GraphQL is a database handling API created by Facebook, that provides an effective al-ternative to REST-style architectures. GraphQL provides the ability for a client to spec-ify exactly what data it wishes to receive. A problem with GraphQL is that the freedomof creating customized requests allows data to be included several times in the response,growing the response’s size exponentially. The thesis contributes to the field of GraphQLanalysis by studying the prevalence of simple cycles in GraphQL schemas. We have im-plemented a locally-run tool and webtool using Tarjan’s and Johnson’s algorithms, thatparses the schemas, creates a directed graph and enumerates all simple cycles in the graph.A collection of schemas was analysed with the tool to collect empirical data. It was foundthat 39.73 % of the total 2094 schemas contained at least one simple cycle, with the averagenumber of cycles per schema being 4. The runtime was found to be on average 11 mil-liseconds, most of which consisted of the time for parsing the schemas. It was found that44 out of the considered schemas could not be enumerated due to containing a staggeringamount of simple cycles. It can be concluded that it is possible to test schemas for cyclicityand enumerate all simple cycles in a given schema efficiently.

Les performances de reproduction des vaches laitières se sont dégradées parallèlement à l’augmentation de leurs performances de production. L’intense sélection réalisée sur la production laitière est tenue responsable de cela. Chaque étape du processus de reproduction a été affectée : les anomalies de cyclicité ovarienne sont plus fréquentes dans la population actuelle, la durée et l’intensité des chaleurs ont diminué drastiquement, et les échecs de gestation sont plus fréquents. La littérature s’accorde sur le fait que la reproduction est affectée parce que la majeure partie des ressources est investie dans la production laitière. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est d’étudier l’intérêt d’une stratégie de sélection alternative basée sur un fort potentiel génétique de taux butyreux et protéique sur la robustesse des vaches laitières.Les hypothèses testées étaient que par rapport aux vaches à fort potentiel de production laitière, celles à fort potentiel de taux butyreux et protéique (i) exportent moins d’énergie dans le lait et donc préservent leur réserves corporelles, (ii) ont de meilleures aptitudes à se reproduire. Nos résultats montrent que les vaches à fort potentiel de taux butyreux et protéique ont un retour de cyclicité plus précoce, une expression des chaleurs similaire mais plus d’échecs de gestation que celles à fort potentiel de production laitière. Ces résultats intrigants suggèrent que les étapes de la reproduction sont partiellement découplées sur le plan génétique. Sélectionner les vaches laitières sur les taux butyreux et protéique dans le but d’amé / Reproductive performance of dairy cows has been declining while their milk production was improving. The strong genetic selection that was applied on milk production is considered to be responsible for this. Each step of the reproductive process has been impacted: abnormal ovarian activity is more common in the current population, the duration and intensity of oestrus has dramatically decreased and the occurrence of pregnancy failures has increased. The consensus in the literature is that reproduction is impaired because dairy cows are investing most of their resources in milk production. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to explore the effect of alternative selection strategies based on milk fat and protein content on robustness of dairy cows. Our hypotheses were that at similar genetic merit for milk solids yield, compared to cows with high genetic merit for milk yield,dairy cows with high genetic merit for fat and protein contents (i) are exporting less energy in milk and are consequently safeguarding their body reserve; (ii) have better reproductive performance (earlier resumption of ovarian activity, more intense oestrus, better ability to ensure pregnancy). Our results suggest that cows selected for production through high fat and protein content instead of high milk yield would resume ovarian activity earlier, have similar oestrus intensity but more pregnancy failures. These intriguing results suggest that the steps of the reproductive process are genetically partly disentangled. Selecting dairy cows for fat and protein content is not a promising way to improve repro

The upper Tanglewood Member is the final member of the Lexington Limestone and is well-known for its soft-sediment deformation. This study has confirmed the carbonate-shoal-complex origin of the unit, and detailed study shows that its development took place during five small-scale, sequence-like, fining-upward cycles related to eustasy and tectonics. Four lithofacies are represented in the unit. Facies analysis of each cycle shows that the thickest and coarsest part of each cycle corresponds to previously uplifted basement-fault blocks; the occurrence of thick, coarse facies on the same fault blocks suggests that the blocks continued to experience uplift due to Taconian far-field forces generated on the eastern margin of Laurentia. The upper Tanglewood Member includes six deformed horizons that can be traced into equivalent parts of the Clays Ferry and Point Pleasant formations. Concurrence of four lines of evidence, suggested by Ettensohn et al. (2002d) for interpretation of seismites, indicates that the widespread horizons of deformation are seismogenic in origin. Reactivation of basement structures due to Taconian far-field forces probably induced seismicity on the intra-platform carbonate complex so as to produce soft-sediment deformation. Petrographic investigation indicates that most of the cements in the upper Tanglewood limestones appear to be late diagenetic, fresh-water phreatic cements. Comparing the petrography of deformed and undeformed portions of the same horizon showed no significant differences in terms of cementation, indicating that cementation occurred primarily after deformation. The primary impact of deformation on the microstructure of the unit was the randomization of grain fabric and the increased presence of broken intraclasts.

Ph.D. thesis represents summary of multidiciplinary palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic research of the most significant Late Pennsylvanian lacustrine horizon of the central and western Bohemian basins - the Malesice Member of the Slaný Formation. Two cores from new shallow drills, situated 80 km apart, were analysed. Multidisciplinary approach is based on description of lamination structure and periodicity; mineral and isotopic composition of autigennic carbonates, namely siderite; compositiona of detrital minerals including clay mineral assemblages; and composition of autochthonous and allochthonous organic particles including palynospectra. Detailed analysis of drill cores lead to the identification of individual phases of lake development linked with lake-level fluctuation and water-column stratification, which were driven by a sume of precipitation and its seasonal distribution. Changes in precipitation also affected compostion and density of vegetational cover in the lake surroundings, weathering intesity of source rocks and degradation of organic matter in the drainage basin, and so precipitation affected final grain-size and composition of detrital material deposited in the lake. Beside common environmental signatures at both studied sites, there are also significant...

Dans la première partie de ma thèse, il est démontré, dans les espaces de Banach et de Fréchet de suites, un résultat d'existence d'un sous-espace fermé de dimension infinie dont les éléments non-nuls sont des séries universelles.La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude des opérateurs de composition sur des espaces de fonctions holomorphes de plusieurs variables complexes. Dans un premier temps, le spectre et la dynamique des opérateurs de composition hyperboliques sur les espaces de Hardy de la boule sont décrits complètement.Dans un second temps, la continuité et la compacité des opérateurs de composition sur les espaces de Hardy-Orlicz et de Bergman-Orlicz de la boule sont caractérisées. On en déduit en particulier l'existence d'une classe de fonctions d'Orlicz définissant des espaces du type précédent sur lesquels tout opérateur de composition est continu. / In the first part of my thesis, a result on the existence of a closed infinite-dimensional subspace, whose non-zero elements are universal series, is given in Banach and Fréchet spaces framework.The second part is devoted to the study of composition operators on spaces of several variables analytic functions. First, the spectrum and the dynamics of hyperbolic composition operators acting on Hardy spaces on the ball are completely described.Second, continuity and compactness of composition operators on Hardy-Orlicz and Bergman-Orlicz spaces on the ball are characterized. In particular, we deduce from the treatment of the continuity that there exists a class of Orlicz functions which define Hardy-Orlicz and Bergman-Orlicz spaces, on which every composition operator is bounded.

The Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene is the most recent period of Earth history with a dynamic carbon cycle that experienced sustained global greenhouse warmth and can offer a valuable insight into our anthropogenically-warmer future world. Yet, knowledge of ambient climate conditions and evolution of the carbon cycle at this time, along with their relation to forcing mechanisms, are still poorly constrained. In this thesis, I examine marine sediments recovered from the South Atlantic Walvis Ridge (ODP Site 1262) and Indian Ocean Ninetyeast Ridge (IODP Site U1443 and ODP Site 758), to shed new light on the evolution of the climate and carbon cycle from the Late Maastrichtian through to the Early Eocene (~67.10–52.35 Ma). The overarching aims of this thesis are: 1) to identify the long-term trends and principle forcing mechanisms driving the climate and carbon cycle during this time period, through construction of 14.75 million-year-long, orbital-resolution (~1.5–4 kyr), stratigraphically complete, benthic stable carbon (δ13Cbenthic) and oxygen (δ18Obenthic) isotope records; 2) to investigate in more detail the climatic and carbon-cycle perturbations of the Early–Middle Paleocene (e.g., the Dan-C2 event, Latest Danian Event and the Danian/Selandian Transition Event) and place these in their proper (orbital) temporal context; 3) to investigate the Late Maastrichtian warming event and its relationship to the eruption of the Deccan Traps Large Igneous Province, as well as its role (if any) in the subsequent Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction; 4) to provide the first orbital-resolution estimates of temperature and carbonate chemistry variability from the low latitude Indian Ocean spanning the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene, through analysis of trace element and stable isotope data from multiple foraminiferal species. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis provide a critical new insight into the dynamic evolution of the climate and carbon cycle during the greenhouse world of the early Paleogene, and shed light on the potential forcing mechanisms driving the climate and carbon cycle during this time.

Actuellement en France et aux Etats-Unis, seules 30 à 35 % des premières inséminations artificielles chez la vache Holstein aboutissent à un vêlage. Les échecs de gestation ont lieu le plus souvent au cours du développement embryonnaire (Non-Fécondation-Mortalité Embryonnaire Précoce (NF-MEP) entre 0 et 16 jours, Mortalité Embryonnaire Tardive (MET) entre 16 et 45 jours après insémination). Ces échecs précoces de gestation expliquent en grande partie les différences de fertilité observées en France entre la race Holstein et les autres races plus fertiles. Les facteurs de risque de l'interruption de la gestation sont multiples : liés à l'animal, à l'environnement et à la conduite de l'élevage. Trois facteurs cependant ont évolué au cours du temps pour les vaches Holstein : le potentiel génétique, les anomalies de reprise de la cyclicité après vêlage, le déficit énergétique en début de lactation. Notre objectif a été d'identifier l'influence de ces trois facteurs sur les échecs précoces de gestation après première insémination postpartum chez la vache de race Holstein. Le potentiel génétique a été associé à l'incidence de NF-MEP et de MET. Les phases lutéales prolongées sembleraient être à l'origine d'une augmentation d'incidence de MET. Le déficit énergétique a eu un effet sur la NF-MEP et sur la MET. L'effet du déficit énergétique postpartum sur la qualité des ovocytes au moment de la mise à la reproduction reste hypothétique. Notre travail sur les échecs précoces de gestation a permis de contribuer à fournir des outils d'amélioration de conduite d'élevage aux professionnels. / Currently, in France and the United States of America, only 30-35 % of first artificial inseminations in Holstein cows result in a calving. Pregnancy failure mainly occurs during embryonic development (fertilization failure - early embryonic mortality (FF-EEM) between D0 and D16 or late embryonic mortality (LEM) between D16 and D45 after insemination). Early pregnancy failure explains the majority of the differences in fertility between the Holstein breed and the other breeds in France, which are more fertile. There are numerous risk factors which cause pregnancy failure: animal, environmental and farm management factors. There are however, three factors which have been modified over time in Holstein cows: genetic merit, abnormal patterns of resumption of cyclicity and negative postpartum energy balance (NEB). Our objective was to identify the relationships between these three factors and early pregnancy failure after first postpartum insemination in Holstein dairy cows. Genetic merit was related to the incidence of FF-EEM and LEM. Prolonged luteal phases seemed to increase the incidence of LEM. The NEB was associated with FF-EEM and LEM. The impact of NEB on oocyte quality during the breeding period remains unclear. Our early pregnancy failure studies have helped to provide some tools to improve farm management.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude d'opérateurs de composition pondérés sur plusieurs espaces fonctionnels sous fond du problème du sous-espace invariant. Cet important problème ouvert pose la question de l'existence pour tout opérateur sur un espace de Hilbert, complexe, séparable de dimension infinie, d'un sous-espace fermé, non-trivial et invariant par cet opérateur. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude spectrale et à la caractérisation des vecteurs cycliques d'un opérateur de composition à poids particulier sur L^2([0,1]^d) : l'opérateur de type Bishop, introduit comme possible contre-exemple au problème du sous-espace invariant. Les seconde, troisième et quatrième parties abordent ce problème sous un autre aspect : celui de l'universalité d'un opérateur. Ces opérateurs universels possèdent la propriété d'universalité : la description complète des sous-espaces invariants d'un opérateur universel permettrait de répondre au problème du sous-espace invariant. Déterminer l'universalité d'un opérateur repose sur l'établissement de propriétés spectrales fines de l’opérateur considéré (théorème de Caradus). Dans ce but, nous établissons des propriétés spectrales ad-hoc de classes d’opérateurs de composition à poids sur L^2([0,1]), les espaces de Sobolev d’ordre n, sur les espaces de Hardy du disque unité et du demi-plan supérieur, permettant de déduire des résultats d’universalité. Nous obtenons aussi une généralisation du critère d’universalité. Dans la dernière partie, nous donnons une caractérisation des opérateurs de composition rsid16415432 inversibles et une caractérisation partielle des opérateurs de composition isométriques sur les espaces de Hardy de l’anneau / In this thesis, we study classes of weighted composition operators on several functional spaces in the background of the invariant subspace problem. This important open problem asks the question of the existence for every operator, defined on a complex and separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space, of a non trivial closed subspace invariant under the operator. The first part is dedicated to the establishment of the spectrum and the characterization of cyclic vectors of a special weighted composition operator defined on L^2([0,1]^d) : the Bishop type operator, introduced as possible counter-example of the invariant subspace problem. The second, third and fourth part approach the problem from the point of view of universal operators. More precisely, universal operators have the universal property in the sense of the complete description of all the invariant subspaces of a universal operator could solve the invariant subspace problem. A sufficient condition for an operator to be universal (Caradus’theorem) is given in terms of spectral properties. To this aim, we establish ad-hoc spectral properties of a class of weighted composition operators on L^2([0,1]) and Sobolev spaces of order n, of composition operator in the Hardy space of the unit disc and of the upper half-plane, which lead us to deduce universality results. We also obtain a generalization of the universality criteria mentioned above. In the last part, we give a characterization of invertible composition operators and a partial characterization of composition operators on the Hardy space of the annulus