Die Dissertation untersucht die Rechtsfolgen nach § 15 AGG bei Verstößen gegen das AGG. Dabei werden anhand der entsprechenden Richtliniengebung und der Vorläufernorm des § 611a BGB zunächst die Voraussetzungen des europäischen Rechts geklärt. Ausgehend von diesen wird die Norm des § 15 AGG bezüglich Gesetzgebungsgeschichte und insbesondere strafenden Elementen als Inhalt vorgestellt. Rechtsvergleichend wird untersucht, ob mit § 15 AGG punitive damages aus dem anglo-amerikanischen Recht in das deutsche Recht integriert wurden. Ausgehend davon wird die generelle Möglichkeit der Privatstrafe im deutschen Recht erläutert und geklärt, ob § 15 AGG gegen die deutsche Rechtsordnung verstößt. / This dissertation analyses the legal consequences of § 15 AGG in case of its violation. First the conditions of European law concerning antidiscrimination law in accordance to the EG-Directives and § 611a BGB are clarified. Based on these the code of § 15 AGG is presented regarding the history of legislation and the inclusion of punitive elements especially. By comparing different legal systems the analysis if § 15 AGG introduces punitive damages as they exist in the anglo-american law to the German legal system is conducted. In accordance with these assumptions the general possibility of the integration of punitive damages in German civil and labour law is discussed. It will be clarified if § 15 AGG violates German law.

Danos em cidades, causados por impactos de precipitações intensas, ocorrem frequentemente e há muito tempo no Brasil, principalmente durante o verão. Isso representa para a sociedade e governo perdas materiais e, muitas vezes, humanas. A recuperação de tais danos depende de fatores como a gravidade do ocorrido, a resiliência da cidade e a capacidade de gerenciamento de sinistros pela parte afetada. A temática sobre gestão e diminuição de riscos e desastres tem sido discutida por diversos países nas convenções sobre mudanças climáticas e sobre desenvolvimento sustentável. Isso significa que os esforços devem ser realizados em todas as escalas. Afinal, num mundo globalizado, o que acontece numa região do planeta importa para a outra região. Com isso, dá-se a importância das pesquisas sobre os impactos de eventos de precipitação, métodos e sistemas de gestão de desastres. Destaca-se o município de São Luiz do Paraitinga, como um exemplo interessante por ter sido afetado por inundações e ser localizado justamente numa região que vem sofrendo modificações na sua paisagem em decorrência das atividades antrópicas, a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar impactos pluviais de forma a contribuir com o conhecimento acadêmico sobre tal assunto. A metodologia utilizada teve como objetivo integrar informações estatísticas sobre a precipitação, a descrição dos sistemas atmosféricos produtores de chuva e a identificação dos danos ocorridos, executando uma análise dos diversos fatores contribuintes para o impacto em si. Analisando os dados agrupados em verões os resultados mostraram que os danos ocorreram não somente em eventos de precipitação acima da média, mas também durante as chuvas mais amenas e frequentes; quanto aos sistemas atmosféricos, pôde-se constatar que o principal mecanismo de produção de chuva nos eventos analisados foi pela Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS). Os danos mais encontrados na série analisada referem-se a \"desabamentos\", \"rachaduras\" e \"imóveis danificados\". / Damage to cities, caused by impacts from heavy precipitations, has been frequent in Brazil, especially in summers. It represents material and, sometimes, human losses to both society and the government. The recovery of cities\' from such damage depends on factors, as severity of the occurrence, cities\' resilience, and ability of the affected party to manage risk. The issues of risk and disaster management and mitigation have been discussed in conventions on climate change and sustainable development in several countries, and efforts for decreasing vulnerability and improving resilience must be intensified on all scales. In a globalized world, what occurs in a region of the planet affects another region, therefore, the development of research on the impacts of precipitation events, methods and systems of disaster management is fundamental. São Luiz do Paraitinga – SP/Brazil is an example of a city affected by floods, also because it is located in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, a region that has undergone changes in its landscape due to anthropic activities. This research aimed at the analysis of precipitation impact events in the above-mentioned city towards contributing to the academic knowledge on this subject. The methodology used statistical information on precipitation, description of atmospheric rainfall systems and identification of damages and provided an integrated analysis of the several factors that have contributed to the impact itself. The results show damages occurred not only in above-average precipitation events, but also during milder and frequent rains. Regarding atmospheric systems, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), was the main mechanism of rainfall production in the events analyzed and \"landslides\", \"disruptions\" and \"danification to buildings\" were the damages mostly detected.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Correa Gouveia.pdf: 893975 bytes, checksum: 0203fb63b245c911348b92a3513f726f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis discusses the possibility of establishing limits on punitive damages that would make them viable if and when adopted in Brazil. Our interest in proposing boundaries comes from an analysis of Brazilian jurisprudence, in which we observed that courts justify the amount of pain and suffering damages awards by applying characteristic elements of punitive damages such as the high degree of reprehensibility of the conduct and the wealth of the defendant but based only on the nature of the injury itself and without well-defined criteria. Through a comparative study we see that Common Law countries apply punitive damages as a legal remedy through which injured persons receive from the defendants, in addition to full compensation for their actual injury, pecuniary amounts based on the willful misconduct or gross negligence of the offender. The adoption of this form of civil penalty would not infringe Brazilian constitutional guarantees and would not constitute unjust enrichment of the victim, because it would restore inner peace to the victim and bring back justice to the victim and society in general after the damaging behavior of the agent. In addition to criminal and administrative sanctions, Brazilian society needs a new punitive instrument, because in Brazil tort law is used to compensate the plaintiff for injury he receives, and is not an efficient means of punishment and deterrence of illicit behavior. Among the subjective limits we propose to punitive damages is a requirement for a high degree of reprehensibility of the wrongdoer s conduct, such as intentional wrongdoing, willful misconduct, gross negligence or some other kind of outrageous conduct. The objective limits are the amount of compensatory damages, the concrete circumstances of the case, the financial situation of the parties and expected profit of the defendant. The payment of punitive damages should be made to the victim and to a public fund, but the percentage may vary according to the case / A tese aborda a possibilidade de fixação de limites que devem ser previstos em lei para que a indenização punitiva seja viável no direito brasileiro. O interesse em propor parâmetros surgiu a partir da análise da jurisprudência nacional que vem aplicando os elementos caracterizadores do instituto, como a gravidade da conduta e a situação financeira privilegiada do ofensor, para justificar o valor da condenação em danos morais, respaldada na sua própria natureza jurídica, mas sem critérios claramente definidos. Por meio de estudo comparativo, verificou-se que o instituto dos punitive damages é aplicado nos países que seguem o common law como um valor pecuniário que o lesado recebe do réu além da indenização pelo dano efetivo sofrido, de maneira geral por ato ilícito cometido com dolo ou culpa grave do ofensor. A adoção de uma indenização sancionatória civil pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro não ofenderia as garantias constitucionais, bem como afastaria a alegação de enriquecimento sem causa da vítima, equivalendo à restauração da paz interior e da justiça subtraídas dela e da sociedade pela conduta danosa do agente. Ademais das sanções penais e administrativas, a sociedade brasileira deve dispor de novo instrumento punitivo, vez que a responsabilidade civil possui função meramente reparatória ou compensatória, se mostrando ineficiente como forma de repressão e prevenção de comportamentos ilícitos do causador do dano e da sociedade como um todo. Entre os limites propostos à indenização punitiva, sugere-se como critério subjetivo que a conduta do causador do dano seja efetivamente grave, configurando dolo ou culpa grave. Os limites objetivos constituem-se na condenação concomitante em danos efetivos, circunstâncias concretas do caso, situação financeira das partes e eventual lucro obtido a partir do evento danoso. O valor da indenização sancionatória deveria ser atribuído ao lesado e a um fundo público, sendo que o percentual dependeria de previsão legal, de acordo com o caso concreto

This paper is an exploratory case study of a logistics cost problem at Dep. X, and the normative purpose is to develop a model for Dep. X to aid in solving the problem of large damage costs. Dep. X is the logistic department of a warehouse located in a midsized Swedish city. The warehouse is part of an international furniture chain that operates in more than 40 countries worldwide and has an annual turnover of 211 billion Swedish SEK. This company has a clear cost focus and therefore, it is very important for the different departments to keep costs at a minimum. The problem that Dep. X is facing is related to damaged products, which can be further divided into Delivery Damages [DDs] (damages that are inflicted on products before the freight reaches the department) and Warehouse Damages [WDs] (damages that occur at the department). The warehouse has tried to solve the problem by forming a unit called ‘Cost hunters’. This group has some suspicions but has not yet found out the underlying reasons for the damaged goods. The thing that they know is that this is an unproportionally large cost for the warehouse, compared to other warehouses. In order for the researchers to investigate the cost issue, an abductive research strategy was used. The authors found out in an early stage of the research process that the problem was related to WDs and after a pre-study hypothesized four different problem areas to investigate: <ul type="disc">Flaws in Communicating Knowledge Flaws in Working Environment Flaws in Motivation Flaws Concerning Customers In order to establish whether or not these hypotheses were correct, a benchmarking study was conducted with a department under the same company, which was of basically the same size. Apart from the pre-study, a total of nine interviews were conducted; five at Dep. X and four at Dep. Y. The researchers also sent out surveys to both departments, conducted a damage levels study and had a meeting with a group manager at the distribution central in order to collect the needed information. After data collection, the data were processed and analyzed, and the researchers came to the conclusion that the problem with high WDs at Dep. X was related to, firstly, flaws in communicating knowledge and flaws in the working environment. The two other problem areas, flaws in motivation and flaws concerning customers, were also to some extent related to WDs, but this impact was not considered enough to be a major cause. The authors finish the thesis by illustrating with a model how the problems seem to have arisen and by suggesting improvement areas to deal with in order to eliminate the cost issue.

<p>This paper is an exploratory case study of a logistics cost problem at Dep. X, and the normative purpose is <strong>to develop a model for Dep. X to aid in solving the problem of large damage costs.</strong></p><p>Dep. X is the logistic department of a warehouse located in a midsized Swedish city. The warehouse is part of an international furniture chain that operates in more than 40 countries worldwide and has an annual turnover of 211 billion Swedish SEK. This company has a clear cost focus and therefore, it is very important for the different departments to keep costs at a minimum.</p><p>The problem that Dep. X is facing is related to damaged products, which can be further divided into Delivery Damages [DDs] (damages that are inflicted on products before the freight reaches the department) and Warehouse Damages [WDs] (damages that occur at the department). The warehouse has tried to solve the problem by forming a unit called ‘Cost hunters’. This group has some suspicions but has not yet found out the underlying reasons for the damaged goods. The thing that they know is that this is an unproportionally large cost for the warehouse, compared to other warehouses. In order for the researchers to investigate the cost issue, an abductive research strategy was used. The authors found out in an early stage of the research process that the problem was related to WDs and after a pre-study hypothesized four different problem areas to investigate:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Flaws in Communicating Knowledge</li><li>Flaws in Working Environment</li><li>Flaws in Motivation</li><li>Flaws Concerning Customers</li></ul><p>In order to establish whether or not these hypotheses were correct, a benchmarking study was conducted with a department under the same company, which was of basically the same size. Apart from the pre-study, a total of nine interviews were conducted; five at Dep. X and four at Dep. Y. The researchers also sent out surveys to both departments, conducted a damage levels study and had a meeting with a group manager at the distribution central in order to collect the needed information.</p><p>After data collection, the data were processed and analyzed, and the researchers came to the conclusion that the problem with high WDs at Dep. X was related to, firstly, flaws in communicating knowledge and flaws in the working environment. The two other problem areas, flaws in motivation and flaws concerning customers, were also to some extent related to WDs, but this impact was not considered enough to be a major cause. The authors finish the thesis by illustrating with a model how the problems seem to have arisen and by suggesting improvement areas to deal with in order to eliminate the cost issue.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bern, 2009 / Includes bibliographical references (p. xv-xxv).

Within the context of UK company law, this thesis proffers a robust solution to the problem of: (1) corporate shareholders utilising the limited liability attained from their shareholding in a subsidiary; and (2) group companies utilising the separate legal personality of an affiliated company, to avoid financial liability under EU environmental law. Analysis is confined to the framework of environmental liability implemented by the Environmental Liability Directive (the ‘ELD’). The ELD is based on the polluter-pays principle. This principle seeks, inter alia, to ensure that the person(s) responsible for environmental damage or the imminent threat of such damage bear the costs of remedying and preventing it. Perversely, two doctrines of UK company law may hinder this and may even incentivise UK companies to externalise their ELD-related costs to society. First, each company is treated as a separate legal person with its own rights and obligations, distinct from those of its shareholder(s). Secondly, under the doctrine of limited liability, when the assets of a company are exhausted, generally, the liability of the shareholder(s) is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the share(s) in the company held by them. It is concluded that UK group companies engaged in the most environmentally dangerous activities could be prevented from avoiding financial liabilities arising under the ELD by mandating that they deposit unencumbered assets into an Environmental Damage Trust Fund in favour of the relevant competent authority as security and where funds remained insufficient, attributing the remaining costs to any entity within the corporate group which participated in, or constrained the decision-making of the polluter in relation to the environmentally damaging activity. It is contended that the proposed framework may establish a network of: (1) self-monitoring companies within the corporate group; (2) companies from which funds may be obtained for the satisfaction of the financial liability. This may have two self-perpetuating effects: first, it may promote the prevention of environmental damage by incentivising potentially responsible group members, through the threat of financial liability, to monitor the activity of a high-risk group entity so as to ensure that the activity is conducted in a safe manner. Secondly, it may aid the private remediation of environmental damage by expanding the pool of funds available to meet the financial liability.

Galimybę pasinaudoti teise į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose vertėtų laikyti vienu iš kertinių elementų, galinčių padėti užtikrinti viešųjų pirkimų procedūrų viešumą, skaidrumą, atitikimą teisės aktų reikalavimams. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti teisės į žalos atlyginimą efektyvaus įgyvendinimo ypatumus, visapusiškai išnagrinėti kiekvieną iš būtinų sąlygų civilinei atsakomybei dėl žalos viešuosiuose pirkimuose padarymo kilti, apibendrinti Lietuvos teismų ir Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktiką. Darbe analizuojama teisė į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose (VPĮ 96 straipsnio pagrindu) ir kiti VPĮ V skyriuje įtvirtinti tiekėjų teisių gynimo būdai, aptariami jų tarpusavio ryšiai. Darbe dėmesys taip pat skiriamas sąžiningų tiekėjų pareigai ginčyti neteisėtus perkančiosios organizacijos veiksmus VPĮ V skyriuje numatyta tvarka. Siekiant išsamesnės teisės į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose instituto analizės, darbo pradžioje identifikuojamas subjektų, turinčių teisę į žalos atlyginimą viešuosiuose pirkimuose, ratas, o kitose dalyse aptariama kiekviena iš civilinei atsakomybei dėl žalos viešuosiuose pirkimuose padarymo kilti būtinų sąlygų: kaltė, neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys tarp neteisėtų veiksmų ir žalos. / One of the principal elements in the scope of public procurement is the ability to obtain damages, which ensures the transparency, publicity of public procurement procedures and meeting the requirements of law. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the singularities of the effective claim for damages, to scrutinize every condition for the civil liability in the scope of public procurement, to overview and summarize cases of Lithuanian courts and the European Court of Justice. The right to damages in the field of public procurement (Article 96 of the Law of Public procurement of Lithuania) and other remedies for civil rights protection are analyzed in this study, identifying connection between those remedies of civil rights protection. Attention is being paid to the duty of fair supplier to file a claim about the actions or decisions of the contracting authority under the Part V of the Law of Public Procurement of Lithuania. Seeking for the exhaustive analysis of the right to damages in the beginning of the study the group of subjects having right to claim for damages is being identified, in other parts of the study - every condition for the civil liability in the field of public procurement is analyzed: existence of fault, existence of damages and existence of a causal link between the fault and the claimed damages.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-179). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1990. / "April 1990." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-181). Also issued in microfiche.