Esse trabalho adota concepção de que o ensino de ciências deve dar condições para que o aluno possa aprender ciências, aprender sobre ciências e aprender a fazer ciências. Para tal, é importante pensar o ensino de ciências a partir da perspectiva da alfabetização científica, favorecendo o uso de situações investigativas e resoluções de problemas nos quais os alunos sejam iniciados nas práticas científicas escolares, se apropriando de práticas próprias da Ciência, tais como a linguagem e a construção coletiva do conhecimento. Neste contexto, acreditamos que a resolução de problemas em sequências didáticas investigativas de ecologia favorece a aprendizagem de conceitos e de etapas de como a ciência é construída, como o levantamento de hipóteses. Assim, dado que o levantamento de hipóteses é uma ação importante nas aulas de ciências, acreditamos que a averiguação desse momento da aula pode apontar indicadores de aulas investigativas. Assim, a questão de pesquisa deste trabalho é: \"Como as hipóteses escolares em sequências didáticas investigativas podem ser caracterizadas nas aulas de ciências? \" Para identificar as hipóteses utilizamos o padrão de raciocínio hipotético dedutivo e propomos características para hipóteses escolares considerando a sua função, estrutura, qualidade e conteúdo. Defendemos que a construção de hipóteses utilizando o raciocínio hipotético dedutivo nas aulas de ciências é importante para uma comunicação estruturada que usa a maneira lógica nos moldes do raciocínio cientifico, e que favorece ao aluno desenvolver habilidades próprias da comunidade científica como a apropriação da linguagem. As hipóteses escolares podem ser consideradas em dez características. Considerar as características da hipótese escolar é ir além do simples preenchimento dos elementos de raciocínio hipotético dedutivo, é avaliar a qualidade da hipótese que o aluno levanta. Isso ajuda no planejamento e execução de ações que auxiliem no aprendizado dos alunos pois indica quais as relações de ideias os alunos estão fazendo durante a resolução dos problemas e pode ser um indicador do eixo funcional da alfabetização científica. / This work adopts conception of which the sciences teaching must give conditions so that the pupil can learn sciences, learn on sciences and learn to do sciences. For such, the sciences teaching is important to think from the perspective of the scientific literacy, favoring the use of situations investigative and resolutions of problems into which the pupils are initiated in school scientific practices, appropriating of practices own to the Science, such as the language and the collective construction of the knowledge. In this context, we believe that the problems resolution in didactics sequences of ecology favors the apprenticeship of concepts and of steps of as the science is built, like the lifting hypothesis. Thus, since the hypothesis survey is an important action in the science classes, we believe that the investigation of this moment of the class can indicate indicators of investigative classes. Thus, the research question of this work is: \"How can school hypotheses in investigative didactic sequences be characterized in science classes?\" To identify the hypotheses we use the hypothetical deductive reasoning pattern and propose characteristics for school hypotheses considering their function, structure, quality and content. We argue that the construction of hypotheses using deductive hypothetical reasoning in science classes is important for a structured communication that uses the logical way in the scientific reasoning, and that favors the student to develop skills proper to the scientific community as the appropriation of language. The school hypotheses can be considered in ten characteristics. Consider the characteristics of the school hypothesis is to go beyond simply filling in the elements of hypothetical deductive reasoning, it is to evaluate the quality of the hypothesis that the student raises. This helps in the planning and execution of actions that aid in student learning because it indicates what ideas relationships students are doing during problem solving and can be an indicator of the functional axis of scientific literacy.

There is an increased emphasis on inquiry in national and Oregon state high school science standards. As hypothesis testing is a key component of these new standards, instructors need effective strategies to improve students' hypothesis testing skills. Recent research suggests that classroom exercises may prove useful. A general purpose classroom activity called the thought experiment is proposed. The effectiveness of 7 hours of instruction using this exercise was measured in an introductory biology course, using a quasi-experimental contrast group design. An instrument for measuring hypothesis testing skill is also proposed. Treatment (n=18) and control (n=10) sections drawn from preexisting high school classes were pre- and post-assessed using the proposed Multiple Choice Assessment of Deductive Reasoning. Both groups were also post-assessed by individually completing a written, short-answer format hypothesis testing exercise. Treatment section mean posttest scores on contextualized, multiple choice problem sets were significantly higher than those of the control section. Mean posttest scores did not significantly differ between sections on abstract deductive logic problems or the short answer format hypothesis testing exercise.

The study presents a pragmatic evaluation of the influence of inductive teaching on grade 11 learners in two high schools in Tshwane West District in the Gauteng province in a form of pseudo experiment complemented with a qualitative investigation. The study focussed on the influence of inductive teaching on the nature of conceptualisation of and the learning achievement with regard to functions in Grade 11. A model adopted by O'Callaghan that identifies and applies the four competencies of modelling a function, interpreting a function, translating and reifying a function proved to be relevant for the investigation and hence was adapted for the study. The methodology used included data collection through pretest-posttest control group experimental design complemented with unstructured interviews. The verification of the reliability of research instruments and data analysis was done with the assistance of the Northwest University (Potchefstroom Campus) Statistical Consultation Services and through identification of common perceptions and experiences of participants. The results of the study did indicate positive influence of inductive teaching on the nature and quality of conceptual learning of the function concept. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The study presents a pragmatic evaluation of the influence of inductive teaching on grade 11 learners in two high schools in Tshwane West District in the Gauteng province in a form of pseudo experiment complemented with a qualitative investigation. The study focussed on the influence of inductive teaching on the nature of conceptualisation of and the learning achievement with regard to functions in Grade 11. A model adopted by O'Callaghan that identifies and applies the four competencies of modelling a function, interpreting a function, translating and reifying a function proved to be relevant for the investigation and hence was adapted for the study. The methodology used included data collection through pretest-posttest control group experimental design complemented with unstructured interviews. The verification of the reliability of research instruments and data analysis was done with the assistance of the Northwest University (Potchefstroom Campus) Statistical Consultation Services and through identification of common perceptions and experiences of participants. The results of the study did indicate positive influence of inductive teaching on the nature and quality of conceptual learning of the function concept. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Euclidean geometry and geometric proof have occupied a central place in mathematics education from classical Greek society through to twentieth century Western culture. It is proof which sets mathematics apart from the empirical sciences, and forms the foundation of our mathematical knowledge, yet students often fail to understand the purpose of proof, they are unable to construct proofs, and instead readily accept empirical evidence or the authority of textbooks or teachers. (For complete abstract open document)

Dual Processing theory proposes that the ability to over ride associative (System 1) in favour of analytical (System 2) processed in deductive reasoning may depend on inhibitory control. The present study applies this association to a spatial reasoning task by adapting a mental rotation task to a multichoice format including System 1 (mirror) and System 2 (rotated image) responses. Fifty undergraduate volunteers from the University of Canterbury responded to a Stroop task as a measure of inhibitory control that was compared with System 1 and System 2 responding from a spatial and a deductive reasoning task. It was expected that people with weaker inhibitory potential would make more System 1 and fewer System 2 responses in both deductive and visual-spatial reasoning tasks. Contrary to expectation System 2 responding dominated for both tasks and correlations between both reasoning tasks and measures of inhibitory control were non-significant. The differing idiosyncratic demands of each task may have obscured any common variables associated with inhibitory control. This research initiated a test for the presence of System 1 and System 2 in spatial reasoning.

Yhis article addresses the issue about the differences between the old regulatory bodies and the current Civil Codes. t he author analyzes from the Medieval Period until the present to evidence the change and evolution that made the thinkers to apply the geometric method to Law and how to configure the rules in the Civil Law. Furthermore, it recognizes and analyzes the contributions of e uropean writers and thinkers that promoted the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the work of the lawyer Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. / El presente artículo aborda la temática sobre las diferencias entre los cuerpos normativos antiguos y los Códigos Civiles actuales. El autor realiza un análisis desde la época Medieval hasta la actualidad para evidenciar el cambio y la evolución que hicieron los pensadores para aplicar el método geométrico al Derecho y la forma de configurar de las normas en el Civil Law. Asimismo, se reconoce y analiza los aportes de los escritores y pensadores europeos, que impulsaron la Revolución Científica del siglo XVII, en especial la obra del abogado Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Esse trabalho adota concepção de que o ensino de ciências deve dar condições para que o aluno possa aprender ciências, aprender sobre ciências e aprender a fazer ciências. Para tal, é importante pensar o ensino de ciências a partir da perspectiva da alfabetização científica, favorecendo o uso de situações investigativas e resoluções de problemas nos quais os alunos sejam iniciados nas práticas científicas escolares, se apropriando de práticas próprias da Ciência, tais como a linguagem e a construção coletiva do conhecimento. Neste contexto, acreditamos que a resolução de problemas em sequências didáticas investigativas de ecologia favorece a aprendizagem de conceitos e de etapas de como a ciência é construída, como o levantamento de hipóteses. Assim, dado que o levantamento de hipóteses é uma ação importante nas aulas de ciências, acreditamos que a averiguação desse momento da aula pode apontar indicadores de aulas investigativas. Assim, a questão de pesquisa deste trabalho é: \"Como as hipóteses escolares em sequências didáticas investigativas podem ser caracterizadas nas aulas de ciências? \" Para identificar as hipóteses utilizamos o padrão de raciocínio hipotético dedutivo e propomos características para hipóteses escolares considerando a sua função, estrutura, qualidade e conteúdo. Defendemos que a construção de hipóteses utilizando o raciocínio hipotético dedutivo nas aulas de ciências é importante para uma comunicação estruturada que usa a maneira lógica nos moldes do raciocínio cientifico, e que favorece ao aluno desenvolver habilidades próprias da comunidade científica como a apropriação da linguagem. As hipóteses escolares podem ser consideradas em dez características. Considerar as características da hipótese escolar é ir além do simples preenchimento dos elementos de raciocínio hipotético dedutivo, é avaliar a qualidade da hipótese que o aluno levanta. Isso ajuda no planejamento e execução de ações que auxiliem no aprendizado dos alunos pois indica quais as relações de ideias os alunos estão fazendo durante a resolução dos problemas e pode ser um indicador do eixo funcional da alfabetização científica. / This work adopts conception of which the sciences teaching must give conditions so that the pupil can learn sciences, learn on sciences and learn to do sciences. For such, the sciences teaching is important to think from the perspective of the scientific literacy, favoring the use of situations investigative and resolutions of problems into which the pupils are initiated in school scientific practices, appropriating of practices own to the Science, such as the language and the collective construction of the knowledge. In this context, we believe that the problems resolution in didactics sequences of ecology favors the apprenticeship of concepts and of steps of as the science is built, like the lifting hypothesis. Thus, since the hypothesis survey is an important action in the science classes, we believe that the investigation of this moment of the class can indicate indicators of investigative classes. Thus, the research question of this work is: \"How can school hypotheses in investigative didactic sequences be characterized in science classes?\" To identify the hypotheses we use the hypothetical deductive reasoning pattern and propose characteristics for school hypotheses considering their function, structure, quality and content. We argue that the construction of hypotheses using deductive hypothetical reasoning in science classes is important for a structured communication that uses the logical way in the scientific reasoning, and that favors the student to develop skills proper to the scientific community as the appropriation of language. The school hypotheses can be considered in ten characteristics. Consider the characteristics of the school hypothesis is to go beyond simply filling in the elements of hypothetical deductive reasoning, it is to evaluate the quality of the hypothesis that the student raises. This helps in the planning and execution of actions that aid in student learning because it indicates what ideas relationships students are doing during problem solving and can be an indicator of the functional axis of scientific literacy.

Grammar is one of the most discussed part of language learning. Many studentshave problems understanding how to use the grammatical forms in their ownproduction and communication. The purpose of this work is to investigate theteachers´ attitudes towards grammar and what methods they use when they teachgrammar. The method used in this work is qualitative, with four interviews ofteachers working in the Swedish high school. In order to determine how the teacherswork, we have studied the course plans presented by Skolverket and we have alsostudied what the current research have to say about this. The result shows that theinterviewed teachers mostly vary their methods, using both inductive and deductiveapproaches in order to promote the communicative competence of the students. Theinterviews also show that the teachers have a positive attitude towards grammar,considering it an important part of language learning.

Construction literature forwards innovation as a desirable objective for firms. Innovation is argued to; improve the firm s performance, increase market share, establish a competitive advantage, and ultimately ensure firm survival. Literature has overlooked the role of organisational slack within construction firms as a determinant of innovation despite the concept being well developed within the general management literature. This research uncovers and examines the impact of organisational slack on firm-level innovation as a determinant of innovation within the construction sector. This work forwards organisational slack as an unexplored firm level determinant of innovation within the construction context. Using the resource-based view of the firm, as a framework for firms, the thesis develops links between previously established firm level determinates of innovation to and slack to support its proposal as a determinant of innovation. Following this traditional measures of innovation argued fail to accurately capture innovation in the construction context, with patents represent inventions, while R&D expenditure is not applicable within the construction. Due to these failures of traditional approaches to measuring innovation, firm level performance is forwarded as a proxy measure for innovation outcomes. Developing existing slack literature, this thesis develops hypotheses proposing inverse U-shaped (n) and U-shaped (u) relationships between the level of slack and innovation outcomes. The thesis presents mixed method research. Study 1 adopts a deductive research strategy, incorporating statistical analysis to test the hypothesised relationships. The Research Design develops and Archival analysis research method; mirroring the approaches of econometric research found in slack literature. The data analysis explores two contexts: construction and manufacturing, allowing a comparative baseline to be established. The analysis of data from this study reveals that discrepancies in the R2 between the contexts is largely the result of the inability of control variables (Age, Size and Number of employees), to explain variation in firm performance (as a proxy for innovation outcomes) in a construction context, rather than the unsuitability of slack in the construction context. In construction firms, Unabsorbed Slack and Financial Slack demonstrated statistically significant results supporting an inverse U-shaped relationship with firm performance (n) supporting Hypothesis 1a and 1b. Contrary to this Absorbed Slack and Human Resource Slack demonstrated statistically significant results demonstrating a U-relationship (u) between slack and performance supporting hypothesis 2b (H2b). Study 2 adopts a deductive research strategy, incorporating semi-structured interviews as a source of primary data in order to explore the slack-innovation relationship in greater depth. Primarily, this study provided evidence to suggest that construction firms do not directly measure innovation. Instead, firms choose to measure outcomes of changes within the firm, typically in terms of measure relating to firm financial performance. Evidence from this study supports the proposal of firm financial performance as a viable proxy for innovation outcomes in Study 1. In addition to this when faced with changes to their environment, participants responses typically supported a positive linear relationship between the level of organisational slack and the firm. This research is the first to examine the impact of organisational slack on construction firm financial performance (as a proxy for innovation). This relationship is curvilinear in nature, however, the results are inconclusive if it is inverse U shaped (n) or U shaped (u) based upon conflicting evidence from different slack variables. What can be ascertained however, is that the level of slack impacts firm level performance and theoretically impacts firm level innovation.