Students and graduates at Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: Social Structure, Curriculum, Student Life, and Professional Careers Tereza Kopecká Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University The topic of medical studies in the first half of the twentieth century offers an interesting insight into the community of first-republic youth, developing modern medicine and universities. A prosopographical study brings the possibility to perceive the topic from multiple points of view: demographical, social, political, in terms of gender etc. The students who act as the subject of this study, have lived through a major part of the twentieth century; their common forming experience was the World War One but later, they differentiated enough to let us look inside the world of science, hospital and community medicine, underground movements, active politics and even art. Their medical carrers were influenced by the changes in organization of the public health care system that led to the loss of professional freedom. These difficulties could have been overcome by the social capital they had created yet during the school years. The main issue of the scientific life was the discontinuity caused by the World War Two...

Die Broschüre enthält Angaben zur demografischen Entwicklung im Freistaat Sachsen sowie Ausführungen zum Generationenpreis 2019: Jury, Wettbewerbsverfahren, Preisverleihung, Informationen zu den Preisträgern, Fotos sowie Angaben zu den einzelnen Projekten.

The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the development of the processes of family formation and dissolution in the Czech Republic between 1993 and 2008 using multistate demography. By this method, we analyze probability of transition between individual marriage states and events, which characterise these transitions. The first part of the analysis deals with the population as a whole, while the second part analyses only the part of population in fertile ages. LIPRO program was used to create a model of marital status based on data for the Czech Republic as well as for producing a forecast of population divided by marital status for the years of 2019?2023. Other parts of this thesis support the main aim of the thesis. The level of marriage and divorce rate were analysed between 1993 and 2008 as well as potential factors that could influence the level of above mentioned processes. Rising number of cohabitations could be one of those factors and therefore a special attention is paid to the development of this type of coexistence. Socioeconomic development and family and social policy are mentioned as well, because they could also have significant impact on the processes of formation and dissolution of families. The above mentioned factors and their relationship to the marriage rate are analysed using the...

Das Einfamilienhaus galt und gilt immer noch vielen Menschen als Wohnideal und hat eine große Bedeutung für die Wohnungsversorgung in Deutschland. Zugleich mehren sich die Indizien dafür, dass diese Bestände zumindest regional unter Druck geraten könnten. Der demografische Wandel und Veränderungen der Nutzerpräferenzen, aber auch Veränderungen auf den Finanz- und Immobilienmärkten, stellen die Bestände vor neue Herausforderungen. Trotz Niedrigzinsphase und Nachfrageboom in wachsenden Regionen sind stagnierende oder nachgebende Preise, Veräußerungsschwierigkeiten und selbst Leerstände in abgelegeneren Regionen in diesem Segment keine Seltenheit mehr. Zugleich ist das Einfamilienhaus die am meisten ressourcenintensive Wohnform. Damit ergeben sich potenziell auch ökologische Folgewirkungen einer möglichen Leerstandsentwicklung im Sinne von Ineffizienzen der Nutzung materieller Ressourcen und der Flächeninanspruchnahme. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden im Rahmen eines aktuell laufenden Projektes zwei westdeutsche Mittelstädte mit stabiler bzw. abnehmender Bevölkerung als Fallstudienstädte untersucht. Dabei wurden zum einen Prognosen für die Bevölkerungs- und Haushaltsentwicklung gerechnet und Bestandsaufnahmen der Siedlungs- und Baustruktur zur Abschätzung der Ressourcenintensität konkreter Einfamilienhausbestände durchgeführt. Zum anderen wurden im Rahmen qualitativer Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten des Wohnungs- und Bauwesens Einschätzungen der Situation sowie möglicher Entwicklungstrends erhoben.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the social context of demographic changes and the consequences for social policy of the state with a focus on active aging and with respect to support of employment. In the first part of the thesis are described the basic terms and theoretical backgrounds. Emphasis is put on the social context of demographic changes and issue of active aging. Described are an international genesis and important international documents and initiatives to support active aging. In the second part of the thesis are analyzed the speed of aging, employment in old age and health of the elderly. In the research was ascertained how are applied the methods of Age Management in the banking sector of the Czech Republic. In the conclusion all gained data are evaluated.

Welche Rolle spielt Wohnungspolitik im Kontext urbaner Resilienz? Im Ringen um urbane Zukünfte stellt sich die Frage nach einem krisenfesten und zugleich an sozialen Bedarfen orientierten Wohnungsbestand. Sie lässt sich nicht lösen, ohne die komplexen Zusammenhänge demografischer, sozioökonomischer und ökologischer Krisen zu beachten. Dennoch wurden Resilienz und Wohnungspolitik auf wissenschaftlicher Ebene bislang kaum zusammenhängend diskutiert. Die Lücke gilt es konzeptionell wie empirisch zu schließen. Die Stadt Leipzig hat mit extremen Entwicklungen von Demografie und Wohnungsmarktlagen seit 1989 umzugehen. Anhand der wohnungspolitischen Konzepte der Stadt Leipzig und kontextualisierender Expert:inneninterviews untersucht Friederike Frieler in einer Fallstudie fünf Prinzipien resilienten Wohnens: Sicherheit, Geeignetheit, Bezahlbarkeit, Ressourceneffizienz und soziale Integration. Über den Begriff des Resilienzdenkens zeigt sie, wie sich Manifestationen dieser Prinzipien in politischen und planerischen Entscheidungsprozessen erkennen lassen. So ermöglicht das Konzept über den Einzelfall hinaus, Resilienzprinzipien in lokaler Wohnungspolitik zu erforschen und sie letztlich in der Praxis bewusst zu verfolgen.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VII Tabellenverzeichnis VIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis IX 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Forschungsinteresse und Ziele 1 1.2 Forschungsfragen 9 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 11 2 Theorie 15 2.1 Der Resilienzbegriff 17 2.1.1 Perspektiven der Resilienzforschung 21 2.1.2 Das Forschungsfeld der Urbanen Resilienz 25 2.1.3 Wohnen als Forschungsgegenstand Urbaner Resilienz 30 2.1.4 Modell adaptiver Zyklen zur Resilienzanalyse von Wohnraumversorgung 39 2.1.5 Resilienzdenken 45 2.1.6 Normativität und Essentialismus – Kritik am Resilienzkonzept 53 2.2 Wohnraumversorgung und Wohnungspolitik 58 2.2.1 Wohnen als soziales Gut 60 2.2.2 Wohnen als wirtschaftliches Gut 64 2.2.3 Akteure 73 2.2.4 Wohnungspolitik 76 2.2.5 Instrumente der kommunalen Wohnungspolitik 78 2.3 Demografie und Sozialstruktur 83 2.3.1 Soziodemografischer Wandel 84 2.3.2 Sozialstruktur der Haushalte 92 2.3.3 Soziodemografischer Wandel als Störeinfluss im Resilienzmodell 95 2.4 Zusammenfassung der theoretischen Grundlagen 103 3 Konzeption und Operationalisierung 109 3.1 Resilience of what 111 3.1.1 Capability-Ansatz und Wohnen 113 3.1.2 Konsens-Dokumente der Wohnungs- und Stadtentwicklungspolitik 117 3.1.3 Ergebnis: Fünf Maximen für ‚gutes Wohnen‘ 121 3.2 Resilience to what 124 3.2.1 Auswirkungen soziodemografischer Veränderungen 125 3.2.2 Ergebnis: Wohnraumkrisen durch soziodemografischen Wandel 132 3.3 Resilience analysis 133 3.3.1 Variablen und Indikatoren 134 3.3.2 Resilienz-Dimensionen 143 3.3.3 Ergebnis: Operationalisierung resilienter Wohnraumversorgung 144 3.4 Resilience management 151 3.4.1 Schlüsselprinzipien 152 3.4.2 Resilienzdenken 154 3.4.3 Ergebnis: Acht Resilienzprinzipien 157 3.5 Zusammenfassung der Konzeptionierung 158 4 Methodik 163 4.1 Untersuchungsdesign: Qualitative Einzelfallstudie 163 4.1.1 Auswahl des Falls 164 4.1.2 Akteurszentrierter Ansatz 167 4.2 Auswahl, Erhebung und Aufbereitung der Daten 168 4.2.1 Dokumentenanalyse als interpretative Methode 170 4.2.2 Problemzentriertes Experteninterview 172 4.2.3 Reflexion der Interviewerin zum Interview-Prozess 176 4.3 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse 177 4.3.1 Kategorienbildung und Codierung 178 4.3.2 Analyse und Auswertung 178 5 Empirie 181 5.1 Überblick Leipzig 1990–2020 182 5.1.1 Entwicklung von Demografie, Wohnraumversorgung und Wohnungsmarkt 183 5.1.2 Akteure 193 5.1.3 Wohnungspolitische Konzepte, Diskurse und Zielsetzungen 196 5.1.4 Ergebnis: Versetzte Zyklen, träge Anpassung 199 5.2 Resilienzrelevante Themen der Leipziger Wohnungspolitik 202 5.2.1 Kleinräumiges Wohnungsmarktmonitoring und Prognosen 204 5.2.2 Wohnungspolitische Instrumente 210 5.2.3 Kommunale Wohnungs- und Baugesellschaft LWB 218 5.2.4 Kooperationsbereitschaft 221 5.2.5 Partizipation 224 5.2.6 Ergebnis: Potenziale mit Hemmungen 227 5.3 Elemente von Resilienzdenken 231 5.3.1 Redundanz 232 5.3.2 Flexibilität 237 5.3.3 Vielfalt 243 5.3.4 Modularität 248 5.3.5 Feedbacklänge 250 5.3.6 Sozialer Zusammenhalt 257 5.3.7 Lernen und Innovation 260 5.3.8 Gerechtigkeit 263 5.3.9 Ergebnis: Lücken zwischen Anspruch und Realität 268 5.4 Zusammenfassung der empirischen Ergebnisse 272 6 Schlussbetrachtung 277 6.1 Gutes Wohnen als Teil urbaner Resilienz 278 6.2 Resilienzanalyse der Leipziger Wohnungspolitik 282 6.2.1 Bewertung der Anwendbarkeit 285 6.2.2 Übertragbarkeit auf andere Städte 287 6.3 Fazit und Ausblick 290 6.3.1 Transformationspotenziale für eine resiliente Wohnraumversorgung 290 6.3.2 Relevanz für Akteure der kommunalen Wohnungspolitik 292 Literaturverzeichnis 295 Quellenverzeichnis 329 Verzeichnis der juristischen Quellen 337 Anhang 341 A Textstellenbelege für die Maximen ‚guten Wohnens‘ 341 B Datenquellen zur Wohnungsmarktsituation in Leipzig 345 C Interviewleitfaden (Beispiel) 347 D Codesysteme zur Interviewauswertung 349

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Helsinki, 1983. / Leaf with thesis statement and English abstract inserted. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. [410]-437).

The Diploma thesis called "The system of services for homeless people in Prague" is focused on answering the main research question: "What is the demographic structure of homeless people in Prague using social services?". The first chapter is devoted to the theory of homelessness, its development, changes and society's responses in according to this socially pathological phenomenon. The second part of the Diploma thesis focuses directly on the situation of homeless people. Firstly, the definition of social services is described, I also focus on social prevention services that help solve the problem. I also describe problematic areas of homelessness and their solutions in the context of social services aimed at minimizing the negative effects of homelessness, preventing its development, as well as preventive action. The third part is focused on explaining the notion of demography, its exploration and interpretation of basic terms, the definition of which is necessary for the understanding of the research part of the Diploma thesis. I present here the results of the first official Census 2011 of homeless people in the Czech Republic. In the last chapter of my thesis, my own research survey is conducted, in which I try to answer the main and partial research questions. A quantitative survey is used,...