Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:01:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final FGV- Rachel_22_12.pdf: 1605373 bytes, checksum: ed26150d41394c4d92a7806a8c5e85e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:02:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final FGV- Rachel_22_12.pdf: 1605373 bytes, checksum: ed26150d41394c4d92a7806a8c5e85e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-15T18:02:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final FGV- Rachel_22_12.pdf: 1605373 bytes, checksum: ed26150d41394c4d92a7806a8c5e85e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-15T18:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final FGV- Rachel_22_12.pdf: 1605373 bytes, checksum: ed26150d41394c4d92a7806a8c5e85e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar as atitudes dos consumidores em relação ao anúncio, à marca e à intenção de compra de um produto com potencial para causar alto envolvimento no consumidor que utiliza um 'argumento ecológico' para se posicionar. O estudo foi realizado por meio de um experimento que utilizou um projeto fatorial 3x2 – três 'argumentos' publicitários e dois níveis de cor. A amostra foi composta por 286 alunos do curso de Administração de uma universidade particular de Curitiba-PR. Como base teórica foram utilizados principalmente a teoria das pistas (OLSON; JACOBI, 1972) e o Modelo de Probabilidade de Persuasão - MPE (PETTY; CACIOPPO, 1986). As hipóteses (H1, H2, H3) previam que os sujeitos que foram expostos ao 'argumento ecológico' demonstrariam atitudes mais favoráveis em relação ao anúncio, à marca e à intenção de compra do que os sujeitos que foram expostos a um argumento 'genérico'. Da mesma forma, outro grupo de hipóteses (H4, H5, H6) previa que os sujeitos expostos a pista extrínseca – 'argumento ecológico' demonstrariam atitudes mais favoráveis em relação ao anúncio, à marca e à intenção de compra do que os sujeitos expostos à pista intrínseca 'argumento acessórios'. Os resultados apontaram que os sujeitos expostos ao 'argumento ecológico' foram sensibilizados e demonstraram atitudes mais favoráveis em relação ao anúncio e à intenção de compra. No entanto, mostraram-se indiferentes em relação à marca. Também foram encontradas atitudes diferentes em relação ao anúncio e à intenção de compra dependendo do grau de envolvimento do consumidor com o produto e o seu nível de consciência ecológica. Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de 'argumentos ecológicos' como apelo persuasivo para divulgar produtos de alto envolvimento contribui para avaliação positiva do anúncio, mas não parecem agregar de forma significativa para imagem da marca, especialmente junto ao seu público alvo. / This research had as its objective to investigate the consumer attitudes in relation to advertisement, brand, and buying intention of a product with the potential to cause a high level of involvement in the consumer who utilizes an 'ecological argument' to take position. The study was realized by means of an experiment which used a factorial project 3X2 - three arguments and two levels of colors. Sample was composed by 286 pupils of the administration course of a private university in Curitiba-PR. Cues' Theory (OLSON; JACOBY, 1972) and the Model of Probability of Persuasion - MPE (PETTY; CACIOPPO, 1986) was used as support. The hypothesis (H1, H2, H3) predicted that the subjects who were exposed to the extrinsic cue – 'ecological argument' – would demonstrate more favorable attitudes in relation to the advertisement, brand and buying intention than the subjects exposed to a 'generic argument'. In the same way, the other hypothesis group (H4, H5, H6) predicts that the subjects exposed to the extrinsic cue 'ecological argument' showed more favorable attitudes to the advertisement, brand, and buying intention than the subjects exposed to the intrinsic cue 'accessory argument'. The results show that the subjects exposed to the 'ecological argument' were influenced and showed more favorable attitudes in relation to the advertisement and buying intention. However they showed indifference in relation to the brand. Different attitudes were also found in relation to the advertisement and buying intention which depended on the level of consumer involvement with the product and their level of ecological conscience. The results suggest that the use of 'ecological arguments' such as persuasive appeal to promote high involvement products contributed to the positive evaluation of the advertisement, but did not appear to add in any significant way to the image of the brand, especially within its target market.

One of the major problems in human computer interaction in a 3D virtual world is the extreme difficulty to deal with vast quantities of information in everyday life. This condition leads to problems such as indecisions of the human that outlines stress factors and causes an undesirable user experience. Part of the problem is that little findings have been contributed in research to this problem of assisting the human to make decisions quickly and provide rapid responses in respect to user experience. User experience evaluation of the human’s communication appears well situated to problems of this nature as it can be analyzed based upon interactive performance factors that help in the decision making process. For this reason, scenarios, adaptive narratives and frameworks were investigated and created as a potential tool to improve the human’s experience using cues of user’s interest related suggestions. For the purpose of a fluent interaction, a balance between passive and active interaction is aimed at and at last to achieve an immersive user experience an adaptive interactive narrative is generated that supports customizable feedback. To introduce a sophisticated version of a framework and design techniques, literature reviews, video recordings, questionnaires and personal experience evaluation have been conducted. A new platform for immersive interactions in a 3D virtual world has evolved. However, it turned out to be surprisingly difficult to evaluate the design in a setting that includes new technologies, where not much research has been done before. Based on these difficulties, the concept of three design techniques were developed and employed, in order to deal with the issue of decision-making that exists in daily life. These three techniques represent the scientific contribution to the stated major problems such as balanced interaction, immersive user experience and customizable data. This Master thesis discusses and concludes a generalizable framework on the result that was obtained when the adaptive narrative was created with its vast quantity of information that is applicable into other related installations in the commercial product design industry. / Ett av de stora problemen i människa-dator interaktion i en virtuell 3D- värld är det extremt svårt att hantera stora mängder information i vardagen. Detta tillstånd leder till problem såsom indecisions av människan som beskriver stressfaktorer och orsakar en oönskad användarupplevelse. En del av problemet är att små fynd har bidragit i forskningen på detta problem är att bistå människor att fatta beslut snabbt och ge snabba svar i förhållande till användarens upplevelse. Användare erfarenhet utvärdering av människans kommunikation verkar bra läge att problem av detta slag eftersom den kan analyseras baserat på interaktiva prestanda faktorer som hjälper i beslutsprocessen. Av denna anledning har scenarier, adaptiva berättelser och ramverk utreds och skapades som ett potentiellt verktyg för att förbättra människans erfarenhet av att använda ledtrådar i användarens intresse relaterade förslag. För en flytande interaktion, är en balans mellan passiv och aktiv samverkan som syftar till och till sist för att uppnå en uppslukande användarupplevelse en adaptiv interaktivt berättande genereras som stöder anpassningsbara återkoppling. Att införa en sofistikerad version av en ram och design tekniker, litteraturstudier, videoinspelningar, frågeformulär och personlig erfarenhet utvärdering har genomförts. En ny plattform för uppslukande interaktioner i en virtuell 3D- värld har utvecklats. Dock visade det sig vara förvånansvärt svårt att utvärdera designen i en miljö som innehåller ny teknik, där inte mycket forskning har gjorts tidigare. Baserat på dessa svårigheter, var begreppet tre design tekniker utvecklas och utnyttjas, i syfte att ta itu med frågan om beslutsfattande som finns i det dagliga livet. Dessa tre tekniker utgör den vetenskapliga bidrag till de angivna allvarliga problem såsom balanserad växelverkan, uppslukande användarupplevelse och anpassade uppgifter. Detta examensarbete behandlar och avslutar en generalizable ram på resultatet som erhölls när den adaptiva berättelsen skapades med dess stora mängd information som är tillämplig i andra installationer i kommersiella produkten designbranschen.

Dans un contexte sonore constitué de plusieurs sources sonores, l’analyse de scène auditive a pour objectif de dresser une représentation précise et utile des sons perçus. Résoudre ce type de scènes consiste à regrouper les sons provenant d’une même source et de les séparer des autres sons. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour but d’approfondir nos connaissances du traitement de ces scènes auditives complexes par le système auditif. En particulier, il s’agissait d’étudier l’influence potentielle des indices spatiaux sur la ségrégation. Une attention particulière a été portée tout au long de cette thèse pour intégrer des éléments réalistes dans toutes les études menées. Dans un environnement réel, la salle et la tête entraînent des distorsions des signaux de parole en fonction des positions de la source et du récepteur. Ce phénomène est appelé coloration. Comme première approximation de la parole, des bruits avec un spectre de parole ont été utilisés pour évaluer l’effet de la coloration. Les résultats ont montré que les fines différences spectrales monaurales induites par la coloration due à la tête et à la salle peuvent engendrer de la ségrégation. De plus, cette ségrégation peut être renforcée en ajoutant les indices binauraux associés à une position donnée (ILD, ITD). En particulier, une deuxième étude a suggéré que les variations monaurales d’intensité au cours du temps à chaque oreille étaient plus utiles pour la ségrégation que les différences interaurales de niveau. Les résultats ont également montré que le percept de latéralisation, associé à un ITD donné, favorise la ségrégation lorsque ce percept est suffisamment saillant. Par ailleurs, l’ITD per se peut induire de la ségrégation. La capacité naturelle à résoudre perceptivement une scène auditive est pertinente pour l’intelligibilité de la parole. L’objectif était de répliquer ces premières expériences, donc évaluer l’influence des indices spatiaux sur la ségrégation de signaux de parole à la place de bruits gelés. Une caractéristique de la parole est la grande variabilité de ses paramètres acoustiques qui permettent de transmettre de l’information. Ainsi, la première étape a été d’étudier dans quelle mesure la ségrégation basée sur une différence de fréquence peut être influencée par l’introduction de variabilité spectrale au sein des stimuli. L’étape suivante a été d’évaluer la différence de fréquence fondamentale requise pour séparer des flux de parole. En effet, il a été supposé que des indices de position pourraient être utiles pour renforcer la ségrégation basée sur un indice plus robuste comme une différence de F0 du fait de leur stabilité au cours du temps dans des situations réelles. Les résultats de ces expériences préliminaires ont montré que l’introduction d’une large variabilité spectrale au sein de flux de sons purs pouvait entraîner un percept compliqué, probablement constitué des multiples flux sonores. De plus, les résultats ont indiqué qu’une différence de F0 comprise entre 3 et 5 demi-tons permettait de séparer des signaux de parole. Les résultats de ces expériences pourront être utilisés pour concevoir la prochaine expérience visant à étudier dans quelle mesure un percept ambigu peut évoluer vers de la ségrégation par l’introduction d’indices de position. / In a context of competing sound sources, the auditory scene analysis aims to draw an accurate and useful representation of the perceived sounds. Solving such a scene consists of grouping sound events which come from the same source and segregating them from the other sounds. This PhD work intended to further our understanding of how the human auditory system processes these complex acoustic environments, with a particular emphasis on the potential influence of spatial cues on perceptual stream segregation. All the studies conducted during this PhD endeavoured to rely on realistic configurations.In a real environment, the diffraction and reflection properties of the room and the head lead to distortions of the sounds depending on the source and receiver positions. This phenomenon is named colouration. Speechshaped noises, as a first approximation of speech sounds, were used to evaluate the effect of this colouration on stream segregation. The results showed that the slight monaural spectral differences induced by head and room colouration can induce segregation. Moreover, this segregation was enhanced by adding the binaural cues associated with a given position (ITD, ILD). Especially, a second study suggested that the monaural intensity variations across time at each ear were more relevant for stream segregation than the interaural level differences. The results also indicated that the percept of lateralization associated with a given ITD helped the segregation when the lateralization was salient enough. Besides, the ITD per se could also favour segregation.The natural ability to perceptually solve an auditory scene is relevant for speech intelligibility. The main idea was to replicate the first experiments with speech items instead of frozen noises. A characteristic of running speech is a high degree of acoustical variability used to convey information. Thus, as a first step, we investigated the robustness of stream segregation based on a frequency difference to variability on the same acoustical cue (i.e., frequency). The second step was to evaluate the fundamental frequency difference that enables to separate speech items. Indeed, according to the limited effects measured in the two first experiments, it was assumed that spatial cues might be relevant for stream segregation only in interaction with another “stronger” cue such as a F0 difference.The results of these preliminary experiments showed first that the introduction of a large spectral variability introduced within pure tone streams can lead to a complicated percept, presumably consisting of multiple streams. Second, the results suggested that a fundamental frequency difference comprised between 3 and 5 semitones enables to separate speech item. These experiments provided results that will be used to design the next experiment investigating how an ambiguous percept could be biased toward segregation by introducing spatial cues.

Abstract This dissertation studies emotional displays in talk-in-interaction, especially focusing on conversational argument, storytelling and teasing. The aim is to understand how verbal expressions, prosodic cues, and embodied actions interact with each other in emotional expression. The main analytic approach and methodology is conversation analysis and multimodal interaction analysis, applied to interactional sequences from everyday conversations. The research data comes from three different video recordings and their transcripts. First, the dissertation reveals two broad types of frustration in conversational argument. The findings suggest that combined verbal and nonverbal expression of frustration involves a complex interplay of prosodic cues and embodied actions. Nonverbal expression of frustration is displayed by embodied actions alone. Second, the dissertation shows how shared joy is conveyed between storytellers and recipients in storytelling. They can achieve shared joy because the recipients express willing participation and active recipiency in two main ways: they display verbal appreciation of the story, or they join in the storytelling through laughter, smiles, head nods, and gaze exchanges. The recipients may also offer summaries or interpretations of events in the story by comparing their own experiences to events in the story. Third, the dissertation analyzes playful teasing activity, showing how teasing activity can bring about a shared experience of amusement for both teasers and their “targets.” The study argues that recipients of teasing are active contributors in the social interaction. The transient embarrassment felt by the teased participants does not prevent the exchange from reaching a shared experience of amusement. / Tiivistelmä Väitöskirja tutkii tunteiden osoittamista arkisissa keskustelutilanteissa ja erityisesti väittelyn, tarinankerronnan ja kiusoittelun kuluessa. Tutkimusmetodi on pääasiassa keskustelunanalyysi, jonka avulla tutkitaan, miten kielelliset ilmaukset, prosodiset vihjeet sekä keholliset toiminnot yhdessä tuottavat tunneilmauksia. Tutkimusaineiston muodostaa kolme videoitua keskustelua ja niiden litteraatiot. Tutkimus osoittaa arkikeskusteluissa esiintyvissä väittelyissä ilmenevän kahtalaista turhautumisen tyyppiä. Ensimmäisessä puhujat tuottavat rinnan kielellisiä ja ei-kielellisiä turhautumisen ilmauksia, toisessa turhautumista osoitetaan vain ei-kielellisin keinoin. Tuloksien mukaan edellisessä tyypissä prosodia ja keholliset toiminnot ovat monimutkaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa keskenään. Jälkimmäisessä tyypissä turhautumista ilmaistaan pelkästään keholla. Toiseksi väitöskirja osoittaa, miten jaettu ilon tunne syntyy puhujien ja vastaanottajien välisenä toimintana. Tarinankerronnassa saavutetaan ilon hetkiä, koska vastaanottajat ovat halukkaasti mukana kerronnassa ja osoittavat aktiivista vastaanottoa kahdella tavalla: he osoittavat arvostusta kertomusta kohtaan verbaalisin keinoin, tai he liittyvät kerrontaan mukaan nauramalla, hymyilemällä, nyökkäilemällä, vaihtamalla katseita keskenään, referoimalla ja tulkitsemalla kertojan aiempaa puhetta formulaatioillaan ja vertailemalla omia kokemuksiaan tarinan tilanteeseen. Kolmanneksi tutkimus analysoi leikkisää kiusoittelua, joka saadaan aikaan liioittelevilla kielellisillä ilmauksilla sekä liioittelevilla prosodisilla vihjeillä ja eleillä. Tutkimus näyttää, että kiusoittelun kohteet aktiivisesti myötävaikuttavat kiusoittelutoimintaan. He voivat olla siinä mukana liioittelevilla vastausvuoroilla, nauramalla tai toimimalla mukana pelkästään eleiden avulla. Empiirinen analyysi näyttää, että kiusoittelutoiminta tuottaa yhteisen huvittuneisuuden kokemuksen keskustelun kuluessa. Kiusoittelijan ja kiusoittelun kohteen kokema ohimenevä nolous tai kiusaantuneisuus ei estä tämän yhteisen huvittuneisuuden kokemuksen saavuttamista.

Le maintien de la stabilité posturale est généralement décrit comme le résultat de l’intégration de plusieurs modalités sensorielles : vision, proprioception, tactile plantaire et système vestibulaire. Bien qu’étant une source riche d’informations spatiales, l’audition a été très peut étudiée dans ce cadre. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence spécifique du son sur la posture.La première partie de ces travaux concerne la mise en place et la caractérisation perceptive d’un système de spatialisation ambisonique d’ordre 5. Ce système permet de générer et de déplacer des sons dans tout l’espace 3D entourant l’auditeur, ainsi que de synthétiser des espaces sonores immersifs et réalistes.Ensuite, ce système a été utilisé comme un outil pour la génération de stimuli adaptés à l’étude de l’influence du son sur la posture. Ainsi, la posture debout statique de sujets jeunes et en bonne santé a été étudiée dans un ensemble de cinq expériences posturales. Les résultats de ces différentes études montrent que l’information auditive spatiale peut être intégrée dans le système de régulation posturale, et permettre aux sujets d’atteindre une meilleure stabilité posturale.Deux pistes sont évoquées pour interpréter cette stabilisation : d’un côté, l’utilisation des indices acoustiques pour construire une carte spatiale de l’espace environnant, représentation par rapport à laquelle les sujets peuvent se stabiliser ; de l’autre, des phénomènes d’intégration multi-sensorielle, où la modalité auditive permettrait de potentialiser l’intégration des différentes informations fournies par les autres modalités impliquées dans le contrôle postural. / Postural control is known to be the result of the integration by the central nervous system of several sensory modalities. In the literature, visual, proprioceptive, plantar touch and vestibular inputs are generally mentioned, and the role of audition is often neglected, even though sound is a rich and broad source of information on the whole surroundind 3D space. In the frame of this PhD, we focused on the specific role of sound on posture. The first part of this work is related to the design, the set-up and the perceptual evaluation of a fifth order ambisonics sound spatialization system. This system makes it possible to generate and move sound sources in the 3D space surrounding the listener and also to synthesize immersive and realistic sound environments. Then, this sound spatialization system was used as a tool to generate sound stimuli used in five different postural tests. In these tests, we studied the static upright stance of young and healthy subjects. The results of these studies show that the spatial auditory information can be integrated in the postural control system, allowing the subjects to reach a better stability.Two complementary trails are proposed to explain these stabilizing effects. Firstly, the spatial acoustic cues can contribute to the building of a mental representation of the surrounding environment; given this representation, the subjects could improve their stability. Secondly, we introduce multisensory integration phenomena: the auditory component could facilitate the integration of the other modalities implied in the postural control system.

​Does political information lower the incidence of ethnic voting in Africa? Even though a significant amount of research has been dedicated to African ethnic voting behaviour,​not much capacity has been dedicated to studying the function of ethnic cues as informational shortcuts. Considering voters use cognitive shortcuts like party affiliations or ideology when making decisions, it is also plausible that voters in elections characterized by ethnic voting use demographic cues in lieu of more comprehensive information. The aim of this thesis was therefore to contribute to the existing research on how informational context affects ethnicity as a determinant for voting behaviour, testing a theory developed by Conroy-Krutz suggesting more political information reduces the incidence of ethnic voting. Using Afrobarometer survey data from 2016-2018, regression analysis was conducted measuring the effects of access to and consumption of political information on ethnic voting in Kenya. The results are ambiguous and do not lend support to the theory in its current form, but instead suggests that what kind of political information and how it is perceived might affect the relationship with ethnic voting. Another possibility is that the content of the political information, bringing about factors like media coverage and press freedom, should be accounted into the model. More research is needed to dismiss or develop the theory, and so this thesis opens up for more research to be made concerning our understanding on the effects of political information on ethnic voting behavior.

Research documented the effectiveness of obesity surgery (OS) for long-term weight loss and improvements in medical and psychosocial sequelae, and general cognitive functioning. However, there is only preliminary evidence for changes in attentional processing of food cues after OS. This study longitudinally investigated visual attention towards food cues from pre- to 1-year post-surgery. Using eye tracking (ET) and a Visual Search Task (VST), attentional processing of food versus non-food cues was assessed in n = 32 patients with OS and n = 31 matched controls without weight-loss treatment at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Associations with experimentally assessed impulsivity and eating disorder psychopathology and the predictive value of changes in visual attention towards food cues for weight loss and eating behaviors were determined. During ET, both groups showed significant gaze duration biases to non-food cues without differences and changes over time. No attentional biases over group and time were found by the VST. Correlations between attentional data and clinical variables were sparse and not robust over time. Changes in visual attention did not predict weight loss and eating disorder psychopathology after OS. The present study provides support for a top-down regulation of visual attention to non-food cues in individuals with severe obesity. No changes in attentional processing of food cues were detected 1-year post-surgery. Further studies are needed with comparable methodology and longer follow-ups to clarify the role of biased visual attention towards food cues for long-term weight outcomes and eating behaviors after OS.

The news are consumed with rising frequency through the social network sites. This activity is going to be grasped with the use of two concepts: opinion leadership and framing because in the social network sites environment the active and influential users (opinion leaders) are attempting to pass certain viewpoints (frames) to other users. It is going to be evaluated to what extent can such framing be effective. An experiment was therefore conducted - it presents the subjects with an artificial news article and a Facebook "introductory" post. The experiment also lays emphasis on moderators that influence the effectiveness of passing the frames. For a realistic setting of the entire study, determining the opinion leaders and an analysis of their language means is going to be conducted. The goal of this study is thus grasping the way in which people are being informed about the public issues and the way they are forming opinions about them in the environment of social network sites. Keywords: opinion leadership, framing, Facebook, social network sites, source cues, credibility, belief importance change

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how consumers of slow fashion experience value of apparel in relation to price, quality, appearance and style, awareness, and trust.Research questions: How do the extrinsic cues in relation to slow fashion influence the value journey of slow fashion consumers? What is the experienced value journey of slow fashion consumers from pre-purchase to post-purchase of apparel?Methodology: data was collected through semi-structured interviewing with eight participantsFindings: The research identified that slow fashion consumers undergo a value journey based on five components: their knowledge, altruistic concerns, personal investment, expectations, and their emotional connection. Their knowledge is formed by how much the slow fashion consumers know about the production process of the apparel, the material quality of the apparel, and themselves in terms of their personal preferences. Their altruistic concerns involve influences how they consume and use clothes based on their ethics. Their personal investment is determined by how much time, effort, and resources they are willing to spend on pieces of apparel. The slow fashion consumer then set an expectation on how well the piece of apparel satisfies these three components through its usage in a post-purchase context. If the piece of apparel exceeds their expectations, they form an emotional connection. This emotional connection again determines their next line of consumption of apparel in a pre-purchase context. These five components determine therefore the process of slow fashion consumers’ perceived value pre-purchase to the perceived value-in-use post-purchase.

No description available.