. We have grown single crystals of cyanochroite as large as ∼0.5 cm3 and investigated structural and magnetic aspects of this material. The positions of hydrogen atoms deviate significantly from those reported previously based on X-ray diffraction data, whereas the magnetic response is fully consistent with free Cu2+ spins. The structure is not changed by deuteration. Density functional theory calculations support our refined hydrogen positions.

Di-tert-butyl N,N′-{[13,15,28,30,31,33-hexa­ethyl-3,10,18,25,32,34-hexa­aza­penta­cyclo­[25.3.1.15,8.112,16.120,23]tetra­triaconta-1(31),3,5,7,9,12(33),13,15,18,20,22,24,27,29-tetra­deca­ene-14,29-di­yl]bis­(methyl­ene)}dicarbamate methanol disolvate, C52H72N8O4·2CH3OH, was found to crystallize in the space group P21/c with one half of the macrocycle (host) and one mol­ecule of solvent (guest) in the asymmetric unit of the cell, i.e. the host mol­ecule is located on a crystallographic symmetry center. Within the 1:2 host–guest complex, the solvent mol­ecules are accommodated in the host cavity and held in their positions by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O bonds, thus forming ring synthons of graph set R22(7). The connection of the 1:2 host-guest complexes is accomplished by C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions, which create a three-dimensional supra­molecular network.

No / Crystal structure prediction simulations were carried out to explore the solid state packing alternatives of two diastereomeric salts consisting of a chlorine-substituted cyclic phosphoric acid and the two enantiomers of ephedrine. The experimentally observed crystal structures were correctly simulated with an error of a few kcal/mol. This represents a significant achievement in crystal structure prediction due to the complexity of the mathematical search problem at hand (two distinct molecules in the asymmetric unit, one of which is flexible) and due to the complex energetics of these organic salts. In principle, these simulations show the way toward a truly predictive model for racemate resolution by preferential crystallization of diastereomeric salts.

DNA-Restriktions und -Modifikationssysteme sind in Prokaryoten weit verbreitet und stellen einen wirksamen Schutz gegen das Eindringen mobiler genetischer Elemente dar. Sie kodieren für eine Restriktionsendonuklease (REase) und eine DNA-Methyltransferase (MTase) gleicher Nukleotidsequenz Spezifität. Die MTase methyliert die zelluläre DNA und schützt sie durch diesen epigenetischen Marker vor der Wirkung der REase. Die REase verhindert die Aufnahme fremder, unmethylierter DNA durch sequenzspezifische Spaltung. EcoRII ist eine REase, die für die effiziente DNA-Spaltung mindestens zwei Kopien ihrer Erkennungssequenz benötigt. Untersuchungen der EcoRII-Struktur und -Funktion offenbarten, dass das Protein aus zwei stabilen Domänen aufgebaut ist, wobei die N-terminale Domäne wie ein Repressor die C-terminale Domäne sterisch blockiert und deren katalytische Aktivität verhindert. Dieser als Autoinhibition bezeichnete und von eukaryotischen Proteinen gut bekannter Regulationsmechanismus wurde erstmals für eine REase vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit konnten wir die Regulation der EcoRII-Enzymaktivität durch Autoinhibition auf molekularer Ebene beweisen. Wir identifizierten ß-Strang 1 (B1: 18YFVYIKR24) und a-Helix 2 (H2: 26SANDT30) als essenzielle inhibitorische Elemente der N-terminalen Domäne des EcoRII-Moleküls. Die Deletion von B1 oder H2 führte zu einer vollständigen Aufhebung der Autoinhibition. Darüber hinaus ist es uns gelungen, die 3D-Röntgenkristallstruktur von EcoRII mit 1,9 Å zu lösen und mit Hilfe von Computermodellen neue Interaktionen des Enzyms mit der DNA „minor groove“ zu beschreiben sowie eine Mg2+-Bindungstasche zu charakterisieren. Die Untersuchung der EcoRII-MTase durch limitierte Proteolyse zeigte, dass das Enzym in Abhängigkeit von der DNA-Sequenz und von seinen Kofaktoren, DNA auf unterschiedliche Weise binden kann. Kristallisierungsversuche der EcoRII-MTase in Anwesenheit der hemi-methylierten DNA-Erkennungssequenz ergaben erste diffraktierende Kristalle, deren Qualität optimiert werden muss und zur Strukturlösung führen soll. / Restriction and modification systems are wide spread among prokaryotes and pre-sent an efficient protection against invasion of mobile genetic elements. In general, they code for a restriction endonuclease (REase) and a DNA-methyltransferase (MTase) of the same DNA specificity. The MTase methylates the cellular DNA and by this epigenetic marker protects it against the action of the REase. The REase pre-vents the entry of foreign unmethylated DNA by site-specific cleavage. EcoRII is an REase which needs at least two copies of the recognition sequence for efficient cleavage. Investigations of the EcoRII structure and function revealed that the pro-tein is composed of two stable domains: the N-terminal domain acts as a repressor by sterically blocking the C-terminal domain and thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. This regulatory mechanism is known as autoinhibition and has been often described for eukaryotic proteins, but for the first time was proposed for a REase. In this work, we verified the regulation of the EcoRII enzyme activity by autoinhibition at the molecular level. We identified ß-strand 1 (B1: 18YFVYIKR24) and a-helix 2 (H2: 26SANDT30) as essential inhibitory elements of the N-terminal domain. Deletion of B1 or H2 caused a complete abolishment of the autoinhibition. Fur-thermore, we were able to solve the 3D-X-ray crystal structure of EcoRII at 1.9 Å. Based on computer modelling we discovered new interactions between EcoRII and the DNA minor groove and defined the position of the Mg2+ binding pocket. Investigations of the EcoRII MTase by limited proteolysis showed that the enzyme binds DNA depending on DNA sequence and cofactors in different manners. Crystallography experiments with EcoRII MTase in the presence of hemimethylated recognition site DNA showed for the first time diffracting crystals which need further optimisation to create high quality crystals which allow structure solution.