O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito dietético do nível de lisina digestível e do zinco orgânico no desempenho para frango de corte macho, na fase pré-inicial de crescimento (1-11 dias de idade) e no balanço de nitrogênio (1-7 dias de idade). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, constituído pelos fatores principais lisina digestível e zinco orgânico. Os níveis de lisina digestível foram: 0,90; 1,00; 1,10; 1,20; e 1,40% na presença ou ausência de zinco orgânico, todavia todas as dietas continham 43 ppm do zinco na forma inorgânica. Os níveis de zinco orgânico foram zero e 252 ppm na forma de carboquelato. No ensaio de desempenho, o número de repetições foram sete e a unidade experimental foi composta por 15 aves. No ensaio de digestibilidade, o número de repetições foram seis e a unidade experimental composta por seis aves. Em ambas situações, as dietas continham 2.960 de EM/kg e 21% de proteína bruta. No estudo de desempenho (1 aos 11 dias de idade) avaliaram-se: ganho em peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais. No ensaio de digestibilidade (1 aos 7 dias de idade) realizado em baterias, foram avaliados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e valores metabolizáveis da energia dietética. De 1 aos 11 dias de idade, não houve interação lisina digestível e zinco orgânico. Observou-se efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para lisina digestível nas variáveis: peso final, ganho em peso, ganho em peso relativo e efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) no consumo de ração. A conversão alimentar, nos dois ensaios, não diferiu com as variações dos níveis de lisina digestível e zinco na dieta. As variáveis: peso em jejum, peso da carcaça e ganho em peso diário apresentaram efeito linear ascendente (P< 0,01) para lisina digestível. Na taxa de deposição química da carcaça, o aumento da concentração de lisina coincidiu com o efeito quadrático para proteína bruta (P< 0,01) e extrato etéreo (P< 0,07). No corpo vazio, houve resposta quadrática para nível de lisina nas seguintes variáveis: água (P <0,01), matéria mineral (P< 0,05) e deposição total (P< 0,01). De acordo com os resultados da composição química e deposição de nutrientes corporais, estima-se o nível 1,25% de lisina digestível para o período de 1 aos 11 dias de idade. Nas condições vigentes de avaliação do desempenho, o nível ótimo de lisina digestível para frango de corte macho mantido em piso de concreto é 1,19%. De 1 aos 7 dias de idade, não houve relação de dependência entre lisina digestível e zinco orgânico no balanço de nitrogênio. A retenção de nitrogênio teve variação linear (P<0,05) ascendente, em resposta ao aumento da concentração de lisina digestível na dieta. Essa resposta coincidiu com o aumento (P<0,05) linear do ganho em peso e da eficiência alimentar. Baseado no balanço de nitrogênio e no desempenho em baterias, a exigência de lisina digestível é igual ou maior que 1,40% para frango de corte macho de 1 aos 7 dias de idade. / The present work evaluated the dietary effect of digestible lysine and organic zinc levels to male broiler on growth pre-initial phase (1-11 days old) performance and nitrogen balance (1-7 days old). The broilers were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement applied in two experiment essays. The main factors were lysine (0.90; 1.00; 1.10; 1.20; and 1.40%) with or without organic zinc, however all diets contained 43 ppm inorganic zinc. The organic zinc were 0 and 252 ppm in carboquelate form. In performance essay the replications were seven and 15 birds for experimental unit. In digestibility essay the replications were six and 6 birds for experimental unit. In both situations the diets contained 2.960 ME/kg and 21% crude protein. In performance study (1 - 11 days old) it was evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio, composition and body nutrient depositions. In digestibility essay (1 - 7 days old) carried in batteries, it was evaluated dry matter, crude protein apparent digestibility coefficients and dietary metabolic energy values. From 1 to 7 days old there is not digestible lysine and organic zinc interaction. It was observed quadratic effects (P<0.05) of digestible lysine in final weight, weight gain, relative weight gain and positive linear (P<0.05) effect in feed intake. In both essays the feed: gain ratio did not differ when digestible lysine level and zinc variated in the diet. The weight fast, carcass weight and weight gain variables presented ascendant linear effect (P<0.01) for digestible lysine level. In the carcass chemistry deposition rate the lysine increase coincided with quadratic effect for crude protein (P<0.01) and fat (P<0.07).In the empty body deposition there was quadratic response for digestible lysine level in water (P <0.01), ash (P< 0.05) and total empty body deposition (P< 0.01). In accordance with the results of the chemical composition and deposition of corporal nutrients, it was estimated 1.25% of digestible lysine from 1 to 11 days old. In the present conditions the optimal level of digestible lysine for male broiler created in concrete floor is 1.19%. From 1 at 7 days old there is not dependence relation between digestible lysine and organic zinc in nitrogen balance. The nitrogen retention had positive linear variation (P<0.05) in response to digestible lysine increase in the diet. This response coincided with linear increase (P<0.05) of weight gain and feed efficiency. In base of nitrogen balance and performance in battery the lisine requirements is equal or bigger that 1.40% for male broiler from 1 at 7 days of age.

Rações de aves, formuladas sob o conceito de aminoácidos digestíveis, podem ter reduzidos os níveis protéicos sem prejuízos às necessidades das aves. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a exigência de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos da linhagem Ross nos períodos de 1 aos 11 e 23 aos 36 dias de idade. Experimento1: utilizaram-se 1050 pintos de um dia, cinco dietas, isoenergéticas (2950kcal EM/kg) e isoprotéicas (23% PB), com os níveis de lisina digestível: 1,12; 1,17; 1,22; 1,27 e 1,35%. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com sete repetições e a unidade experimental foi composta por 30 aves. Realizou-se o abate comparativo para determinar a deposição de nutrientes corporais. Observaram-se efeitos (P<0,05) lineares descendentes nas variáveis peso final, ganho em peso, ganho em peso relativo e consumo de ração, indicando, provável excesso de aminoácidos na dieta. As variáveis de composição química corporal, não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. A exceção ocorreu na variável matéria mineral no sangue e vísceras que apresentou resposta (P<0,01) quadrática. Nas taxas de deposição de nutrientes observou-se efeito linear descendente da deposição de água na carcaça. Nas condições vigentes o nível ótimo de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos de 1 aos 11 dias de idade deve ser igual ou inferior a 1,12%; entretanto, novos estudos devem ser realizados com níveis abaixo, do menor aqui estudado. Experimento 2: utilizaram-se 1050 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Ross de 23 aos 36 dias de idade. Foram testadas cinco dietas experimentais isoenergéticas (3050kcal EM/kg) e isoprotéicas (19% PB) com os níveis de lisina digestível: 0,95; 1,00; 1,05; 1,10 e 1,15%. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com sete repetições e trinta aves por unidade experimental A técnica de abate comparativo foi utilizada para determinar deposição de água, proteína, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral nas vísceras e sangue, carcaça e corpo vazio. Não houve efeito do nível de lisina no consumo de ração.Verificou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos nas variáveis peso final, ganho em peso, ganho em peso relativo e conversão alimentar. Nas variáveis de desempenho, onde ficaram caracterizados efeitos da concentração dietética de lisina, o nível estimado como ótimo do aminoácido foi 1,09%. As variáveis de rendimento de carcaça e cortes não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Observou-se efeito quadrático para nível de lisina nas variáveis peso de carcaça e peso vivo reconstituído. As demais variáveis da composição química não apresentaram diferenças significativas. As variáveis deposição protéica e lipídica na carcaça e corpo vazio não tiverem diferenças significativas. A deposição de água na carcaça e corpo vazio apresentaram resposta quadrática e indicaram como ótimo o nível de 1,09% de lisina. De acordo com os resultados de desempenho, composição química e deposição de nutrientes corporais estima-se a exigência em 1,09 % de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos dos 23 aos 36 dias de idade. / Poultry diets formulated under digestible amino acids concept can be reduced in terms of protein levels without decreasing poultry requirements. Digestible lysine requirement for Ross line broilers was evaluated in two experiments conducted at chicks from 1 to 11 days of age and from 23 to 36 days of age, respectively. In the first trial, 1050 one day chicks were used, five isoenergetic (2950kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (23% CP) diets, with digestible lysine levels of 1.12, 1.17, 1.22, 1.27 and 1.35%. Randomized bloc design was adopted with seven replications of 30 birds in each experimental unit. Comparative slaughtering was conducted in order to determine body nutrients depositions. Decreasing linear effects (P<0.05) in final average weight were observed, as well as mean weight gain, relative weight gain and average feed intake, suggesting a probable amino acid excess in diet. The body chemical composition analysis had shown no statistical differences. Squared response was observed in blood and offal mineral matter analysis (P<0.01). Carcass and empty body nutrient deposition ratios had shown decreasing linear effect in water content. In the given conditions of the trial, digestible lysine optimal levels for broilers ranging from 1 to 11 days of age must be the same or lower than 1.12%, however further researches must be conducted in order to determine effects of lower lysine levels than the ones used in this trail. In the latter, 1050 Ross male broilers from 23 to 36 days of age were fed five experimental isoenergetic (3050 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (19% CP) diets with digestible lysine levels of 0.95, 1.00, 1.05, 1.10 and 1.15%. Randomized bloc design was adopted with seven replications of 30 birds in each experimental unit. Comparative slaughtering was conducted in order to determine water content, protein, lipid and mineral matter in blood and offal, carcass and body weight. No statistical difference of lysine levels in feed intake was observed, although a squared response was verified due to treatments on final weight, weight gain, relative weight gain and feed: gain variables. On performance broiler the optimal digestible lysine estimated was 1.09%. Carcass yield and parts had not shown statistical differences. Squared effect was observed for lysine levels in carcass weight and reconstituted live weight variables. Variables such as body chemical composition had not shown differences. The protein and lipid deposition in carcass and body weight have not shown differences, but water content in carcass and empty body had showed squared response, at 1.09% level of digestible lysine. According to perfomance results, chemical composition and body nutrient deposition results, digestible lysine optimal levels can be estimated at 1.09% for male broilers from 23 to 36 days of age.

LL.D. / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 provides in Section 34 that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before court, or where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. A fair civil trial that includes a fair judgment can only be achieved if the parties to the action receive fair treatment throughout all the stages of the proceedings. Obviously the concept "trial" cannot be given a narrow interpretation. There can hardly be mention of a "fair trial" if the processes that precede the trial since commencement of the litigation cannot also be construed as fair. In providing the procedures whereby a fair civil trial is facilitated, apart from providing effective mechanisms for the enforcement of substantive rights and obligations, the interrelated concepts of time, effectiveness and costs are pivotal. In an attempt to secure a fair civil trial, the preparation for trial stage plays a very important role. It is, however, a reality of the South African litigation milieu that hundreds of cases are postponed on a daily basis as a result of problems that are related to specific pretrial procedures. The indications that the pre-trial procedures per se need to be revised and where necessary, be reformed, are consequently rife. There is also no comprehensive procedural structure in place in South African law in terms of which the parties can co-operate in order to effectively facilitate pre-trial preparation. An aspect of the pre-trial procedure that often leads to delay and unnecessary escalation of costs is the excessive amount of party control (or lack thereof) during the preparation for trial stage. Pivotal to reform of the pre-trial procedures is thus the question whether it serves any purpose to leave this stage to the "mercy of the parties". It can hardly be argued that retaining the element of surprise as part of a strict adversary litigation character yields any real advantage. Legal reform is not a process that can be undertaken in vacuo and any attempts at reform in the preparation for trial stage must consequently bear the following considerations in mind: costs, delay, the degree of complexity of procedures, formulation, time limits and sanctions, the impact of the principle of fairness, the impact of party control and circumstances peculiar to a particular legal system. It is furthermore important that such reform should be undertaken in accordance with an expressly declared ethos. Where there is no clear congruence between the reform ethos and the needs of a specific legal system it will inevitably lead to reform which, although it may be new, might not necessarily address and improve existing problems. Legal reform, even if it is of limited scope, should always be a logical, purposive process. In this respect comparative study of Anglo- American systems are invaluable. It is of great importance that individual pre-rial procedures should be reformed in order to facilitate cost and time effective preparation for trial. Various problems exist in respect of discovery and attention should urgently be given to the lack of uniformity between the High Courts and the Magistrates Court, the non-compulsory nature of the procedure, the effectiveness of time limits and sanctions, the wording of the rule and the question whether the concept "document" should be elaborated upon. Provision should also be made in the South African Law of Civil Procedure for exchange of witness statements prior to trial. Exchange of expert evidence ought also to be reformed in order to address the problematic time aspect, the obligation to give notice, the contents of the summary, the discussion between experts and the lack of sanctions prior to the trial date. Reform of the pretrial conference should also be undertaken in order to emphasize its legitimate place as a stocktaking procedure prior to trial. It is furthermore necessary to address the problems regarding the pre-trial conference that relate to the lack of uniformity in the High Court and Magistrate's Court, the attitude of the legal profession, the stage at which the conference must be held, the question regarding who should preside at the conference and the lack of effective sanctions. Reform of the individual pre-trial procedures, whether piecemeal or as a comprehensive once-off reform, is, however, per se not sufficient to ensure a level of trial preparation that will eventually lead to a fair civil trial. The individual pre-trial procedures are separate though interrelated links that can only fulfill their purpose if the greater more holistic approach to civil procedure gives structured recognition to orderly, time and cost effective litigation. It is, therefore, essential that the individual pre-trial procedures should function within the framework of a case management system that can play a significant role in achieving the ideal of a constitutionally fair civil trial in that it establishes a coordinated and procedurally fair preparation for trial stage. The eventual success of such reform will, apart form the provision of effective individual pre-trial procedures and an effective case management model, also depend on the materialization of a sufficient budget to create an infrastructure of computers and trained personnel as well as a mentality shift on the part of lawyers in order to discard their old adversary cloak in exchange for more effective transparant litigation and eventually, a fair civil trial.

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the roles played by Irish Catholic women in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The primary goal is to examine the factors that determined the nature of those roles. To achieve this end, I used the information contained in the 1641 depositions, a collection of sworn statements given by the victims of the rebellion. The depositions are valuable in two ways. First, eyewitness testimony contained therein is generally reliable, and can be used to construct an accurate narrative of the rebellion. Second, less reliable hearsay evidence is crucial to understanding the fears of English and Scottish Protestants and their perceptions of female rebels. I was aided by the earlier efforts of historians such as Nicholas Canny and Mary O'Dowd. In the course of this thesis, I intended to argue that the actions of Irish Catholic women in the rebellion were largely determined by their social status, geographic location, and prior relationships between female rebels and their allies and victims.

In the legal domain, documents of various types are created in connection with a particular case, such as testimony of people, transcripts, depositions, memos, and emails. Deposition transcripts are one such type of legal document, which consists of conversations between the different parties in the legal proceedings that are recorded by a court reporter. Court reporting has been traced back to 63 B.C. It has transformed from the initial scripts of ``Cuneiform", ``Running Script", and ``Grass Script" to Certified Access Real-time Translation (CART). Since the boom of digitization, there has been a shift to storing these in the PDF/A format. Deposition transcripts are in the form of question-answer (QA) pairs and can be quite lengthy for common people to read. This gives us a need to develop some automatic text-summarization method for the same. The present-day summarization systems do not support this form of text, entailing a need to process them. This creates a need to parse such documents and extract QA pairs as well as any relevant supporting information. These QA pairs can then be converted into complete canonical sentences, i.e., in a declarative form, from which we could extract some insights and use for further downstream tasks. This work investigates the same, as well as using deep-learning techniques for such transformations. / Master of Science / In the legal domain, documents of various types are created in connection with a particular case, such as the testimony of people, transcripts, memos, and emails. Deposition transcripts are one such type of legal document, which consists of conversations between a lawyer and one of the parties in the legal proceedings, captured by a court reporter. Since the boom of digitization, there has been a shift to storing these in the PDF/A format. Deposition transcripts are in the form of question-answer (QA) pairs and can be quite lengthy. Though automatic summarization could help, present-day systems do not work well with such texts. This creates a need to parse these documents and extract QA pairs as well as any relevant supporting information. The QA pairs can then be converted into canonical sentences, i.e., in a declarative form, from which we could extract some insights and support downstream tasks. This work describes these conversions, as well as using deep-learning techniques for such transformations.

High deposition rates on large areas are industrial needs for mass production of microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cells. This doctoral work aims at exploring the usefulness of Matrix Distributed Electron Cyclotron Resonance (MDECR) plasmas to process the intrinsic layer of μc-Si:H p-i-n solar cells at high rates. With the high dissociation of silane achieved in MDECR plasmas, deposition rates as high as 6nm/s and 2.8nm/s have been demonstrated in our lab for amorphous and microcrystalline silicon respectively, without hydrogen dilution. This technique is also promising because it can be easily scaled up on large areas, just by extending the matrix of elementary microwave applicators. This subject was a unique opportunity to cover the whole chain of this field of research : A new MDECR reactor has been specially designed and assembled during this project. Its maintenance and its improvement have been important technical challenges : for example, the addition of a load-lock enabled us to lower the oxygen concentration in our films by a factor of 10. The impact of the deposition parameters (e.g. the ion energy, the substrate temperature, different gas mixtures, the microwave power) has been explored in extensive parametric studies in order to optimize the material quality. Great efforts have been invested in the characterization of the films. Our strategy has been to develop a wide range of diagnostics (ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy, SIMS, FTIR, XRD, electrical characterizations etc.). Finally, p-i-n cells have been processed with the selected interesting materials. The successive successful improvements in the material quality (e.g. diffusion lengths of holes parallel to the substrate as high as 250 nm) did unfortunately not result in high efficiency solar cells. Their limited performance is in particular due to a very poor response in the red part of the spectrum resulting in low current densities. Consequently, the potential sources of limitation of the reactor, the material and the device have been studied : e.g. the presence of “cracks” prone to post-oxidation in the highly crystallized materials and the risk of deterioration of the ZnO substrate or of the p-doped layer by a too high process temperature or by hydrogen diffusing from the plasma.

No description available.

To date, previous discussions of the practise of ”weapon deposition” in prehistoric Scandinavia have focused primarily on the Roman Iron Age. The focus of these investigations have been the large offerings of weapons in bogs, which were presumably taken from enemies defeated in battle. Until recently, these particular kind of ritual practises were thought to have ceased in the middle of the 6th century. It is now widely acknowledged, however, that this sort of ritual practises did not simply dissappear, but instead re-emerged during the Vendel- and Viking age in a changed state. These rites, which are frequently associated with elite groups and so called ”central places” are embodied, for example, in the weapons and other valuable objects deposited in the lake adjacent to the Late Iron Age magnate site at Tissø, Denmark. Similar finds have been recovered in Scania and Gotland, but these practises have not received enough attention compared to other ritual aspects of the Viking Age. This essay therefore aims to investigate the ideologies and motivations underpinning these rites, and provide a reassessment of their possible connection to elites, political and religious centralization, and central places/manorial sites.

La pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain a été identifiée comme une cause importante d’impacts sanitaires, y compris de décès prématurés. En particulier, les concentrations ambiantes de polluants gazeux tels que le dioxyde d’azote (NO2) et de particules (PM10 et PM2,5) sont réglementées, ce qui implique que des stratégies de réductions d’émissions doivent être mises en place pour diminuer ces concentrations dans les lieux où la réglementation correspondante n’est pas respectée. Par ailleurs, la pollution atmosphérique peut contribuer à la contamination d’autres milieux, par exemple à travers la contribution des dépôts atmosphériques à la contamination des eaux de ruissellement.Les aspects multifactoriels et multiéchelle de la pollution en ville rendent l’identification des sources difficile. En effet, le milieu urbain est un espace hétérogène caractérisé par des structures architecturales complexes (bâti ancien côtoyant un bâti plus moderne, zones résidentielles, commerciales, industrielles, axes routiers…), des émissions de polluants atmosphériques non uniformes et par conséquent une exposition de la population à la pollution qui est variable dans l’espace et le temps.La modélisation de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine a pour vocation de comprendre l’origine des polluants, leur étendue spatiale et leur niveau de concentrations/dépôt. Certains polluants ont des temps de résidence long et peuvent séjourner plusieurs semaines dans l’atmosphère (PM2,5) et donc être transportés sur de longues distances, d’autres au contraire, sont plus locaux (NOx en proximité du trafic). La répartition spatiale d’un polluant dépendra alors de plusieurs facteurs et notamment des surfaces rencontrées. La qualité de l’air, elle, dépend fortement des conditions météorologiques, du bâti (rue-canyon) et des émissions.L’objectif de cette thèse est de traiter certains de ces aspects en modélisant : (1) la pollution urbaine de fond avec un modèle de chimie-transport (Polyphemus/POLAIR3D), qui permet d’estimer les dépôts de polluants atmosphériques par type de surfaces urbaines (toits, murs et chaussées), (2) la pollution à l’échelle de la rue en intégrant explicitement les effets du bâti de manière tridimensionnelle avec d’une part un modèle multiéchelle de chimie-transport (SinG) et d’autre part un modèle de mécanique des fluides (Code_Saturne) et (3) un processus de micro-échelle qui est la réémission des particules présentes sur la chaussée par le trafic routier avec trois formulations différentes (déterministe, semi-empirique et empirique). L’intérêt de cette thèse est de pouvoir comparer et évaluer l’opérabilité et la performance de plusieurs modèles de qualité de l’air à plusieurs échelles (région, quartier et rue) afin de mieux appréhender la caractérisation de la qualité de l’air en milieu urbain / Urban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment

Horse-depositions were examined to explore the development of human-horse relationships in early Britain using a multidisciplinary approach (osteological, archaeological, historical and ethnographical) to interpret these relationships as part of Horseman identities in the Iron Age, Roman and medieval periods. Medieval Horseman-burials are an established phenomenon and considered an Anglo-Saxon import in Britain which expressed a general elite-warrior male status. However, Horseman-burials form an exclusive minority which suggest not a general warrior elite but specific subgroups and/or traditions potentially rooted in earlier practices. Husbandry, transportation-use and ritual practices were also investigated. Horses and horse-use were evaluated via stature and correlations with sex. The results indicated sexual dimorphism should be considered when interpreting horse stature. It is hypothesised that generally females were pastured breeding-stock while males were transportation-stock which received supplemental nutrition and care. Males were/are generally larger than females, and size disparity was probably heightened by such gendered horse-use practices. Overall, it appears females were 1.3m or less, and horses over 1.3m were males. Horse-depositional patterns in human, particularly funerary, spaces were analysed. Horse deposition often had ritual components and practices changed over time reflecting changing Horseman identities, particularly during the Roman period. Roman-British interactions, the destruction of native-elite chariot-warfare identities and the development of native-auxiliary groups refocused Horseman identities on mounted-warfare. This change from driver to rider, a more intimate relationship, appears reflected by the development of human-horse burials and Horseman identities linked to auxiliary-native cultural groups which incorporated Roman equites ideals with native-auxiliary and imported Eurasian Horseman traditions. / Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Financial support also came from the project partners, particularly author Bernard Cornwell, the Sutton Hoo Society. Additional financial support for equine osteological research was supplied by SYNTHESYS. / The appendices which accompany the thesis are not available online.