Police officers experience stress from operational and organizational demands which are extrinsic in nature. Officers may also experience stress from not being able to attain their personal goals for becoming a police officer, which is referred to as goal negation. The purpose of this mixed model, exploratory study was to examine if stress from goal negation is an intrinsic moderating factor of police officers' overall experience of career-related stress that may be adding to the health risks of the profession. The framework for the study included the concept of goal negation and the theory of operational and organizational or intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. The study was conducted in a Southern state with a sample of 52 acting police officers with 1 to 6 years of field experience. Two online survey questionnaires were modified from McCreary and Thompson's PSQ-Org and PSQ-Op and used to measure organizational and operational stressors. In-depth interviews added to the exploration of the lived experiences of officers in assessing their personal goal attainment. Results from the exploratory multivariate factor analysis of variance (MANOVA) of operational and organizational survey scores indicated that goal negation played a significant role in moderating stress for police officers in their duties. In addition, the content analysis of the interviews revealed a theme of conflict between police officers' personal goals and the operational role of police in the public context today. The results of this study will contribute to social change by informing police agencies, police training centers, and mental health treatment facilities of possible job sources of stress for new hires and career-oriented police personnel.

No description available.

Hur ser upphandlare på sitt nya uppdrag att använda sig av hållbarhetskrav i offentliga upphandlingar? Frågan är väldigt komplex trots att lagverket tillåter miljökrav, sociala och etiska krav i upphandlingar. Hela upphandlingsprocessen påverkas också av många aktörers sätt att se på hållbarhetsfrågan och ta ansvar. Förstudier visar att alla organisationer möter olika hinder när de strukturerar om i organisationers uppdrag. I detta arbete är det fokus på Malmö och Upphandlingsenheten där kommunala upphandlare jobbar. Empirisk data är insamlat med en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem anställda. Det visade sig att där finns flera hinder som de måste ta itu med. Först av allt behöver de sammanföra medarbetarnas individuella mål med organisationens mål. Analysen innehåller också goda exempel på när gruppen har kunnat avlägsna hinder. De anställda har också idéer på hur vissa hinder för hållbara upphandlingar skulle kunna avlägsnas. En av möjligheterna som omnämndes var att flera kommuner kan ställa gemensamma krav för att mer kunna påverka leverantörers hållbarhetsutveckling. / What does purchasers think about their new mission to use sustainable demands in public procurements? Even though the law allows environmental and social demands in procurement, the process is very complex. It depends on the co-operation between several different actors within and between organizations. It also depends upon a changed view on the relationship between public procurement and sustainable development. The purchasers must feel responsible for sustainability issues within their expertise. Earlier studies show that all organizations meet different hinders when they change their mission. Focus in this study is on Malmoe and Upphandlingsenheten where the municipality-purchasers work. The empirical data was collected with qualitative methods by semi-structured interviews with five employees. Results show that there are several challenges to implement “green procurement”. First of all the individual goals that the co-workers have must match with the organizational goals. This study shows good examples of how the purchasers have met some of those challenges. The employees also have ideas of how other challenges may be possible to overcome. One possibility could be to co-operate with other municipalities around sustainability to create mutual demands. This could create a greater pressure on suppliers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered job demands and resources for international sales professionals, who faced unprecedented challenges such as the inability to travel and increased isolation due to remote work. According to the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, changes in job demands and resources significantly impact well-being, often leading to burnout. Given that international sales are already considered a highly stressful occupation understanding these changes is not only crucial for academic research but also for providing practical support to these professionals. Despite the critical importance of this issue, previous studies have yet to extensively explore the post-pandemic shifts in job demands and resources for international salespeople. This thesis presents qualitative research investigating these changes and their impact on the well-being of international sales professionals during the pandemic. Using semi-structured interviews with six international sales professionals in Japan and Sweden, the study uncovered a surprisingly positive impact of the pandemic on their overall well-being, challenging the traditional JD-R theory. This paradox has brought attention to the oversimplification of the JD-R theory.

Känslomässiga krav innebär att individer förväntas kontrollera sina känslor och agera lämpligt för sin yrkesroll. Studiens syfte var att undersöka sambandet mellan upplevda känslomässiga krav och stress samt skillnader mellan män och kvinnor inom polisen. Kvantitativ data samlades in genom enkäter med 112 poliser. Syftet undersöktes genom att mäta dimensionerna känslomässiga krav, krav på att dölja känslor och stress baserat på mätinstrumentet COPSOQ. Analysen genomfördes med en multipel regressionsanalys och två modererande hierarkiska multipla regressionsanalyser. Resultaten visade att känslomässiga krav har ett signifikant samband med stress, men inget signifikant samband mellan krav på att dölja känslor och stress hittades. Ingen signifikant skillnad i upplevelsen av känslomässiga krav samt krav på att dölja känslor i relation till stress observerades mellan män och kvinnor. Studien bidrar till förståelsen av hur arbetsrelaterade känslomässiga krav kan länkas till stress och understryker vikten att motverka känslomässiga krav för att minska stress inom polisyrket. / Emotional demands involve an expectation for individuals to control theiremotions and act appropriately for their professional role. This study aimed toinvestigate the relationship between perceived emotional demands and stress, as well asdifferences between male and female police officers. Quantitative data was collectedthrough surveys with 112 police officers. The aim was examined by measuring thedimensions of emotional demands, demands for hiding emotions, and stress based onthe COPSOQ instrument. The analysis was conducted using multiple regressionanalysis and two moderating hierarchical multiple regression analyses. The resultsshowed that emotional demands have a significant relationship with stress, but nosignificant relationship was found between demands for hiding emotions and stress. Nosignificant difference in the experience of emotional demands and demands for hidingemotions in relation to stress was observed between men and women. The studycontributes to the understanding of how work-related emotional demands can be linkedto stress and emphasizes the importance of counteracting emotional demands to reducestress within the police profession.

Self-presentations are goal-directed acts designed by individuals to convey particular images of their selves and thereby influence how they are perceived and treated by various audiences (Goffman, 1959). Recent literature suggests that individuals are increasingly interacting with their workplace colleagues on personal networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. In such overlapping interactions, individuals often move swiftly and in an asymmetric fashion between physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life. Presumably, diverse self-presentations across physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life may create conflicts or tensions. Drawing on 31 semi-structured interviews, this thesis explores the self-presentations of Indian IT professionals on social media. Overall, the analysis suggests that in most cases, respondents enacted diverse self-presentations across physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life. In such cases, they expressed concerns that overlapping audiences may view their self-presentations on social media out-of-context and inevitably misconstrue their professional image. From a theoretical perspective, the thesis illustrates that individuals who exercise region behavior experience cognitive discomfort when they enact self-presentations on social media as overlapping self-presentations are inevitable. From a practical perspective, empirical evidence suggests that employees take their interactions on social media seriously and thus dispute managers arguments that interacting on social media is merely a time-pass.

Räddningstjänsten fyller en viktig funktion i samhället och har som mål att leverera effektiva räddningsinsatser till allmänhetens nytta. Samtidigt är brandmannayrket ett högriskyrke där brandmän är utsatta för sjukdomar orsakade av den fysiska arbetsmiljön som olika cancerformer. De är också utsatta för organisatoriska hälsorisker i form av negativ stress, vilket är fokus i denna uppsats. Syftet med uppsatsen var att klarlägga om det finns samband mellan psykosocial arbetsmiljö och upplevd stress hos brandmän. Frågeställningen var om krav, kontroll och socialt stöd kan predicera brandmäns upplevda stressnivå? Totalt deltog 67 brandmän ifrån två olika städer i södra Sverige. De oberoende variablerna var krav, kontroll och stöd och de uppmättes med svenska Demand Control Support Questionnaire. Stress uppmättes med svenska Perceived Stress Scale. Resultatet av en multipel regressionsanalys visade att krav och stöd var signifikanta prediktorer. Krav hade ett positivt och stöd hade ett negativt samband med stress. Kontroll kunde inte predicera stress. Resultat överensstämmer till viss del med tidigare forskning. / Fire and rescue services have an important function in society and aims to deliver effective emergency response to the public's benefit. Meanwhile, the firefighting profession a high-risk profession where firefighters are exposed to diseases caused by the physical environment as various forms of cancers. They are also exposed to organizational health risks like negative stress, which is the focus of this paper. The aim of the thesis was to make clear whether there is a relationship between psychosocial work environment and perceived stress among firefighters. The issue was whether the levels of demands, control and social support can predict firemens perceived stress level? A total of 67 firefighters from two different cities in southern Sweden participated. The independent variables were demands, control and social support, measured with Swedish Demand Control Support Questionnaire. Stress was measured with the Swedish version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Demand and social support were significant predictors. Demand had a positive relationship with stress and social support was negative associated with stress. Control could not predict stress. This result is consistent to some extent with previous research.

<p>Vi har gjort en kvalitativ intervjustudie av hur de anställda på Svensk Kassaservice upplever att deras arbetssituation har förändrats efter omorganiseringen av Posten. Vi har intervjuat nio stycken kvinnor från olika kontor i fackförbundet SEKO:s Värmlandsdistrikt med hjälp av en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Vår teoretiska grund bygger på Karaseks krav- och kontrollmodell samt ett antal andra modeller för arbetstillfredsställelse. Vi har även använt oss av några psykologiska teorier för att förklara de aspekter som inte inryms i de tidigare nämnda modellerna. Intervjuerna genomfördes under oktober månad 2005 och analyserades sedan med hjälp av öppen kodning, där cirka sjuttio koncept bildades och sedan delades in i fem kategorier. Resultatet visar att de intervjuade upplever sin arbetssituation som klart försämrad efter omorganiseringen. Detta beror bland annat på att deras arbeten blivit mindre kvalificerade, att deras tjänster efterfrågas i allt mindre utsträckning och att de fått en mera otrygg arbetssituation. Vi kom också fram till att intervjupersonerna upplevde och hanterade sin situation på olika sätt och att detta påverkade deras inställning till omorganiseringens konsekvenser och sin egen situation.</p>

The mining industry plays an important role in the economy of South Africa. This industry is an employer of thousands of people and the development of South Africa has depended on the development of the mining industry in more than one way. However, working conditions in the mining industry is poor, harsh and dangerous and employees are also faced with job insecurity. This may lead to stressors in the working environment and these stressors, which are closely related to work characteristics, may have negative effects on employees as well as on their productivity levels. Studies relating organisational resources to work-related flow have provided additional evidence for the motivational potential of resources. The focus of this study is on job characteristics, consisting of job demands and job resources and whether these characteristics can foster work-related flow. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between job demands, job resources and work-related flow and to determine whether the availability of job resources and the lack of job demands foster the experience of work-related flow. The research method consisted of a literature review and an empirical study. A cross-sectional survey design was used o collect the data. An availability sample (N = 326) from employees in the mining industry was taken. The Job Demands and Resources Scale (JDRS) (which was developed for the purpose of this study to measure job demands and job resources for employees in the mining industry) and the Work-Related Flow scale (WOLF) and a biographical questionnaire were also administered The statistical analysis was carried out with the help of the SPSS programme and AMOS programme. The statistical methods utilised in the article consisted of descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients , Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and structural equation modelling methods. Pearson product moment correlation in this study showed that Supervision correlated positively with Task Freedom, Support, Pay and Benefits, Opportunities for Growth and Resources Availability. Workload correlated positively with Working Conditions. Working Conditions correlated positively with Working Hours and negatively with Resources Availability. Task Freedom correlated positively with Opportunities for Growth and Intrinsic Motivation, and Support correlated positively with Opportunity for Growth Pay and Benefits correlated positively with Opportunity for Growth and Resource Availability, whereas Opportunity for Growth correlated positively to Work Enjoyment. Resources Availability correlates negatively with Working Hours, and Absorption indicates a positive correlation to Work Enjoyment and Intrinsic Motivation. Work Enjoyment correlates positively to intrinsic Motivation A structural model of work-related flow for employees in the mining industry comprising of job demands, job resources and work-related flow was tested. Job Resources (i.e. Supervision, Task Freedom, Support, Pay and Benefits, Opportunity for Growth, and Resource Availability) may have a positive impact on Work-Related Flow and could increase the levels of work-related flow of employees in the mining industry. Job Demands (i.e. Workload, Working conditions, Job Security, and Working Hours) has a negative impact on Work-Related Flow, thus job demands may negatively influence the experience of work-related flow in employees in the mining industry. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Within the health care sector in South Africa, the nursing profession is known as one of the four most stressful work environments, which is characterised by high workload, staff shortages and overcrowding situations. This stressful and emotionally draining environment can be the cause for large numbers of nurses experiencing symptoms of burnout and negative work-home interference. However, there seems to be a lack of research investigating specific job demands and job resources associated with burnout and negative work-home interaction in a nursing environment. The first objective of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of the adapted Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS). The second objective was to determine which job characteristics within the nursing environment predict burnout and negative work-home interference (WHI). The last objective was to determine whether negative WHI mediated between the most prominent job characteristics and burnout within the nursing environment and whether it was a partial or full mediating effect. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Random samples (n = 300) were taken from nurses working in the Johannesburg, Klerksdorp, Krugersdorp, Pretoria and Potchefstroom areas. A job characteristics questionnaire, the 'Survey Work-Home Interaction - Nijmegen' (SWING) and an adapted version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey were administered. Cronbach alpha coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, Pearson product moment correlations, multiple regression analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the data. Regarding the first objective, it was found that burnout consists of exhaustion and mental distance, whereas cynicism and depersonalisation collapse into one dimension (e.g. mental distance). Regarding the second objective, the results indicated that the most prominent job demands and job resources associated with exhaustion are pressure, autonomy, role clarity, colleague support and financial support. It seemed that mental distance is primarily predicted by role clarity, colleague support and financial support, while negative work-home interference is predicted by pressure, time demands, role clarity and colleague support. Results obtained for the last objective provided evidence for a partial mediating role of negative WHI in the relationship between the most prominent job characteristics (pressure, role clarity and colleague support) and burnout (consisting of exhaustion and mental distance). Recommendations were made for the organisation and for future research. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.