This thesis is an attempt to inquire the origins of the Cyprus conflict by analyzing the historical developments that laid the ground for the inter-communal dispute in the late 1950s, while focusing on the structural dimension of the rise of ethnonationalisms in the island. The special emphasis is given to the British period 1878-1960 in the historical analysis since the ethno-religious identity consciousnesses of the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities in the island started to turn into ethnonational ones and later into antagonistic nationalisms during this era. The study&rsquo / s underlying premise is that although different identity perceptions existed much earlier among the two communities of the island, the inconsistent policies of the British administration that shifted in accordance with its interests in the Mediterranean region enabled the emergence of a conducive environment for the politicization and manipulation of these diverse identity perceptions. The Greek and Turkish nationalisms gained strength in this era and gradually transformed into antagonistic nationalisms motivated by different political goals about the future of the island. These developments would be the main reason of the inter-communal violence in Cyprus that arose in late 1950s and also in the following years till the permanent territorial partition in 1974.

<p>Can cross-border interaction: interpersonal, economic, and otherwise, help ease relations between neighbouring political entities facing conflicts of interest and other differences?</p><p>1. How and why are border crossing communication routes created and maintained?</p><p>2. Under what circumstances are they used and how?</p><p>3. In what ways do they alter the conditions of a conflict between the parties that they link?</p><p>4. How do governments relate to the communication route and in what ways do they fit it into their policies?</p><p>Seeking to reconcile the theories of the international system advanced by Hedley Bull and John W. Burton, we conduct a comparative case study, based on contemporary media and scholarship, of the situations regarding Senegal and the Gambia, as well as the two de facto (if not de jure) republics of Cyprus to answer these questions. Having sought to estimate the causes and effects of border crossing, we find that host factors, in particular divergent economies and the utilization of international partners, may in fact come to stem from the issues of border-crossing activity and contribute to complicating existing conflicts rather than resolve them.</p>

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η μελέτη των αναπτυσσόμενων υπερτάσεων στις γραμμές μεταφοράς υψηλής τάσης (132kV) του δικτύου της Αρχής Ηλεκτρισμού Κύπρου. Γίνεται μια παρουσίαση του κάθε στοιχείου του δικτύου ξεχωριστά, με ποιο τρόπο μπορεί να μοντελοποιηθεί και πως συμπεριφέρεται σε κεραυνικό πλήγμα εύρους 100kA με τρία διαφορετικά σήματα. Τέλος παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης στο λογισμικό ATP-EMTP και εξάγονται παρατηρήσεις και συμπεράσματα. Αρχικά στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια εισαγωγική παρουσίαση της διπλωματικής εργασίας, μια ιστορική αναδρομή για τα συστήματα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και την επανάσταση που έφερε η ανάπτυξη τους. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η πορεία του ηλεκτρισμού στη Κύπρο κάτω από το φορέα διαχείρισης του, την Αρχή Ηλεκτρισμού Κύπρου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρατίθενται λεπτομερώς τα στοιχεία που συνθέτουν σήμερα το δίκτυο της Α.Η.Κ από την παραγωγή, τη μεταφορά και τη διανομή της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας στο νησί. Ακόμη γίνεται μία σύντομη αναφορά στο κλίμα της Κύπρου και πως αυτό ευνοεί τη δημιουργία κεραυνών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται και περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η αιτία της δημιουργίας των εξωτερικών υπερτάσεων, δηλαδή ο κεραυνός και πως λειτουργεί αυτός ως φυσικό φαινόμενο. Επίσης περιγράφονται οι διάφοροι μηχανισμοί δημιουργίας υπερτάσεων από τους κεραυνούς. Στα επόμενα τρία κεφάλαια παρουσιάζονται ενδελεχώς τα τρία βασικά στοιχεία του δικτύου το οποίο τυγχάνει προσομοίωσης, δηλαδή οι γραμμές μεταφοράς, οι πυλώνες και οι αλυσοειδείς μονωτήρες ανάρτησης. Συγκεκριμένα, για τις μεταφοράς γίνεται αναφορά στα γενικά τους στοιχεία, στα χαρακτηριστικά τους αλλά και στις καταπονήσεις που υφίστανται. Στους πυλώνες παρουσιάζεται η καταπόνηση τους από κεραυνούς με απότομο μέτωπο, το πως εκτιμάται η αντίσταση γείωσης τους και τι ρόλο παίζει η ειδική αντίσταση εδάφους. Όσο αφορά τους μονωτήρες ανάρτησης προβάλλονται γενικά κατασκευαστικά τους στοιχεία, οι συνθήκες στις οποίες λαμβάνει χώρα η υπερπήδηση(διάσπαση) τους και οι μέθοδοι υπολογισμού του χρόνου επιφανειακής διάσπασης των. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται το λογισμικό ATP- EMTP μέσω του οποίου γίνεται η μοντελοποίηση των στοιχείων του δικτύου και η προσομοίωση τους. Γίνεται αναφορά στη δομή του προγράμματος, τα ιστορικά του στοιχεία, τις διάφορες βιβλιοθήκες μοντέλων που εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό, τα διάφορα προγράμματα υποστήριξης του και περισσότερο το ATP – Draw όπου παρέχεται η δυνατότητα για σχεδίαση των στοιχείων και εισαγωγή των παραμέτρων τους. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η μοντελοποίηση των προαναφερθέντων στοιχείων της διάταξης και ενσωμάτωση τους στο ATP – EMTP. Τέλος, στο ένατο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης, η εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων, οι παρατηρήσεις και τα συμπεράσματα. / The aim of the work described in this thesis is the study of the induced overvoltages on high voltage transmission lines (132kV) of the network of the Electricity Authority of Cyprus. Every network element is separately described, ways for the modeling of each element are explored and the behavior of each element during a 100kA lightning strike using three different signals is observed. Lastly, the results of the simulation are presented by using ATP/EMTP software, observations are made and findings are determined. The first chapter introduces the thesis and consists of a historical overview of electrical power systems and an overview of the revolution brought through their development. Thereafter the development of electricity in Cyprus as part of the electricity supplier “Electricity Authority of Cyprus” is analyzed. A detailed review of the system used by the “Electricity Authority of Cyprus” (Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Supply) constitutes the second chapter. Further, a brief reference to the climate of Cyprus is made and on how it favors the formation of lightning. The third chapter presents and describes in detail what might cause extraneous voltages, i.e. lightning and how it works as a natural phenomenon. Plus the different generation mechanisms of lightning overvoltages are described. In the next three chapters the main three elements of the network being simulated are presented in detail, i.e. transmission lines, pylons and catenary suspension insulators. Namely, with regard to transmission lines general information is given, their characteristics are described along with the stresses they face. As long as the pylons are concerned, the stresses they face by steep-front lightning are described, information on how to assess their grounding system resistance is given and it is also discussed whether Soil Resistivity plays a dominant role. Regarding suspension insulators their parts are described, the circumstances under which their disruptive discharge takes place and the methods of calculating surface discharges. In the seventh chapter the ATP/EMTP software used for network modeling and simulation is presented. Reference is made to the program structure, the historical data, the various model- libraries included in it, the various supporting programs and more specifically ATPDraw which creates/draws the elements and which does the parameter fitting. The eighth chapter contains the analysis of the modeling of the aforementioned parts of the assembly and their integration in the ATP/EMTP. Lastly, in the ninth and final chapter the results of the simulation are presented, observations are made and findings are determined.

Η διερεύνηση της ταυτότητα αποτελεί ένα καινούριο αντικείμενο ενδιαφέροντος των κοινωνικών επιστημών. Το σύγχρονο ενδιαφέρον για την ταυτότητα οφείλεται στη χρησιμότητα της στη διερεύνηση πολυεθνικών συγκρούσεων στο παγκόσμιο περιεχόμενο. Η Κύπρος, ανάμεσα σε άλλα μέρη του κόσμου, αποτελεί ένα παράδειγμα τόσο εθνικής συνύπαρξης και σύγκρουσης όσο και διακύμανσης της ταυτότητας. Βάση αυτής της εργασίας αποτέλεσαν τρεις βασικές παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με τη συλλογική ταυτότητα των Ελληνοκυπρίων. Πρώτο, οι διαφοροποιημένες επιλογές ταύτισης κατά τις διάφορες χρονικές περιόδους. Δεύτερο, η δημιουργία της ταυτότητας των Ελληνοκύπριων παιδιών με βάση τη διαφοροποίηση τους από τους "άλλους" τους Τούρκους. Τέλος, η επίδραση του de facto διαχωρισμού του νησιού στη διαμόρφωση της ταυτότητα των Ελληνοκυπρίων. Στη βάση αυτών των παρατηρήσεων διαμορφώσαμε τα ερευνητικά μας ερωτήματα ως εξής: 1)Ποιές από τις ταυτότητες -εθνική, θρησκευτική, εδαφική και ευρωπαϊκή - που αποτελούν στοιχεία της ευρύτερης συλλογικής ταυτότητας των Ελληνοκυπρίων, προβάλλονται μέσα από το Αναλυτικό Πρόγραμμα της δημοτικής εκπαίδευσης που χρησιμοποιείται στην ελληνοκυπριακή κοινότητα;2)Πώς παρουσιάζονται οι "άλλοι", οι Τούρκοι; Πώς παρουσιάζεται το Κυπριακό Πρόβλημα; Για την εξέταση του Αναλυτικού Προγράμματος χρησιμοποιήσαμε ποσοτική ανάλυση περιεχομένου, περιγραφική και ερμηνευτική, με μονάδα καταγραφής το "Θέμα" και μονάδα περιεχομένου την "παράγραφο". Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι το Αναλυτικό Πρόγραμμα της Δημοτικής Εκπαίδευσης υιοθετεί ένα εθνικό προσανατολισμό. Αναλυτικά, εξακολουθεί να προβάλλει τα νομιμοποιητικά επιχειρήματα για το δικαίωμα των Ελληνοκυπρίων στον αυτοπροσδιορισμό τους ως Έλληνες, να προωθεί την προβολή όλων εκείνων των κοινών στοιχείων των Ελλήνων και των Ελληνοκυπρίων που φανερώνουν την ελληνική ταυτότητα της ελληνοκυπριακής κοινότητας και να νομιμοποιεί τη θέση των θρησκευτικών, μέσω της σύνδεσης ανάμεσα στη χριστιανική εκπαίδευση και τη διαμόρφωση της εθνικής ταυτότητας. Επιπρόσθετα, το Αναλυτικό Πρόγραμμα, αν και περιλαμβάνει αναφορές στη γνώση και το σεβασμό των άλλων λαών, αποκλείει εκείνο το κομμάτι της κυπριακής πραγματικότητας που αναφέρεται στους Τουρκοκύπριους, λειτουργώντας έτσι ως ανασταλτικός παράγοντας στη δημιουργία μίας κοινής κυπριακής ταυτότητας. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται και στο κυπριακό πρόβλημα, εστιάζοντας κυρίως στα γεγονότα του 1974 και στην καλλιέργεια μίας αγωνιστικής παιδείας για την απελευθέρωση της Κύπρου. / The aim of this study is to examine the Greek Cypriots' collective identity through the Republic of Cyprus's Primary Education Curriculum. For the analysis of the curriculum we use quantitative content analysis, descriptive and interpretive. As a code unit we use the symbolic unit "theme" and as content unit "the paragraph". The results of our research illustrated that the curriculum adopts an ethnic orientation. Analytically, it continues advancing the legitimizing arguments for the right of Greek Cypriots to self - categorization as Greeks, promoting those common elements of Greeks and Greek Cypriots that reveal the Greek identity of the Greek Cypriot community and legalising the place of religious study via the connection of Christian education and the formation of ethnic identity. Furthermore, the curriculum, although it includes references for the knowledge and the respect of nationality, religion and culture of other population, excludes that part of Cypriot reality that refers to Turkish Cypriots, functioning as a suspencive factor in the construction of a common Cypriot identity. Particular attention is paid to the Cyprus Problem, focusing mainly on the events of 1974 and in the cultivation of a "fighting education" for the freedom of Cyprus.

The present thesis was begun in October 1996, with the aim of exploring the relationship between Cyprus television and aspects of the national and cultural identity of Cyprus youth. The thesis consists of seven chapters in all, which can be summarized as follows: In the first chapter, a survey of the historical, political and media realities in Cyprus establishes the ground for the present study, while in the second chapter, a literature review presents the writings on culture and identity, media theories and their development, with a discussion of important theoretical concepts and perspectives, like Cultural Studies, identity theory, globalisation versus localisation, postmodernism with its fragmentation and concepts of "otherness," as well as the relationship of all these concepts to Cyprus realities. A review of the relationship between television and media research to young audiences — internationally and locally - and a final discussion of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, ends Chapter two, foregrounding, at the same time, the third chapter on Methodology. The choice of the mixed paradigm — quantitative (statistical) and qualitative (Text and Discourse analysis of television programmes, and interviews and group discussions with the sample) is discussed, explained and documented in the third chapter. The fourth chapter consists of the presentation, statistical correlation and discussion of the results from the Statistical Field Survey, which rendered insights into the sample's attitudes and mapped the ground for the next two stages — the Programme analysis and the Interviews, by offering cues and clues for these stages. The fifth chapter presents a textual and discourse analysis of the first five programmes leading the sample's preference list in the Field Survey, while chapter six discusses the interviews and group discussions which were both cross-fertilized by the results of the Statistical Survey and the Programme Analysis. Finally, in the seventh chapter the conclusions from the Research are discussed in the light of the initial aims and goals of the study and suggestions are made for future research which can both derive from, and continue to add to the issues which have been investigated in the present project. The present Research Study did not aim at validating or corroborating one or more hypotheses, as it used a mixed paradigm with different methodological approaches, which could not, as a result render thoroughly congruent or consistent results. It did seek, however, through the use of its progressive, longitudinal research model conducted at different time periods, to empirically draw to the surface, as consistently and extensively as possible, answers to the goals and aims established initially in the thesis, which answers have rendered complementary conclusions throughout the stages of the cross-paradigm used.

With the confrontation of opponents, cultures and religions, the different spiritual and material possessions of sides end up with a synthesis. Such a unity may be one of the rare benefits of events like wars / while the main objection is to destroy the other. The crusades where the idea was to rescue the Holy Lands not only generated a culture of Levant but also furnished the lands of near east with the art and architecture of the crusading Latin Kingdom. Cyprus, as support and stronghold had been an important and strategic place where the Latins took advantage and granted back with beautiful Gothic churches and strongly built inaccessible castles. The castles, especially the three hilltop castles of St Hilarion, Buffavento and Kantara on the north probably perfectly reflect the crusading culture and exemplify the architecture which the Latins built in Cyprus. The crusader castles in Cyprus are certainly the products of a synthesis which combine the war and castle building experiences of the west, which crusaders brought with them when they came and the east which they faced with in the Holy Lands. In order to comprehend on the castles in Cyprus, subjects like the idea of crusading, the feudal system and knighthood in Europe and Levant are also important to enlighten the context as well as the characteristics and the types of the crusader castles in Levant. Therefore this study aims to find out the place and the importance of crusader castles in Cyprus in the crusading history.

This thesis analyzes the impact of the European Union (EU) on the Turco-Hellenic conflict. The theoretical foundation of this thesis is the link between EU enlargement, policies of conditionality and the process of &lsquo / Europeanization&rsquo / . The thesis makes the point that, apart from visible capabilities such as Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), enlargement is a more significant channel through which the EU interacts with the conflicts in its periphery. With this in mind, the thesis makes a survey of EU involvement in the Turkish-Greek conflict starting from the 1960s, emergence of the Cyprus issue between Greece and Turkey and the changing nature of Turkey-Europe relations with Greece&rsquo / s membership in 1981.

With the closure of Neo-Tethys in the Early Tertiary, oceanic crustal material was accreted along the izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone. The Ankara m&eacute / lange developed within this suture zone and contains Cretaceous ophiolitic fragments, some of which host significant Fe-Cu sulfide mineralization. Such mineralization is observed as massive to disseminated pyrite-chalcopyrite hosted by pillow to massive basalts in a dismembered and tectonically imbricated ophiolite block near Karaali, Ankara. Basaltic host rocks lack most of their primary mineral assemblages and textural relationships. As a consequence of greenschist-facies metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration, the basalts were strongly albitized and propylitized prior to late-stage argillic alteration, which is proximal to the main mineralized zone. Sulfide mineralization occurs in a massive sulfide lens and laterally extensive, 10-meter-thick zone of anastomosing quartz-sulfide veins. Other than pyrite and chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite and sphalerite also occur as minor sulfide phases, and the source of sulfur is determined to have been magmatic on the basis of 34S isotope analyses. A series of geochemical analyses suggest that the basaltic host rocks formed within a subduction-related tectonic setting, and the mineralization is thought to have formed during a medium-temperature hydrothermal event which was followed by another later period of low-temperature hydrothermal activity. Field, petrographical and geochemical evidence show that the Karaali Fe-Cu mineralization is genetically correlative with the Cyprus and K&uuml / re massive sulfide deposits, and may be classified as a Cyprus-type massive sulfide deposit.

We analyzed the genetic structures of 11 honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations from T&uuml / rkiye and one population from Cyprus using 9 microsatellite loci. Average gene diversity levels were found to change between 0,542 and 0,681. Heterozygosity levels, mean number of alleles per population, presence of diagnostic alleles and pairwise FST values confirmed the mitochondrial DNA finding that Anatolian honeybees belong to north Mediterranean (C) lineage. We detected a very high level of genetic divergence among populations of T&uuml / rkiye and Cyprus based on pairwise FST levels (between 0,0 and 0,2). Out of 66 population pairs 52 were found to be genetically different significantly. This level of significant differentiation has not been reported yet in any other study conducted on European and African honeybee populations. High allelic ranges, and high divergence indicate that Anatolia is a genetic centre for C lineage honeybees. We suggest that certain precautions should be taken to limit or forbid introduction and trade of Italian and Carniolan honeybees to T&uuml / rkiye and Cyprus in order to preserve genetic resources formed in these territories in thousands of years. Effectivity at previously isolated regions in Artvin, Ardahan and Kirklareli was confirmed by the high genetic differentiation in honeybees of these regions. Genetically differentiated Karaburun and Cyprus honeybees v and geographical positions of the regions make these zones first candidates as new isolation areas.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the various determinants of intergroup relations, particularly national stereotypes, in- group identification, contact, and social categorization. In chapter one a total of 150 Turkish Cypriots filled a national stereotypes questionnaire, social identity scale, and a scale assessing intergroup contact. Factor analysis of the stereotypes of the Turkish Cypriots (autostereotypes) demonstrated the existence of four latent variables adopted as Positivity, Competency- Based, Negativity and Religiosity/ Conservatism. The same factor structure was obtained for the stereotypes used to evaluate the Greek Cypriots (heterostereotypes). It was observed that Turkish Cypriots consistently demonstrated in- group favoritisim. In support of the Contact hypothesis it was found that increased exposure was predictive of greater endorsement of positive national stereotypes of the Greek Cypriots. In- group identification seemed to affect in- group attitudes alone / however, moderation analyses showed that in- group identification influenced negative out- group attitudes moderated through positive in- group attitudes. This led to the development of a model of negative out- group attitudes. In the second chapter the direction, content, and uniformity of the national stereotypes Turkish Cypriots endorse regarding the Turkish, Greek and British, three nations that have played a significant role in the history of Turkish Cypriots were assessed. Stereotypes were analyzed according to the following five dimensions: Empathic, dominant, efficient, negative, and religiosity/ conservative. Results led to the conclusion that Turkish Cypriots demonstrated in- group favoritism and had quite uniform autostereotypes yet inconsistent heterostereotypes. Stereotypic content was also mainly determined by the political, historical, and social relationship present between the national groups in question. In the third chapter participants were 150 Turkish Cypriots asked to assess their own town as well as the inhabitants of Nicosia. It was predicted that the act of stereotyping the neighbor would change depending on the type of category evoked from the questionnaire manipulation, such that Turkish Cypriots would judge Greek Cypriots as more similar when a common in- group identity Cypriot was suggested. The research findings however, did not support the assertions and Turkish Cypriots did not perceive themselves as more similar to Greek Cypriots under any condition, reflected also in their consistent selection of the same adjectives for Greek Cypriots over conditions. The limitations of the researches and future implications were discussed in an attempt to shed light on the intergroup processes present in Cyprus.