Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

A pele dos anfíbios possui uma grande diversidade de glândulas responsáveis por diversas funções. Glândulas cutâneas sexualmente dimórficas (GCSDs) são geralmente encontradas em machos e podem formar macroglândulas conhecidas como regiões \"inchadas\". Dendrobatoidea é o único clado de anfíbios em que machos adultos possuem um inchaço no dedo IV, supostamente associado ao amplexo cefálico que também é exclusivo da superfamília. No entanto, poucos estudos referentes a este caráter foram realizados e sua histologia nunca foi examinada. Buscamos caracterizar as morfologias do inchaço, avaliar a distribuição anatômica de suas glândulas e realizar sua análise taxonômica. Observamos as morfologias externa e interna das mãos de machos e fêmeas adultos e juvenis de 27 espécies da superfamília e fizemos a histologia das mãos de todos os indivíduos para comparar os dedos e os tipos glandulares presentes neles. Realizamos análises histoquímicas para diferenciar e descrever os tipos glandulares encontrados e para determinar se encontramos GCSDs na região do inchaço, analisamos também a pele do dorso de alguns dendrobatóideos. Encontramos glândulas granulosas e mucosas comuns no dorso e nos dedos de todos os indivíduos. Exclusivamente nos machos adultos com o inchaço, encontramos glândulas mucosas especializadas de tipos I, II e III no dedo IV. Glândulas de tipo I estão presentes em todos os machos que apresentam o inchaço do dedo IV, de tipo II estão restritas aos Dendrobatidae e de tipo III ocorrem apenas em Anomaloglossus stepheni. Observamos ainda que machos de espécies anteriormente codificadas sem o inchaço possuem o inchaço no dedo IV e corroboramos a existência do caráter pela presença dos tipos glandulares descritos. Segundo nossa amostragem, a presença do inchaço e de glândulas de tipo I no inchaço é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatoidea, com ausência secundária nas espécies que não possuem o caráter. A presença de glândulas de tipo II é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatidae, com perdas independentes em duas espécies e a presença de glândulas de tipo III é uma autapomorfia de An. Stepheni. Trazemos, portanto, informações que poderão guiar estudos em diversos campos como: comportamento reprodutivo, bioquímica das secreções glandulares e taxonomia dos dendrobatóideos / Amphibians possess a great diversity of skin glands, among which sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are present in males and can form macroglands usually referred to as \"swollen\" regions. Dendrobatoidea is the only clade in which adult males present a swollen in finger IV supposedly associated with the cephalic amplexus, also exclusive to the superfamily. However, few studies of this character have been carried out and the histology of the structure has never been examined. We characterized the different morphologies of the swelling, assessed the anatomical distribution of its glands and tested its homology by taxonomic analysis. We studied the external and internal morphologies and the histology of the hands of adult males and females and juveniles of 27 species to compare all fingers and its gland types. To compare and describe the gland types found at the fingers we ran histochemical studies. We also analyzed the skin of the dorsum of dendobatoid frogs to determine if the gland types found at the swollen region were in fact SDSGs. Our findings showed typical serous and mucous glands at the dorsum and fingers of all individuals and we discovered specialized mucous glands of types I, II and III only at males with the swollen fourth finger. Type I glands are present in all males with the swelling, type II are restricted to Dendrobatidae and type III occur only in Anomaloglossus stepheni. We have also observed that males whose fourth finger was previously coded as \"without the swelling\" had in fact the swelling present, a fact corroborated by the presence of the specialized gland types. According to our samplings, the presence of the swelling in finger IV and of type I glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatoidea, with secondary absence at species without the swelling. The presence of type II glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatidae and the presence of type III glands is an autapomorphy of An. Stepheni. Our findings will guide studies in the most diverse fields such as dendrobatoid\'s reproductive behavior, biochemistry of glandular secretion and taxonomy

Amphibians possess a great diversity of skin glands, among which sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are present in males and can form macroglands usually referred to as \"swollen\" regions. Dendrobatoidea is the only clade in which adult males present a swollen in finger IV supposedly associated with the cephalic amplexus, also exclusive to the superfamily. However, few studies of this character have been carried out and the histology of the structure has never been examined. We characterized the different morphologies of the swelling, assessed the anatomical distribution of its glands and tested its homology by taxonomic analysis. We studied the external and internal morphologies and the histology of the hands of adult males and females and juveniles of 27 species to compare all fingers and its gland types. To compare and describe the gland types found at the fingers we ran histochemical studies. We also analyzed the skin of the dorsum of dendobatoid frogs to determine if the gland types found at the swollen region were in fact SDSGs. Our findings showed typical serous and mucous glands at the dorsum and fingers of all individuals and we discovered specialized mucous glands of types I, II and III only at males with the swollen fourth finger. Type I glands are present in all males with the swelling, type II are restricted to Dendrobatidae and type III occur only in Anomaloglossus stepheni. We have also observed that males whose fourth finger was previously coded as \"without the swelling\" had in fact the swelling present, a fact corroborated by the presence of the specialized gland types. According to our samplings, the presence of the swelling in finger IV and of type I glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatoidea, with secondary absence at species without the swelling. The presence of type II glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatidae and the presence of type III glands is an autapomorphy of An. Stepheni. Our findings will guide studies in the most diverse fields such as dendrobatoid\'s reproductive behavior, biochemistry of glandular secretion and taxonomy / A pele dos anfíbios possui uma grande diversidade de glândulas responsáveis por diversas funções. Glândulas cutâneas sexualmente dimórficas (GCSDs) são geralmente encontradas em machos e podem formar macroglândulas conhecidas como regiões \"inchadas\". Dendrobatoidea é o único clado de anfíbios em que machos adultos possuem um inchaço no dedo IV, supostamente associado ao amplexo cefálico que também é exclusivo da superfamília. No entanto, poucos estudos referentes a este caráter foram realizados e sua histologia nunca foi examinada. Buscamos caracterizar as morfologias do inchaço, avaliar a distribuição anatômica de suas glândulas e realizar sua análise taxonômica. Observamos as morfologias externa e interna das mãos de machos e fêmeas adultos e juvenis de 27 espécies da superfamília e fizemos a histologia das mãos de todos os indivíduos para comparar os dedos e os tipos glandulares presentes neles. Realizamos análises histoquímicas para diferenciar e descrever os tipos glandulares encontrados e para determinar se encontramos GCSDs na região do inchaço, analisamos também a pele do dorso de alguns dendrobatóideos. Encontramos glândulas granulosas e mucosas comuns no dorso e nos dedos de todos os indivíduos. Exclusivamente nos machos adultos com o inchaço, encontramos glândulas mucosas especializadas de tipos I, II e III no dedo IV. Glândulas de tipo I estão presentes em todos os machos que apresentam o inchaço do dedo IV, de tipo II estão restritas aos Dendrobatidae e de tipo III ocorrem apenas em Anomaloglossus stepheni. Observamos ainda que machos de espécies anteriormente codificadas sem o inchaço possuem o inchaço no dedo IV e corroboramos a existência do caráter pela presença dos tipos glandulares descritos. Segundo nossa amostragem, a presença do inchaço e de glândulas de tipo I no inchaço é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatoidea, com ausência secundária nas espécies que não possuem o caráter. A presença de glândulas de tipo II é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatidae, com perdas independentes em duas espécies e a presença de glândulas de tipo III é uma autapomorfia de An. Stepheni. Trazemos, portanto, informações que poderão guiar estudos em diversos campos como: comportamento reprodutivo, bioquímica das secreções glandulares e taxonomia dos dendrobatóideos

Doctor of Philosophy / Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. Genetic variation for PPO activity is characterized in bread wheat. Australian wheat breeding programmes recognize that reduced PPO activity is an important quality target. Despite this interest from breeders, no varieties possessing extremely low and null PPO activity exist. The development of null PPO wheat varieties is dependant on an understanding of the genetic control of the null phenotype. Knowledge of these factors will accelerate efforts to develop them. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in two populations that were derived from hybrids between a null PPO genotype and Australian wheat varieties Lang and QAlBis. Observed genetic ratios were consistent with two and three gene control, respectively in these populations. QTL mapping was performed in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. The Diversity Array Technology (DArT) approach was employed to genotype the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL. Close associations between PPO activity and DArT marker loci wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544 were observed, respectively. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity across seasons. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 1B and 3B were also identified that together explained an additional 17% of variation in PPO activity. The relationship between PPO activity and yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) colour stability parameters was investigated in a DM5637*B8 x H45 doubled haploid population. PPO activity and changes in YAN brightness (ΔL* 0-24h) and yellowness (Δb* 0-24h) in both seasons were analysed. Quantitative trait analyses of PPO activity, flour yellowness (b*) and YAN colour stability was also conducted in this population. QTL mapping of variation in PPO activity in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome 2AL, which explained 52% of the observed variation across seasons. Regression analysis identified that wPt-7024 was highly significantly associated with PPO activity in this population. A highly significant association between this marker and PPO was also identified in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Collectively, the three identified QTLs (on chromosomes 2AL, 7A and 7B) explained 71% of variation in PPO activity across seasons. A highly significant (P<0.001) QTL on chromosome 2B along with significant (P<0.01) QTLs on the chromosomes 1A, 3B, 4B and 5B were found to control flour yellowness. The QTLs on 2B, 4B and 5B were detected in both seasons analysed and accounted for 90% of variation in flour b* across seasons. The study on YAN colour stability located two highly significant (P<0.001) QTLs and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs that controlled the change in brightness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 64% of observed variation across seasons. It was in the same location as the PPO QTL and shared a common closest marker wPt-7024. Only one significant QTL for YAN a* (0-24h) was identified. It accounted for 12% of variation across seasons and was only detected in one season. One highly significant (P<0.001) QTL and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs were identified that controlled the change in yellowness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 68% of observed variation across seasons. The location of this QTL corresponded with that of 2A QTLs for PPO activity and L* of YAN in this study. Furthermore, wPt-7024 was also identified as the marker with the most significant association with L*. The identification of a correlation between the characters and a common location of a highly significant QTL for each of these characters indicates that it is likely that PPO activity is directly responsible for a large proportion of the changes in brightness and yellowness of YAN. QTLs for L* and b* of YAN were detected in a common location on chromosome 1A. However, no corresponding QTL was identified that controls PPO activity, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between these traits. Resistance to three rust pathogens (Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, and Puccinia triticina) was also investigated in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population because they are major yield limiting diseases in wheat. Disease response data at the seedling stage were converted to genotypic scores for rust genes Sr24/Lr24, Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 to construct a genetic linkage map. No recombination was observed between rust resistance genes Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 in this DH population. Therefore, these genes mapped in the same position on chromosome 2B. The Lr24/Sr24 locus was incorporated into the chromosome 3D map. Interval mapping analysis identified QTLs on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B and 5B that control adult plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust. Two QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 3D were identified that controlled APR to leaf rust in this DH population.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

Flamboyant colors are widespread throughout the animal kingdom. While many of these traits arise through sexual selection, bright coloration can also evolve through natural selection. Many aposematic species, for example, use conspicuous warning coloration to communicate their noxiousness to predators. Recent research suggests these signals can also function in the context of mate choice. Studies of warning color evolution can therefore provide new insights into how the interplay of natural and sexual selection impact the trajectory of conspicuous signal evolution. For my dissertation, I investigated the potential for male-male competition to impact the warning color evolution of a species of poison frog. I focused my work on an exceptionally bright and toxic population of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) where males are brighter than females, a classic signature of sexual selection. In Chapter 1, I used theoretical models of predator and frog visual systems to determine which can see the variation in bright warning coloration within this population. I found that birds, the presumed major predator, likely cannot see this variation, indicating that sexual selection can work under the radar of predators in this species. In Chapter 2, I tested the aggressive responses of males using a two-way choice paradigm that manipulated the perceived brightness of stimulus males. I found that males directed more of their behaviors to bright stimulus frogs, and brighter focal frogs more readily approached stimuli and directed more of their attention to the brighter rival. In Chapter 3, I tested the outcomes of dyadic interactions between males of varying brightness and observed male reactions to simulated intruders in their territories. I found that brighter males initiated aggressive interactions with rivals more readily, and brightness asymmetries between males settled interactions in a way that is consistent with classic hypotheses about male sexual signals. In Chapter 4 I sought to describe physiological correlates of male warning color brightness. While male brightness did not co-vary with classic measures of body condition (circulating testosterone and skin carotenoids), it did correlate with toxins sequestered from the diet and thus appears to be a reliable signal of toxicity in this population. / text

Doctor of Philosophy / Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. Genetic variation for PPO activity is characterized in bread wheat. Australian wheat breeding programmes recognize that reduced PPO activity is an important quality target. Despite this interest from breeders, no varieties possessing extremely low and null PPO activity exist. The development of null PPO wheat varieties is dependant on an understanding of the genetic control of the null phenotype. Knowledge of these factors will accelerate efforts to develop them. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in two populations that were derived from hybrids between a null PPO genotype and Australian wheat varieties Lang and QAlBis. Observed genetic ratios were consistent with two and three gene control, respectively in these populations. QTL mapping was performed in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. The Diversity Array Technology (DArT) approach was employed to genotype the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL. Close associations between PPO activity and DArT marker loci wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544 were observed, respectively. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity across seasons. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 1B and 3B were also identified that together explained an additional 17% of variation in PPO activity. The relationship between PPO activity and yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) colour stability parameters was investigated in a DM5637*B8 x H45 doubled haploid population. PPO activity and changes in YAN brightness (ΔL* 0-24h) and yellowness (Δb* 0-24h) in both seasons were analysed. Quantitative trait analyses of PPO activity, flour yellowness (b*) and YAN colour stability was also conducted in this population. QTL mapping of variation in PPO activity in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome 2AL, which explained 52% of the observed variation across seasons. Regression analysis identified that wPt-7024 was highly significantly associated with PPO activity in this population. A highly significant association between this marker and PPO was also identified in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Collectively, the three identified QTLs (on chromosomes 2AL, 7A and 7B) explained 71% of variation in PPO activity across seasons. A highly significant (P<0.001) QTL on chromosome 2B along with significant (P<0.01) QTLs on the chromosomes 1A, 3B, 4B and 5B were found to control flour yellowness. The QTLs on 2B, 4B and 5B were detected in both seasons analysed and accounted for 90% of variation in flour b* across seasons. The study on YAN colour stability located two highly significant (P<0.001) QTLs and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs that controlled the change in brightness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 64% of observed variation across seasons. It was in the same location as the PPO QTL and shared a common closest marker wPt-7024. Only one significant QTL for YAN a* (0-24h) was identified. It accounted for 12% of variation across seasons and was only detected in one season. One highly significant (P<0.001) QTL and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs were identified that controlled the change in yellowness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 68% of observed variation across seasons. The location of this QTL corresponded with that of 2A QTLs for PPO activity and L* of YAN in this study. Furthermore, wPt-7024 was also identified as the marker with the most significant association with L*. The identification of a correlation between the characters and a common location of a highly significant QTL for each of these characters indicates that it is likely that PPO activity is directly responsible for a large proportion of the changes in brightness and yellowness of YAN. QTLs for L* and b* of YAN were detected in a common location on chromosome 1A. However, no corresponding QTL was identified that controls PPO activity, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between these traits. Resistance to three rust pathogens (Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, and Puccinia triticina) was also investigated in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population because they are major yield limiting diseases in wheat. Disease response data at the seedling stage were converted to genotypic scores for rust genes Sr24/Lr24, Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 to construct a genetic linkage map. No recombination was observed between rust resistance genes Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 in this DH population. Therefore, these genes mapped in the same position on chromosome 2B. The Lr24/Sr24 locus was incorporated into the chromosome 3D map. Interval mapping analysis identified QTLs on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B and 5B that control adult plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust. Two QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 3D were identified that controlled APR to leaf rust in this DH population.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka VR-tjänsters utmaningar och möjligheter för samskapande av olika varianter av hus inom hustillverkningsbranschen. Genom teoretiska studier och kvalitativa intervjuer har riktlinjer för hur företag kan använda VR-tjänster för samskapande framträtt. De teoretiska områden som främst har behandlats är den tjänstedominanta logiken, innovationsprocessen, samskapande samt VR. Sex intervjudeltagare medverkade i intervjuerna. Dessa var i åldrarna 25–26 år, hälften var män, hälften var kvinnor. Det visade sig att deltagarna hade liten eller till och med ingen erfarenhetav VR sen tidigare. Studien visar att företag som ämnar använda sig av VR-tjänster för samskapande bör tänka på att tjänsten måste uppfylla vissa incitament och fördelar som bland annat handlar om att tjänsten måste vara kreativ och inspirerande för att ge så kallade nöjes- och lustfördelar, ge möjlighet till att utföra förändringar av ett virtuellt hus på ett unikt sätt, men även att deltagande i tjänsten i vissa fall även kan kräva någon form av kompensation för attanvändarna ska delta i samskapande. Det kan även krävas en tjänst som är kopplad till VR-tjänsten för att samskapande ska fungera på bästa sätt. Det finns potential för företag attanvända sig av VR-tjänster för att samskapa tillsammans med kunder, men det kan ännu komma att dröja innan användningen av liknande tjänster är utbredd och ett måste för företag att satsa på.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

This research is an investigation of the Late Holocene technological transition from the spearthrower and dart to the bow and arrow in north central Texas. It is conducted through a theoretical approach that utilizes ethnographic research, experimental archaeology and the archaeological record to elucidate differences in the behaviors and hunting strategies of Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric groups. It first confirms that there was a transition. Second, a lithic analysis demonstrates that there are fundamental differences in the sizes of the stone dart and arrow points that relate to the propulsive requirements of the weapon systems. Third, it is shown these size differences constrain maintenance potentials and that indeed dart and arrow points exhibit stark differences in their life histories in spite of being employed for the same task. And finally, the faunal record suggests that this transition was associated with an increase in foraging efficiency.