Trois expériences ont été menées dans le but de déterminer quels codes sous-tendant la représentation de l’organisation spatiale des composantes des formes complexes contribuent aux discriminations d’objets complexes. Les trois expériences ont utilisé une tâche d’appariement simultané d’objets complexes. Aux essais négatifs, les objets pouvaient avoir des différences catégorielles de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration et du rôle des parties ou des différences du rôle des parties seulement. La distance angulaire 2D ou 3D entre les stimuli pouvait varier. À l’expérience 1, les stimuli étaient présentés avec stéréoscopie et avaient une surface avec un gradient de texture de haut contraste. L’expérience 2 constitue une réplication de l’expérience 1 hormis pour l’utilisation de stimuli dont le contraste était réduit. Le but de cette manipulation était de vérifier si les résultats de l’expérience 1 sont répliqués avec une tâche dont le niveau de difficulté est plus élevé. Les stimuli de la troisième expérience avaient une surface gris mat et étaient présentés sans stéréoscopie. Les trois expériences ont montré que des codes catégoriel et pertinent aux rôles des parties contribuent à la discrimination d’objets complexes. Toutefois, ces codes sont dépendants aux orientations 2D et 3D, et ce, peu importe la richesse de l’information de profondeur présente dans les stimuli. De plus, nos résultats démontrent une plus grande sensibilité aux différences catégorielles de configuration qu’aux différences métriques. Enfin, un code métrique contribue également aux discriminations. Toutefois, la contribution de ce code disparaît lorsque la quantité d’information de profondeur est réduite. / Tree experiments were conducted to determine which codes underlie the representation of the spatial organisation of the components of complex shapes. The tree experiments used a simultaneous matching task of complex objects. For the negative trials, the objects could have categorical differences of configuration, metric differences of configuration, metric difference along with differences in the role of parts, and differences in the role of parts only. The 2D or 3D angular distance between the stimuli could vary. In experiment 1, the stimuli were presented with stereopsis and had a surface with high contrast texture. Experiment 2 replicates the condition of experiment 1, except that the contrast of the stimuli was reduced. The goal of this manipulation was to verify if the results of experiment 1 were replicated if task difficulty is increased. In experiment 3, the stimuli were presented without stereopsis and without texture. The tree experiments showed that a categorical code, and a code relevant to the role of the parts contribute to the discrimination of complex objects and that these codes are dependent to 2D and 3D orientation, independently of depth cues. The results also show a greater sensitivity to categorical than to metric configuration differences. Finally, a metric code also contributes to complex shapes discrimination. However, the contribution of this code disappears when the quantity of depth cues is reduced.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Many grassland songbird species exhibit sensitivity to patch size in North America’s fragmented prairie ecosystems, but the mechanisms explaining this area sensitivity are not well understood. I tested the effects of patch size and artificial conspecific location cues (song playback and decoys) on grassland songbird abundance in 23 northern tall-grass prairies in Manitoba, Canada, in 2010 and 2011. Richness and relative abundances increased with patch area; this effect was not explained by differences in local habitat structure, patch configuration, and adjacent matrix. Artificial cues elicited putative territory prospecting in small, previously unoccupied treatment patches from two focal species, Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis; n=3 treatment sites) and Le Conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii; n=4 treatment sites), but not in control patches (n=3 for both focal species). Social information may influence the focal species’ settlement decisions, but the lack of permanent settlement response suggests social cues are unable to reverse their area sensitivity.

Many grassland songbird species exhibit sensitivity to patch size in North America’s fragmented prairie ecosystems, but the mechanisms explaining this area sensitivity are not well understood. I tested the effects of patch size and artificial conspecific location cues (song playback and decoys) on grassland songbird abundance in 23 northern tall-grass prairies in Manitoba, Canada, in 2010 and 2011. Richness and relative abundances increased with patch area; this effect was not explained by differences in local habitat structure, patch configuration, and adjacent matrix. Artificial cues elicited putative territory prospecting in small, previously unoccupied treatment patches from two focal species, Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis; n=3 treatment sites) and Le Conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii; n=4 treatment sites), but not in control patches (n=3 for both focal species). Social information may influence the focal species’ settlement decisions, but the lack of permanent settlement response suggests social cues are unable to reverse their area sensitivity.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the assumptions that underpin contemporary hospital infection control programs from the perspective of the influence of clinical culture on the integration and ownership of the infection control program. The results of numerous studies have linked low levels of adherence with infection control principles amongst health care providers as the most significant factor contributing to nosocomial infection. Despite early successes in reducing nosocomial infection rates, results derived from current research demonstrate that nosocomial infection has remained a challenge to healthcare providers and patients alike and outbreaks are regularly reported in the infection control literature. Serious economic and social impact has resulted from the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance that have been reported amongst pathogens associated with nosocomial infection. This interpretive study takes an ethnographic approach, using multiple data sources to provide insight into the culture and context of infection control practice drawing upon clinicians' work and the clinician's perspective. There were three approaches to data collection. A postal survey of surgeons was conducted, a group of nurses participated in a quality activity, and a clinical ethnography was conducted in an intensive care unit and an operating theatre complex. Data were analysed in accordance with the qualitative and quantitative approaches to data management. Findings indicate that the clinical culture exerts significant influence over the degree to which the infection control program activities change practice and that rather than imposing the infection control program on the clinical practice setting from outside, sustained practice change is more likely to be achieved if the motivation and impetus for change is culturally based. Moreover surveillance, if it is to influence clinicians and their practice, must provide confidence in its accuracy. It must be meaningful to them and linked to patient care outcomes. Contemporary hospital infection control programs, based on assumptions about a combination of surveillance and control activities have resulted in decreased nosocomial infection rates. However, sustained infection control practice change has not been achieved despite the application of a range of surveillance and control strategies. This research project has utilized an ethnographic approach to provide an emic perspective of infection control practice within a range of practice contexts. The findings from this study are significant within the context of spiraling health costs and increasing antibiotic resistance associated with nosocomial infection.

Submitted by Silvia Marcomini (silvia.marcomini92@gmail.com) on 2017-01-02T17:04:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-01-04T13:07:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T13:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / The literature shows that shopping environment has an impact on various consumer behaviors, and that favourable environmental cues are associated with higher customer’ quality perception and willingness to pay. I investigated and found that this is true only when consumers are in a positive mood. When they are in a negative mood, consumers infer higher quality from a discount-looking shop. A between-design experimental survey has been conducted to analyze the impact of shopping environment, mood and shopping motivation on customers’ perception of quality and willingness to pay. Two mood conditions (positive/negative) have been created and induced to respondents at the beginning of the survey, along with two shopping environment conditions (upscale-looking/discount-looking) based on design, scent and sales personnel factors. Results show that shopping environment does not impact significantly the dependent variables but it interacts significantly with mood to determine quality perception; shopping motivation impacts significantly both quality perception and willingness to pay. / A literatura existente mostra que o ambiente do local onde se realizam compras impactua o comportamento do consumidor e que certos elementos favoráveis presentes neste local, estão associados a uma maior perceção de qualidade e uma maior disposição para comprar por parte dos consumidores. A autora investigou e descobriu que esta afirmação apenas se confirma quando os consumidores estão com bom-humor. Se em contrapartida, os consumidores estiverem com mau-humor, são os próprios que inferem uma maior qualidade aos produtos que sejam comprados numa loja de descontos. Realizou-se um questionário experimental para analisar o impacto do ambiente do local de compras, humor e motivação na perceção de qualidade e na disposição para comprar dos consumidores. Duas condições de humor (positivas / negativas) foram criadas e induzidas aos inquiridos no início do questionário, juntamente com duas condições de ambiente de compras (de alto nível / com desconto) baseadas em fatores como o design do espaço, o aroma e os empregados do local. Os resultados mostram que o ambiente do local de compras não afeta significativamente as variáveis dependentes, mas interage significativamente com o humor para determinar a perceção de qualidade dos produtos por parte dos consumidores. Por outro lado, a motivação para comprar afeta claramente tanto a perceção quanto a disposição para comprar.

Ce travail s’est intéressé au traitement sous cortical de la parole dégradée par le bruit, notamment par la caractérisation première de l’importance de certains traits acoustiques dans la perception de la parole normale. Pour cela, nous avons d’abord participé à la mise au point de la technique électrophysiologique de potentiels évoqués auditifs obtenus en réponse à des sons de parole, technique proche de celle des potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces, mais qui a des exigences propres en matière de traitement du signal et de techniques de recueil, qui nécessitent une adaptation importante de part la nature différente des stimuli français par rapport aux stimuli anglais utilisés par l’équipe de référence américaine. Les différents axes de notre recherche ont, par ailleurs, permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de l’encodage sous cortical de certaines caractéristiques acoustiques telles que l’enveloppe temporelle, le voisement, mettant par là même en évidence un possible effet corticofuge sur l’encodage de celui-ci. Ces différentes expériences nous ont amenés à nous poser la question des conditions idéales de recueil des PEASP, et notamment l’effet de l’intensité sur le recueil de ceux-ci, mettant en évidence une relation non-linéaire entre l’intensité de stimulation, et les caractéristiques des PEAPSP. Si une intensité de 20 dB SL semble nécessaire au recueil d’un PEAPSP, les réponses montrent une variabilité qui reste très grande à l’échelon individuel, ce qui rend l’utilisation de l’outil PEAPSP à visée diagnostique, que ce soit dans les troubles du langage chez l’enfant, ou dans les troubles de l’audition dans le bruit, difficile. / The major purpose of my thesis was the investigation of brainstem structures implications into speech in noise processing, particularly by identifying the impact of acoustic cues on normal speech perception. Firstly, we were involved in the engineering of the speech auditory brainstem responses (SABR) recording system. SABR are similar to brainstem auditory evoked responses to clicks, but require different acquisition and signal processing set-ups, due to the difference between the French and the American stimuli used by the American reference team. The different studies presented here, permitted to emphasize the role of brainstem structures into the subcortical processing of acoustical cues, such as the temporal enveloppe, or the voicing, with a possible evidence of a corticofugal effect on SABR. These experimentations lead us to a more fundamental question on the best conditions required for PEASP collection, in particular, the best stimulation intensity needed. The results of the experiment on intensity effect showed a non linear relation between the stimulation intensity and PEASP characteristics. Even if an intensity of only 20 dB SL seems enough for SABR recording, individual results are still highly variable so that diagnostic application of SABR on, for example, children with language learning problems or subject suffering from speech in noise perception impairment remains difficult.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6771.pdf: 2633293 bytes, checksum: 5e96d8a978a1500ee7076ecfbaf044d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Animal experimentation with several species contributes to knowledge and understanding of different learning principles and aspects of human behavior. The domestic dog has been appointed as interesting to the comparative study with humans because of the long history of sharing the same physical and social environment. Among the lines of research pursued with dogs, two are of greater importance for the studies presented in this Thesis: sensitivity to human social cues and investigation of potentially symbolic behavior. Article 1 aimed to investigate the role of ontogenetic learning in the sensitivity to social cues of puppies in two experiments. The main results showed that exposure to human social environment had a significant impact on the performance of subjects, as well as the different degrees of salience of the social cues. Article 2 provides a number of experimental techniques used in studies with dogs, monkeys and bees in attempts to establish visual arbitrary conditional relations between stimuli. These techniques were insufficient to produce such a repertoire in dogs and bees and were partially effective with capuchin monkeys. For dogs, there was a prominent interference of preference for positions or stimuli during the procedure. Article 3 presents an experiment of responding by exclusion in a context of simple discrimination with adult dogs. The results showed evidence of exclusion responding for almost all subjects. Finally, Article 4 aimed to replicate the exclusion results presented in Article 3, adding some experimental controls, and evaluate emergent learning as a result of exclusion trials. The data pointed that, again, the dogs showed exclusion responding, however, learning of new functions of stimuli only occurred after a few repetitions of exclusion trials. Combined, these results add data to the literature of behavioral repertoire with dogs and basic learning processes regarding both sensitivity to social cues and symbolic behavior. / O estudo com animais de diversas especies contribui para o conhecimento e compreensao de diferentes principios de aprendizagem e aspectos do comportamento humanos. O cao domestico tem sido apontado como interessante ao estudo comparativo com o homem devido a longa historia de compartilhamento do mesmo ambiente fisico e social entre ambos. Dentre as linhas de pesquisa desenvolvidas com caes, duas sao de grande importancia para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos apresentados nessa Tese: sensibilidade a dicas sociais humanas e investigacoes sobre comportamento potencialmente simbolico. O Artigo 1 artigo teve o objetivo de investigar o papel da aprendizagem ontogenetica na sensibilidade a dicas sociais em filhotes de caes em dois experimentos. Como principais resultados, encontrou-se que a exposicao ao ambiente social humano teve importante impacto sobre o desempenho dos sujeitos, bem como os diferentes graus de saliencia das dicas usadas. O Artigo 2 apresenta uma serie de recursos experimentais usados em estudos com caes, abelhas e macacos-prego em tentativas de estabelecimento de relacoes condicionais arbitrarias visuais entre estimulos. Tais recursos foram insuficientes para produzir o repertorio desejado em caes e abelhas e foram parcialmente efetivos com macacos-prego. No caso dos caes, observou-se grande interferencia de preferencia por posicoes ou estimulos durante o procedimento. O Artigo 3 apresenta um experimento de responder por exclusao em um contexto de discriminacoes simples com caes adultos. Os resultados apontaram para evidencias de responder por exclusao para praticamente todos os sujeitos. Finalmente, o Artigo 4 teve o objetivo de replicar os dados de exclusao obtidos no Artigo 3 acrescentando alguns controles experimentais e avaliacao de aprendizagem emergente decorrente das tentativas de exclusao. Os dados apontaram que, novamente, os caes apresentaram responder por exclusao, no entanto, a aprendizagem das funcoes de novos estimulos so ocorreu apos algumas repeticoes de tentativas de exclusao. Em conjunto, os resultados acrescentam dados a literatura da area de estudos de repertorios comportamentais com caes e investigacao de processos basicos de aprendizagem tanto no que se refere a sensibilidade a dicas sociais, quanto comportamentos simbolicos.

Responses of tadpoles Bombina variegata (likely unexperienced with predator) to pulses of risk and safety were tested and compared with results of a bachelor thesis previously done on tadpoles Bufo bufo (species likely experienced with predator) to confirm the risk allocation hypothesis. Differences of overall activity of both species were not significant. Differences in activity between Bufo bufo and Bombina variegata tadpoles held in continual risk conditions were observed. Such behavior possibilities are discussed.

Vetskapen om att människans fem sinnen, syn, ljud, känsel, lukt och smak, kan påverkas genom att stimuleras på olika sätt har tagits i beaktning vid utformningen av marknadsföringsverktyget kallat sinnesmarknadsföring. Sinnesmarknadsföring beskrivs som ett framväxande paradigm inom marknadsföringsområdet. Stimulering av sinnena kan bidra till skapandet av helt nya sinnesupplevelser för kunden i den fysiska butiksmiljön. En butiksatmosfärs utformning som har sin utgångspunkt i människans fem sinnen kan påverka kundens beteende och skapa konkurrensfördelar. En stor mängd av den forskning och de studier som genomförts inom ämnet sinnesmarknadsföring undersöker hur kunden blir påverkad av olika sinnesstimuli och hur sinnesstimuli kan användas. En kunskapslucka gällande hur sinnesmarknadsföring faktiskt används i fysiska butiksmiljöer inom detaljhandelsbranschen identifierades. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att skapa förståelse för hur mikroföretag använder sinnesmarknadsföring i den fysiska butiksmiljön. Vid insamlingen av empiriska data användes en kvalitativ metod och fem intervjuer genomfördes med butiksägare eller anställda som ansvarar för utformningen av en butiksmiljö inom detaljhandelsbranschen. Resultaten visar att flexibilitet är ett nyckelord när det kommer till mikroföretagens utformning av sinnesupplevelser i butiksmiljön. Det har även framgått att vid utformandet av butiksmiljön prioriteras i huvudsak strategier gällande tre av de fyra sinnena som undersökts i denna studie; syn, ljud och känsel. Den styrande faktorn som påverkar arbetet med sinnesupplevelserna i butiksmiljön är visionen för hur butiksatmosfären ska vara och upplevas av företagets kunder. Slutsatsen är att mikroföretag trots sin ringa storlek kan skapa och anpassa sinnesupplevelser utifrån de egna förutsättningarna och sin vision för butiksatmosfären för att differentiera sig. / The knowledge that the five human senses; sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, are affected in different ways by stimulation has been taken into account in the making of the marketing tool called sensory marketing. Within the marketing area, sensory marketing is described as an emerging paradigm. Stimulating the senses can lead to the creation of entirely new sensory experiences for the customer in a physical store environment. A store atmosphere based on the five human senses can affect the customer’s behavior and create competitive advantages. A large amount of the former research and studies made on sensory marketing focuses on how the customer may be affected by different sensory cues and how sensory cues can be used. A gap in knowledge has been identified regarding how sensory marketing is actually used in a physical retail store environment. The purpose of this thesis is to create a deeper level of understanding in regard to how micro-enterprises apply sensory marketing in their physical store environment. The empirical data has been collected adopting a qualitative method and five interviews have been conducted with business-owners or employees that are in charge of the environment in a retail store. Results show that flexibility is a keyword in regards to how the micro-enterprises creates the sensory experiences in the store environment. It also showed that when the store environment is created, three of the four senses studied in this thesis are prioritized; sight, hearing and touch. The determining factor that affects the creation of the sensory experiences in the store environment is the vision that states how the store atmosphere should be and be perceived by customers of the company. The conclusion is that although the micro-enterprises may be small in size they can create and adapt their sensory experiences based on their own conditions and their visions for the store atmosphere in order to differentiate themselves.