Transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires an increase in the volume of renewable Distributed Generation (DG), particularly wind and photovoltaic, connected to distribution networks. To facilitate the connection of renewable DG without the need for expensive and time-consuming network reinforcements, distribution networks should move from passive to active methods of operation, whereby technical network constraints are actively managed in real time. This requires the deployment of control solutions that manage network constraints and, crucially, ensure adequate levels of energy curtailment from DG plants by using other controllable elements to solve network issues rather than resorting to generation curtailment only. This thesis proposes a deterministic distribution Network Management System (NMS) to facilitate the connections of renewable DG plants (specifically wind) by actively managing network voltages and congestion in real time through the optimal control of on-load tap changers (OLTCs), DG power factor and, then, generation curtailment as a last resort. The set points for the controllable elements are found using an AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF). The proposed NMS considers the realistic modelling of control by adopting one-minute resolution time-series data. To decrease the volumes of control actions from DG plants and OLTCs, the proposed approach departs from multi-second control cycles to multi-minute control cycles. To achieve this, the decision-making algorithm is further improved into a risk-based one to handle the uncertainties in wind power throughout the multi-minute control cycles. The performance of the deterministic and the risk-based NMS are compared using a 33 kV UK distribution network for different control cycles. The results show that the risk-based approach can effectively manage network constraints better than the deterministic approach, particularly for multi-minute control cycles, reducing also the number of control actions but at the expense of higher levels of curtailment. This thesis also proposes energy storage sizing framework to find the minimum power rating and energy capacity of multiple storage facilities to reduce curtailment from DG plants. A two-stage iterative process is adopted in this framework. The first stage uses a multi-period AC OPF across the studied horizon to obtain initial storage sizes considering hourly wind and load profiles. The second stage adopts a high granularity minute-by-minute control driven by a mono-period bi-level AC OPF to tune the first-stage storage sizes according to the actual curtailment. The application of the proposed planning framework to a 33 kV UK distribution network demonstrates the importance of embedding real-time control aspects into the planning framework so as to accurately size storage facilities. By using reactive power capabilities of storage facilities it is possible to reduce storage sizes. The combined active management of OLTCs and power factor of DG plants resulted in the most significant benefits in terms of the required storage sizes.

A module-level DC optimization proof of concept architecture is proposed to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) strings by minimizing the negative effects of shading caused by intermittent cloud cover while reducing cloud induced fast frequency fluctuations. The decentralized inverter approach combines the benefits of string and micro-inverter technology. This device can be affixed to pre-existing or new systems and operates in compliance with IEEE 1547 and California rule 21 standards by operating in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or curtailment mode whenever necessary. The modular level device encapsulates three individual processes: an optimization engine to determine minimum power requirements, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to eliminate the effect of passing cloud cover, and a voltage regulation stage to monitor and appropriately adjust the output voltage of the device. Ramp rate reduction was accomplished using adaptive fuzzy logic control with a heuristic rule base inference engine. The modular design can be affixed to grid connected or islanded systems allowing for operation in regulated and variable load conditions. Matlab/Simulink 2019a was used to design and simulate the proof of concept model to verify the resiliency to partial shading, reduction of ramp rates during passing cloud coverage, and optimal output voltage for each panel while maintaining a constant DC link voltage of 120 V. This proof of concept has been successfully validated therefore further testing will be performed for various irradiance conditions.

yes / The current electricity grid suffers from numerous challenges due to the lack of an effective energy management strategy that is able to match the generated power to the load demand. This problem becomes more pronounced with microgrids, where the variability of the load is obvious and the generation is mostly coming from renewables, as it depends on the usage of distributed energy sources. Building a smart microgrid would be much more economically feasible than converting the large electricity grid into a smart grid, as it would require huge investments in replacing legacy equipment with smart equipment. In this paper, application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in different parts of the microgrid is carried out to achieve an effective IoT architecture in addition to proposing the Internet-of-Asset (IoA) concept that will be able to convert any legacy asset into a smart IoT-ready one. This will allow the effective connection of all assets to a cloud-based IoT. The role of which is to perform computations and big data analysis on the collected data from across the smart microgrid to send effective energy management and control commands to different controllers. Then the IoT cloud will send control actions to solve microgrid's technical issues such as solving energy mismatch problem by setting prediction models, increasing power quality by the effective commitment of DERs and eliminating load shedding by turning off only unnecessary loads so consumers won't suffer from power outages. The benefits of using IoT on various parts within the microgrid are also addressed.

Due to the rapid growth of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation mix, the distribution grid will face complex operational challenges. High PV penetration can create overvoltages and voltage fluctuations in the network, which are major concerns for the grid operator. Traditional voltage control devices like switched capacitor banks or line voltage regulators can alleviate slow-moving fluctuations, but these devices need to operate more frequently than usual when PV generation fluctuates due to fast cloud movements. Such frequent operations will impact the life expectancy of these voltage control devices. Advanced PV inverter functionalities enable solar PV systems to provide reliable grid support through controlled real injection and/or reactive power compensation. This dissertation proposes a voltage regulation technique to mitigate probable impacts of high PV penetrations on the distribution voltage profile using smart inverter functionalities. A droop-based reactive power compensation method with active power curtailment is proposed, which uses the local voltage regulation at the inverter end. This technique is further augmented with very short-term PV generation forecasts. A hybrid forecasting algorithm is proposed here which is based on measurement-dependent dynamic modeling of PV systems using the Kalman Filter theory. Physical modeling of the PV system is utilized by this forecasting algorithm. Because of the rise in distributed PV systems, modeling of geographic dispersion is also addressed under PV system modeling. The proposed voltage regulation method is coordinated with existing voltage regulator operations to reduce required number of tap-change operations. Control settings of the voltage regulators are adjusted to achieve minimal number of tap-change operations within a predefined time window. Finally, integration of energy storage is studied to highlight the value of the proposed voltage regulation technique vis-à-vis increased solar energy use. / Ph. D. / Rapid growth of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) systems poses both opportunities and technical challenges for the electric distribution grid. Significant among them are overvoltage and voltage fluctuations in the network, which may lead to overheating of electrical devices and equipment malfunction. Due to the variable nature of solar irradiance, existing voltage control devices often need to operate more frequently than usual which can cause recurring maintenance needs for these devices. To make solar PV more grid-friendly, changes are taking place in grid codes which encourage developing advanced PV inverter functions. With these functions, a smart inverter, which possesses bidirectional communication capability, can be integrated into a smart grid environment. This work discusses how these inverters can provide active power curtailment and reactive power compensation to maintain voltages at their points of interconnection. The inherent variability and uncertainty in solar energy production can be addressed with solar forecasting. Application of PV generation forecasting as a tool to aid distribution voltage control is proposed in this dissertation. Using solar forecasting, smart inverters can contribute in relieving the stress on other voltage control devices due to PV-induced fluctuations. Integrating storage elements can also aid this voltage regulation method, as they can consume surplus PV generation when needed. This dissertation is designed to provide a systematic approach to manage the overvoltage and voltage fluctuations on a real-time basis for a high PV penetration scenario. Proposed methodology combines smart inverter functionalities with solar forecasting and develops an application which can be realized to ensure seamless PV integration in a growing landscape of renewables.

The Swedish island of Gotland , situated about 100 km from mainland Sweden in the Baltic Sea, represents a power system with a high wind power penetration. The island is connected to the mainland Sweden exclusively via two HVDC cables that provide the only source of active power and frequency control. The two cables can operate in different configurations, i.e. import or export power from or to mainland. However, in order to ensure the N-1 criterion, one of the cables currently always must import power from the mainland. This means that the available power exporting capacity is limited to the rated power of one of the cables. Therefore, in the case of having a fault on the exporting HVDC cable during low load demand and high wind power production, the power system will suffer from high active power transients that will increase the frequency above the acceptable threshold. Consequently, the protection system will trip the over-frequency relays, triggering cascading outages on the island that might eventually lead to blackout if the problem is not addressed correctly. Thus, increasing the renewable energy production on Gotland is currently considered as a risk that will increase the probability of instable over-frequency contingencies. This has led the local grid operator to cap the installed wind power capacity to its current level. Therefore, the ability to preserve the stability of the power system during islanded operations until the HVDC cables fault is cleared or the emergency reserves are online is essential for the growth of installed wind power capacity. The main objective of the thesis is to examine the capability of a centralized energy storage along with or without wind curtailment. The ESS is tested for maintaining the frequency stability during the unintentional islanding through dynamic studies using the software PSS/E. The results show that an ESS prevents frequency instabilities and provide frequency response during HVDC cables fault albeit of the absence of any form of rotating inertia. The results show that for today’s 185 MW of installed wind power capacity, an energy storage of 50 MW power capacity will reduce over-frequency instabilities in the case of HVDC cables fault from 13% to 1%. The analysis finds that the power capacity of the energy storage depends on the exported power from the HVDC cables at the instant of fault, which eventually relates to the installed wind power capacity. finally, the study shows that using wind power curtailment will significantly decrease the energy capacity of the energy storage.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3282821 bytes, checksum: 0a6337bcffedce1d307941618caa3b7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / ABSTRACT: This thesis aims to analyze labeling and advertising discourses as identity devices, curtailed by and submitted to racist ideology of color, techniques of subjectivity and objectivity that materialize in the power games of daily life. From this perspective, we discussed the mechanisms that determine a speech said to be true and normalizing, establishing attitudes and ways of being that discriminate by color, as well as criteria adopted for the selectivity of biased discursive formations that set standards of labeling, not for products only but also for people. Thus, labels and advertisements, from the universe of beauty and aesthetic devices, operate as the dominant identity that controls discursive strategies, aiming at the stay and preponderance of whiteness. This identity formation gained strength through a so called instrumental reason, reinforced by the logic of domination, established to neutralize the other, features of modernity. In contrast, the recurrence was caused by disruptions and historical displacements that place it in a world occupied by a decentered and changing subject who has no fixed identity, linked to the contemporaneity. A seemingly paradoxical subject that is also part of another discursive arena called culture of the mass media. It is from this place that the subject speaks and elects the image as a predominant category of speech. Thus, advertised labels and images are translated as a place of identity discourse productions. It is in this discursive space that the standard of whiteness gains evidence, being monitored and controlled by power relations. On the other hand, in order to ratify the circulation of power, it is necessary resistance which can also leak from the discursive space. So, to assess labeling and advertising discourses as identity devices, the French line discourse analysis was chosen as theoretical and methodological base with reference to studies of Pechêux and Foucault and other theorists who discuss the categories of racism color and identity. Under this bias, it became apparent that there is a veiled racism of color, seemingly naïve that gradually comes to life in the social environment. This veiled racism is activated by discursive mechanisms that construct the subject of contemporaneity, possessor of traces of modernity, submitted to a standard of identity, stereotype of beauty and aesthetics: the standard of whiteness. / Esta Tese objetiva analisar os discursos de rótulos e propagandas como dispositivos de identidade, cerceada e assujeitada pela ideologia racista de cor e por técnicas de subjetivação e objetivação que se materializam nos jogos de força do quotidiano. Sob este crivo, foram discutidos os mecanismos que estabelecem um discurso dito verdadeiro e normalizador que institui posturas e modos de ser que discriminam pela cor, bem como os critérios adotados para a seletividade de formações discursivas preconceituosas que estabelecem padrões, rotulando não só produtos como pessoas. Dessa forma, rótulos e propagandas, oriundos do universo da beleza e estética, passam a funcionar como dispositivos da identidade dominante que controla estratégias discursivas, visando à permanência e preponderância de um branqueamento. Esse alicerce identitário ganhou força e evidência mediante uma razão dita instrumental, reforçada pela lógica de dominação, instituída para neutralizar o outro, características da Modernidade. Em contrapartida, o reaparecimento foi provocado por rupturas e deslocamentos históricos que o situa num mundo ocupado por um sujeito descentrado, desencaixado, que não possui identidade fixa, portanto, um sujeito preso às amarras da Pós-Modernidade. Um sujeito aparentemente paradoxal que também faz parte de outra arena discursiva denominada de cultura da mídia. É deste lugar que fala o sujeito que, por seu turno, elege a imagem como categoria preponderante do discurso. Assim, rótulos e imagens propagandeadas passam a se traduzir como lugar de produção de discursos identitários. É neste espaço discursivo que o padrão da brancura ganha evidência e passa a ser vigiado e controlado pelas relações de força. Todavia, é também por ele que vaza a resistência, para ratificar a circulação de poder. Destarte, para analisar os discursos de rótulos e propagandas como dispositivos de identidade, a Análise do Discurso de linha francesa AD foi escolhida como crivo teórico-metodológico, tomando como referência básica os estudos de Pêcheux e Foucault, além de outros teóricos que discutem as categorias racismo de cor e identidade. Sob este viés, tornou-se perceptível que há um racismo velado, aparentemente ingênuo, que ganha vida gradativa no meio social, que é ativado por mecanismos discursivos que fazem o sujeito se sujeitar a um padrão identitário, estereotipado de beleza e estética: um sujeito pós-moderno que possui resquícios da modernidade.

The increasing share of renewable energy especially wind energy leads to increased share of unpredictable and varying energy into the grid. This leads to congestion in the grid which ultimately results in wind curtailment. In Germany in 2015 alone more than 4000 GWh of wind energy was curtailed. On the other hand, off grid energy requirements for event industry especially concerts and festivals, rely heavily on diesel generators to fulfill their power requirements. This thesis investigates a unique use case for the mobile storage application. The batteries are used to utilize the curtailed wind energy for off-grid applications like festivals and concerts in Germany. The batteries are charged at the wind farm during the duration of curtailment and once they are fully charged, the batteries are transported to the location of concert or an event to provide clean energy. The batteries or storage system used for this case have a capacity of 1.5 MWh and the whole system is constructed in a standard shipping container to allow convenient transportation. According to the findings of this study, the proposed use case can lead to a significant CO2 emission reduction, a single storage system could save up to about 8.4 million kg of CO2, at the events and festivals. Furthermore, it could help in renewable energy integration by providing clean wind energy, that is otherwise curtailed, to festivals and concerts. This study identifies a wind farm with most curtailed energy in Germany with total curtailment duration accounting for about 32% of the time in the year 2017. The technical model, simulated in MATALB/Simulink, successfully charged the battery storage system without any bottleneck. The levelized cost of storage was found to be in comparison with the levelized cost of diesel generators. A single storage system has an ability save up to 8.4 million kg of CO2 emissions. The study further proposes policy suggestions to promote such innovative use case. / Den ökande andelen förnybar energi, särskilt vindenergi, leder en till ökad andel av oförutsägbar intermittent energi till elnätet. Detta leder tidvis till en överbelastning på elnätet, vilket resulterar i att vindkraftverkens elproduktion måste begränsas. Endast i Tyskland under 2015 begränsades 4000 GWh av vindenergi. Samtidigt används diesel generatorer i off-grid områden för att bedriva mässor, marknader, festivaler och liknande arrangemang. Den här rapporten undersöker ett specifikt fall för mobila lagringsmöjligheter. Batterier kan användas för att nyttja den begränsade vindenergin för offgrid evenemang som festivaler och konserter i Tyskland. Batterierna laddas i vindkraftsparker vid hög tillgång till vindenergi och transporteras sedan till ett evenemang för att försörjas med förnybar energi. Batterierna eller lagringsmediet som används för detta fall har en kapacitet på 1,5 MWh och systemet är paketerad i en fraktcontainer för enkel transport. Enligt resultaten från denna studie kan det föreslagna användningsfallet leda till en betydande minskning av koldioxidutsläppen, ett enda lagringssystem skulle kunna spara upp till cirka 8,4 miljoner kg CO2 vid evenemang och festivaler. Dessutom skulle det kunna bidra till integration av förnybar energi genom att tillhandahålla ren vindkraft, som annars begränsas, till festivaler och konserter. Denna studie identifierar en vindkraftspark med den mest begränsade energin i Tyskland med total kapacitetsvaraktighet som står för cirka 32% av tiden under 2017. Den tekniska modellen, simulerad i MATALB / Simulink, laddade batterilagringssystemet framgångsrikt utan flaskhals. De nivåiserade lagringskostnaderna visade sig vara i jämförelse med de nivåiserade kostnaderna för dieselgeneratorer. Ett enda lagringssystem kan spara upp till 8,4 miljoner kg koldioxidutsläpp. Studien föreslår vidare policyförslag för att främja ett sådant innovativt fall.

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Klimatförändringar är den enskilt största utmaningen som mänskligheten står inför under 2000-talet. För att ta itu med denna utmaning förutses förnybara energikällor en stor ökning av andelen primärenergi globalt. Den naturliga variabiliteten hos sol och vind kräver att energilagring används tillsammans med dem för en energisystemövergång. Power-to-Gas (PtG) -teknologier erbjuder en attraktiv lösning genom att möjliggöra omvandling av elektrisk energi till vätgas eller metan, vilket möjliggör integration över nätverk och sektorövergripande integration. Denna avhandling undersöker lönsamheten för en PtG-anläggning med enprimär applikation för att producera syntetisk metan (SNG) för injektion av naturgas(NG). En teknik-ekonomisk modell skapades för att simulera anläggningens drift under ett år och extrapolera resultaten för projektets livslängd. Modellen designades baserat på ett pilotprojekt som utvecklades i Frankrike med namnet HYCAUNAIS och har använt partner-samt litteraturdata för bearbetning. På grund av begränsningar i den lokala NG-nätkapaciteten undersöktes era scenarier som inkluderade att lägga till ytterligare investeringar som möjliggör ökad driftstid och intäktsströmmar, inklusive: fast elpris eller day-ahead (DA) marknadsdeltagande; nätuppgradering för ökad NG-nätkapacitet; och CH4 och H2 mobilitet. Elektrolysörers deltagande i frekvensbegränsningsreserven (FCR) ansågs också förökad lönsamhet. Resultaten visade att standardfallsscenariot (inga ytterligare investeringar) med deltagande på DA-elmarknaden var det mest attraktiva när det gäller tre undersökta mål: nettonuvärde (NPV), återbetalningsperiod (PBP) och nivåniserad metankostnad (LCOM). Driftstiden för standardfallet befanns vara cirka 90% av året; produktionen hindrades inte av begränsad nätkapacitet tillräckligt för att anse ytterligare investeringar nödvändiga. Vidare bör deltagande på DA-marknaden bestämmas av en upphörd betalningsvilja (WTP) för el i motsats till marginell vinst (MP). Att använda WTP som avgörande faktor tillät ökade driftstimmar och lägre LCOM. Men i alla undersökta scenarier var inga lönsamma; vilket innebär att marknadsförhållandena fortfarande måste förbättras kraftigt innan PtG kan få fart. En känslighetsanalys gjordes på standardfallsscenariot för att se vilka parametrar som påverkar lönsamheten mest och bör vara i fokus för vidare forskning och utveckling. SNG-taxan visade sig vara den mest inytelserika på NPV, vilket krävde att en tariff på minst 188 e=MWh (120 e=MWh användes för modellering) för att vara lönsam. Elpriset var det näst mest inytelserika och krävde ett genomsnittligt marknadspris på 25 e=MWh för att vara lönsamt. Eftersom PtG-teknik kan ge era externa fördelar som inte realiseras ekonomiskt av investerare, kan intäktsgenerering av dem ge ett sätt att förbättra lönsamheten. Detta inkluderar nätbalansering och exibilitet, avkolning, lägre nätkostnader ochförbättrad energisäkerhet. Sammanfattningsvis måste kapitalkostnaderna för utrustning,elpriser och avgifter i samband med dessa samt taxor för gröna gaser förbättras dramatiskt för att SNG-produktionen ska vara en attraktiv lösning för minskning och avkolning av el. / Climate change is the single largest challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. To tackle this challenge, renewable energies are seeing a large increase in primary energy share globally. The natural variableness of solar and wind requires energy storage to be used in conjuction with them for an energy system transition. Power-to-Gas (PtG) technologies offer an attractive solution by allowing conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen or methane, enabling cross-energy-network and cross-sectoral integration. This thesis investigates profitability of a PtG plant with a primary application of producing synthetic methane (SNG) for natural gas (NG) grid injection. A techno-economical model was created to simulate plant operation over one year and extrapolate the results for the project lifespan. The model was designed based off of a pilot project being developed in France named HYCAUNAIS and used partner as well as literature data for processing. Due to limitations inlocal NG grid capacity, several scenarios were investigated that included adding additional investments that allow increased operational time and revenue streams, including: fixed electrical price or day-ahead (DA) market participation; mesh upgrade for increased NG grid capacity; and CH4 and H2 mobility. Electrolyser participation in the frequency containment reserve (FCR) was also considered for increased profitability. The results determined the standard case scenario (no additional investments) with participation in the DA electricity market was the most attractive in terms of three objectives investigated: net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP) and levelized cost of methane (LCOM). The operational hours of the standard case was found to be approximately 90% of the year; production was not hindered by limited grid capacity sufficiently to deem additional investments necessary. Further, participation in the DA market should be determined by a cut-off willingness to pay (WTP) for electricity as opposed to marginal profit (MP). Using WTP as the determining factor allowed increased operational hours and lower LCOM. However, in all of the scenarios investigated, none were profitable; meaning that market conditions still need to greatly improve before PtG can gain momentum. A sensitivity analysis was done on the standard case scenario to see which parameters influence profitability the most and should be the focus of further research and development. The SNG tariff was found to be the most influential on NPV, requiring a tariff of at least 188 e=MWh (120 e=MWh was used for modeling) to be profitable. Electricity price was the second most inuential and required an average market price of 25 e=MWh to be profitable. As PtG technologies can provide several external benefits that are not economically realized by investors, monetization of them could provide a means of improving profitability. This includes, grid balancing and exibility, decarbonization, lower grid costs and improved energy security. Inconclusion, capital costs of equipment, electricity prices and fees associated to them, and tariffs for green gases all need to improve dramatically for SNG production tobe an attractive solution for electricity curtailment and decarbonization.

Determinants influencing consumer eco-innovation adoption and green curtailment behaviors in a travel context are at the center of this thesis. Previous research on green consumer behavior has uncovered that internalized personal attitudinal factors such as values, beliefs, and norms are influential in determining mainly non-consumption and post-purchase behaviors. This thesis extends the understanding of a moral basis of green consumer behavior by exploring the influences of attitudinal factors on both car curtailment behaviors, and on consumer adoption of a high involvement eco-innovation – the alternative fuel vehicle. The integrated influences of innovation specific characteristics, car habits, knowledge and social norms, are also examined. Furthermore, differences between AFV adopters and non-adopters are explored, and the notion of consumers performing purchase and curtailment behaviors for different reasons is utilized in the development of nuanced profiles of three distinct consumer groups. Four studies, which build on two quantitative data collections on adopters and non-adopters of AFVs in Swe­den, are included in this thesis. In the first study, similarities and differences among adopters and non-adopters of AFVs, and the effects of attitudinal factors (values, beliefs, and norms), knowledge, and sociodemo­graphics on the adoption decision are analyzed. The results show that knowledge and personal norms are strong predictors of AFV adoption and that the VBN theory is applicable in this context. The main implication from the study is that high-involvement green purchase deci­sions, such as eco-innovation adoption, can be viewed as morally based. In the second study, a set of determinants influencing both curtailment of car use and willing­ness to adopt a less environmentally harmful vehicle are analyzed. Biospheric values, per­sonal proenvironmental norms, and car habit strength are found to influence both types of behaviors in different ways. The main implication from this study is that green purchase deci­sions and curtailment behaviors within a specific context are determined by partly different factors but personal norm is a strong predictor of both types of behaviors. The third study extends the findings from the previous one in segmenting consumers on cur­tailment behaviors and proenvironmental purchases. Three distinct types of consumers emerge from the data. The Non-greens are found to exhibit the lowest levels of green attitudes and behaviors, and the strongest car habits. The Curtailers are distinguished by performing primar­ily reductionist behaviors, and by being the most willing to reduce negative environ­mental impact of car use. The Ecovators are found to be the most inclined to purchase eco-innovations and also display the greenest values. The study shows that green consumers are a heterogeneous group that can be separated on the basis of green curtailment behaviors and proenvironmental purchase decisions, and that there seems to be no inherent contradiction in being an early adopter of new green technology (such as the AFV) and also having high levels of proenviron­mental values, beliefs, and norms. In the final study, innovation specific characteristics and consumer innovativeness factors are integrated with normative and attitudinal determinants influencing AFV adoption. The results show that personal and social norms, consumer novelty seeking, and four perceived innovation characteristics influence the adoption decision. Differences between AFV adopters’ and non-adopters’ ratings of AFV specific attributes are also analyzed. The contribution of this study is the integration of VBN theory and the DOI framework and the empirical conclusion that eco-innovations need to deliver on both traditional and proenvironmental attributes in order to be perceived as attractive by consumers. In sum, this thesis demonstrates the importance of proenvironmental personal norms for consumer adoption of a high involvement eco-innovation such as the AFV.