Stor förvirring råder kring hur lufttätheten ska mätas i flerbostadshus. De metoder som finns och de resultat som erhålls vid täthetsprovning av småhus är inte alltid applicerbara på flerbostadshus även om mätenheterna är de samma. Detta föranleder problemställningen för detta examensarbete: Varför och hur kontrolleras lufttätheten i ett flerbostadshus på ett praktiskt tillämpbart sätt, som också gör det möjligt att jämföra resultat från olika objekt? Metoderna som används för att undersöka detta är litteraturstudier och samtal med erfarna personer, samt demonstration av en mätmetod i fullskala. En diskussion med initiativtagarna till detta examensarbete leder fram till en rekommenderad metod och en mall för hur detta ska utföras. Byggnadsskalets luft-, diffusions- och vindtätning har stor betydelse för en byggnads energianvändning, fuktsäkerhet, termiska komfort och hygien, luftkvalitet, ljudmiljö, spridning av brand samt spridning av luftföroreningar utifrån och in. Lufttätheten är en avgörande faktor både för konstruktionens beständighet och för en god innemiljö i moderna byggnader. Lufttäta hus är dessutom lönsamma i längden för de inblandade aktörerna. På lång sikt även för miljön. Studier som gjorts visar att en byggnads energiåtgång för uppvärmning minskar med nästan 30 % om lufttätheten (egentligen luftgenomsläppligheten) förbättras från 0,8 l/s·m2 till 0,4 l/s·m2. En så stor minskning av energianvändningen kunde inte åstadkommas med andra energiförbättringsåtgärder som undersöktes. I Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande, BBR 2008 har kravet på lufttäthet tagits bort till förmån för ett funktionskrav för energianvändningen, under vilken lufttätheten faller in. Regelsamlingens allmänna råd hänvisar till standarden, SS-EN 13829 för bestämning av luftläckage. De metoder som idag finns att tillgå för att mäta lufttätheten hos byggnader är spårgasmetoden, täthetsprovning med provisorisk vägg, det egna ventilationssystemet, med mottryck i angränsande utrymmen samt med tryckdörr. Den sistnämnda metoden provades på flerbostadshus i Umeå med goda resultat. Observera att resultatet för denna rapport är en mall för mätningsförfarandet och den rekommenderade metoden för att mäta lufttäthet inom NCC i Umeå. Den beskriver en praktiskt tillämpbar metod där resultatet går att jämföra mellan olika objekt. Även en intern mätstorhet som beskriver ytterväggens täthet är framtagen. Mätstorheten och standardens relevans diskuteras. Ändringen i BBR från specificerade krav till funktionskrav anses vara kunskapsdrivande. Det förfarande som beskrivs i resultatet har bedömts vara det mest optimala under rådande förhållanden med den standard som finns. En förändring av standarden skulle kunna leda till en bättre metod som ger mer informativt resultat. / There is a great perplexity about how air permeability should be measured in multiple-unit dwellings. The methods available and the obtained results for determination of air permeability in single-dwelling houses are not applicable for multiple-unit dwellings, even if the derived quantities are the same. This causes the problem for this report: Why and how should the air permeability be determined for a multiple-unit dwelling in a functional and applicable way, which also makes it possible to compare the obtained results from different dwelling units? The methods used to explore solutions are literature studies, conversation with professionals and a full-scale demonstration of one of the methods. A discussion with the initiators of this report leads to the recommended method and a model for how it should be performed. The air-, diffusion- and windtightness of the building envelope are of big importance to the building. The use of energy, moisture transfer, thermal comfort and hygiene, air quality, noise, spreading of fire and spreading of air pollutions are all affected by it. The air tightness is a crucial element for the durability of the building and to secure a good indoor environment. Air tight buildings are also cost-effective in the long run for the involved participants. They are also good for the environment. A study that have been made show that the energy-use for heating buildings will be reduced with almost 30 % if the air permeability improves from 0,8 l/s·m2 to 0,4 l/s·m2. Such a big reduction of the energy use could not be accomplished with any other energy improvement-move that was investigated in the study. The Swedish building regulations, Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande BBR, used to have a demand for the air tightness of buildings. It has been removed in favor of a demand of the function for the energy use, which also include the air tightness. The common advices in BBR refer to the standard, SS-EN 13829 for determination of air permeability. The methods available for determination of air permeability in buildings are the tracer-gas method, determination with a temporary wall, the ventilation system, with corresponding pressure in adjacent spaces and determination with a Blower Door. The last method was demonstrated in multiple-unit dwellings in Umeå, Sweden, with good results. Note that the result of this report is a methodology and how the method should be performed within buildings erected by NCC in Umeå. It describes a functional and applicable method where the results can be compared between different objects. An internal quantity which describes the air permeability of the external wall has been developed. A discussion of the relevance if the derived quantity and the standard has been made. The change in BBR to demands of the function for the energy use has been considered to be a driving force for knowledge. The procedure described in the results has been considered to be the optimum procedure for existing conditions with the standard available. A change in the standard would lead to a better method which would give more informative results.

Dans cette étude, le comportement aérodynamique du jet pariétal (Re = 8000) cisaillé latéralement par un courant de perturbation externe (ELS) de profil de vitesse uniforme (Ulf) a été étudié et analysé. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées par PIV et LDV sur une maquette aéraulique isotherme à échelle réduite d’un meuble frigorifique de vente. L’étude est centrée sur la région du jet située à proximité de la section de soufflage (x/e < 10) qui correspond à la zone dans laquelle se développent les instabilités et le processus de transition vers la turbulence. L’analyse des résultats obtenus avec et sans perturbation a mis en évidence que la perturbation entraîne une diminution significative du pouvoir d’entraînement du jet, une forte décroissance de la vitesse moyenne maximale, un faible épanouissement du jet et une augmentation globale des valeurs des moments d’ordre deux de toutes les composantes des contraintes de Reynolds. L’analyse par PIV résolue en temps (10 kHz) montre une topologie déformée et allongée des structures de Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) pour (Ulf = 0,5 ms-1) et détachée pour (Ulf = 1 ms-1). Les résultats de l’interaction mutuelle ente les couches interne et externe indiquent que le courant ELS brise partiellement le mécanisme de formation des dipôles de vortex qui deviennent irréguliers et moins prédictifs, ce qui conduit à l’allongement de la zone de transition et retarde donc l’apparition de la zone auto-similaire du jet. D’après la technique POD, l’ELS engendre une redistribution énergétique entre les modes. Le courant ELS affecte également les instabilités K-H en perturbant leur organisation bidimensionnelle, leur topologie, leur alignement et leur fréquence de passage mettant en évidence l’effet inhibiteur exercé sur le développement des structures primaires. Les corrélations spatiales Rvv reflètent la diminution des échelles de longueur dans le cas d’un jet perturbé. / In this study, the aerodynamic behavior of the plane wall jet (Re = 8000) sheared laterally by an external lateral stream (ELS) of a uniform velocity profile (Ulf) was studied and analyzed. The experiments were carried out by PIV and LDV on a reduced-scale isothermal aeraulic model of a refrigerated display cabinet. The study focuses on the near-field region of the jet (x / e <10) which corresponds to the zone of transition to turbulence and onset and development of instabilities. The results obtained with and without perturbation showed a significant decrease in the entrainment rate, a strong decrease in the maximum velocity decay rate, a lower jet expansion and an overall increase in the values of second order moments of the Reynolds stress components. The time-resolved PIV analysis (10 kHz) shows a distorted and elongated topology of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) structures for (Ulf = 0,5 ms-1) and a detached topology for (Ulf = 1 ms-1). The results of the mutual interaction between the inner and outer layers indicate that the ELS partially breaks the vortex dipole formation mechanism which becomes irregular and less predictive, leading to the elongation of the transitional region and a lag effect in the beginning of the self-similarity region. POD technique reveals the role of the ELS in redistributing energy between the modes. The ELS also affects the K-H instabilities by disrupting their two-dimensional organization, topology, alignment and shedding frequency, highlighting the inhibitory effect exerted on the development of primary structures. The spatial correlations Rvv reflect the decrease of the length scales in the case of a perturbed jet.

This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of caricatures with a theme of the Eastern block in French satirical weekly magazine Le Canard enchaîné in 1945-1970. By the Eastern block, we understand the Soviet Union and its associated socialistic countries. The thesis is anchored in the theoretical part by historical context of the history of the eastern countries, as well as by the development of analysed weekly magazine on the background of the history of France, by the formulation of the concepts of caricature and satire, including important authors, and the research methods themselves. Triangulation, in this case the combination of quantitative content analysis and semiotic analysis, aims to analyse individual caricatures with the theme of the East and its individual countries. The analysed periods are divided into two sections, due to the availability of materials, namely 1945-1948 and 1968-1970.

This thesis explores the relationship between differing interpretation of the California Dream and the narrative strategies through while [sic] they are expressed in three California labor novels during three different decades of California literature.

The aim of the master's thesis is the robotic table football device modification and the design of game strategies. The thesis was extended by the design of technology for the robotic table football safety and the design of the Human Machine Interface (HMI). In the introduction so far developed solutions and presentation of the B&R Automation company are described. The following chapters describe mechanical solution modification, electrical wiring diagram design, creating simulation in the MATLAB development environment, resolving security issues and the subsequent application of a solution into the robotic table football. The conclusion of the thesis is devoted to the visualization interface design.

The subject of the diploma thesis is an architectural study of the center for sport and leisure time in Brno “Za Lužánkami”. In is supposed to supply the space with the possibility of other sports activities. The object of the design is to provide a wide range of sports, fitness activities, wellness and recreation, various leisure activities, or just visiting the shopping passage, which is the main artery of the whole center. It allows people to pass between the leisure center, indoor pool and shopping mall in Královo Pole. The building is designed as a prefabricated reinforced concrete frame structure complemented by a steel latticework in the space of a sports hall and a climbing wall. Curtain walling is designed as a ventilated concrete slab with a photocatalytic function.

The theme of my diploma thesis is reconstruction of old exhibition hall “B” of BVV Trade Fairs Brno which is located at Křižkovského street near BVV gate no. 4. The exhibition hall is converted to multifunctional sports hall. This function is result of complex urban analysis, which was theme of winter semester thesis of the academic year 2017/2018. The exhibition hall gets a new curtain wall facade. Curtain wall sustains of steel construction and semi-transparent polycarbonate panels. The study converts rooms according to new usage of the hall. There are smaller halls for indoor sports, dividable central hall, tribunes, bars, locker rooms, roof wellness and outdoor multifunctional playgrounds at the roof of the hall. The study takes advantage of uncommon technical solutions of the hall. For example bridge crane which is newly used as carrying construction for LED multimedia cube.

The diploma thesis deals with project documentation for the realization of the sports centre in Zlín. Object is located on the edge of the city Zlín in build-up area of the sports halls. Object is defined from two sides by major roads, that are connected with family and residential buildings. Building site of the object is sligtly sloping, however with ground adapting adjusts into seeming flat land. The hall is devided on three operation parts. First and dominant unit is formed by gaming area with grandstrand, corresponding facilities included. Second unit is formed by mountaineering wall, corresponding included. Third unit is formed by bar, corresponding facilities included. Object is drafted with consideration of the Baťas architecture. Object is designed like a skeleton construction with combinated system of frames. Main supporting vertical construction of skeleton is designed from reinforced prefabricated concrete column. Main supporting horizontal construction of skeleton is designed like a system solution slimfloor, that is based on placing prestressed segment onto bottom side of a special beam Deltabeam. Within the main supporting construction is designed stifenner and construction of grandstrand as well, maid from reinforced prefabricard concrete. Sheathing of the object is combinated. From the second floor is designed system from thermal insulated sandwich panels, which is anchored into the pre-set steel construction. Roof is designed as a flat roof with trapezoidal metal sheet with thermal insulation and waterproofing layer made from m-PVC. Fillings of the object including light curtain wall is designed from system Schüco.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a bridge in Most. It bridges the railway line and the river Bílina. Three possible variants have been proposed. One of the variants has been selected and further elaborated. The solved variant was an arc with a suspended pre-stressed bridge beam. The supporting element is a reinforced concrete backbone. The construction is built on a ring. Static analysis partly includes the effect of phased construction. The design was assessed according to EN.

The architectural study deals with the design of Childern´s sanatorium with speleotherapy in Ostrov u Macochy. Design works with the idea of connecting with the surrounding nature, responds to the slopping terrain and tries to fulfill a comprehensive construction program. A characteristic element is the use of natural material – wood within the curtaing walling, which defines the architectural expression of the building. Emphasis is placed on renewable energy sources.