The notion of change is one of the more pronounced challenges API developers face, since a change to published APIs means a change for its’ consumers. API Versioning is a commonly used strategy to mitigate the risks of changing APIs, however, the strategy introduces a possibility of having practically innumerable number of API versions published at once, all possibly used by different consumers, creating considerable overhead for API developers to manage. API Versioning and API version management are well-researched disciplines. Nevertheless, Yasmin et al. (2020) have identified a research gap in the support for API consumers to made aware of API deprecations in a proactive and automatic fashion. API Versioning in the context of microservices– which the literature seldom addresses– may serve as an interesting solution space for answering the call of Yasmin et al. (2020), due to the architecture’s strong ties to continuous integration– a practice concerned with automatically and proactively ensuring software quality. Concisely, this thesis is set out to answer Yasmin et al.’s (2020) call for research by utilizing the underexplored contextualization of microservices and continuous integration. Using a Design Science Research strategy, this thesis proposes a model detailing how deprecated RESTful web API version usage can be automatically and proactively detected in microservices using continuous integration. The model is subsequently proven to be instantiable via a proof of concept, designed for and situated at a national Swedish bank. Through a series of in-vitro simulations at the bank, the proof of concept is demonstrated to successfully being able to automatically and proactively detect deprecated RESTful web API version usage. An evaluation of the solution shows that the proof of concept– and by extent the model– fulfills the demarcated research objectives of automaticity, proactivity, generality, and autonomy. Thus, the proposed solution is determined to be both novel and useful, successfully answering the call of Yasmin et al. (2020) in the context of microservices and continuous integration.

Since the advent of the Internet, we have been observing a fast-paced development within the computing world. One of the major innovations in recent years is the “Internet of Things”, which brings interconnectedness between devices and humans to unprecedented heights. This technological breakthrough enabled the emergence of a new sub-field within Learning Analytics, Multimodal Learning Analytics, which makes use of several types of data sources to study learning-related processes. As computers and sensors become increasingly cheaper and more accessible,  research within this new sub-field grows, yet some gaps remain unexplored. Additionally, there is a research bias toward computer-assisted learning environments, rather than physical ones. At the same time, the current labor market is highly competitive, and possessing profession-related skills is not sufficient to land a job. Besides these skills, there is an increasing demand for social skills, such as communication, teamwork, and collaboration. However, there is a gap between the skills that are trained in an academic setting and the ones that are required by the labor market. Having this background in mind, this work aims at designing and evaluating an IoT sensor system capable of tracking patterns observed under social interactions within a group, and more specifically, in terms of the distance between group members while solving a task. Another important aspect of this study is the system's cost-effectiveness so that it can be employed in a scalable and sustainable manner. To achieve this goal, a multimethodological approach for Design Science Research was adopted, which implied the combination of several methods such as sketching, prototyping, and testing. As a result, this study contributes both to the research area of Multimodal Learning Analytics, and to educational practices.

Today, the world contains a large number of important non-profit organizations (NPOs) that seek to maintain the welfare of people and animals and to preserve the natural world. NPOs are extremely dependent on funds from the public which has resulted in severe competition between these organizations. This has also come as a result of the cut down of government support and a shortage of donations. Their lack of financial resources indicates that NPOs around the world face major challenges and are therefore in need of customized tools to increase their revenue and ensure their survival. With the purpose of increasing donations towards NPOs, this study aims to research how a media object can be developed and marketed in Bali to motivate tourists into donating money to the Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA) which is located in Canguu, Bali. By doing this, NPOs can use this research as tool for application within their own organization to increase their revenues.The media object that was chosen for this research was a poster, placed in the streets of Canggu, Bali and was selected because it has been shown that visual communication is a powerful tool for encouraging prosocial human behavior. The aim was to document how the media object affected levels of tourist engagement and ultimately their motivation to donate money to an NPO. A number of theories of motivation and behavior were used to form the foundation for this research. The methodology used included qualitative data collection by way of interviews, observations of local conditions pertinent to tourist interaction with media objects, as well as information gathered through a focus group involving local tourists. Research Through Design (RTD) was the framework that was used to structure the process for the creation and the testing of the prototype (the media object). The RTD included four phases, two of which were not completed due to complications involving the COVID-19 pandemic. The research concluded that the environment, attitudes towards legitimacy and emotional engagement all played a crucial role for the effectiveness and ultimately the success of a media object. Furthermore, it was concluded that there is a need for extended research on tourists’ behavior as well as consumer behavior, in relation to donors, in order to fully understand how a media object should be developed to motivate a tourist to donate money to an NPO.

Die gesetzlich verpflichtende Jahresabschlussprüfung ist in den vergangenen Jahren durch wesentliche Veränderungen gekennzeichnet. Einerseits verlangen gesetzliche Vorgaben als Reaktion auf Bilanzskandale und Finanzkrisen eine zeitnahe Berichterstattung über die rechnungslegungsrelevanten Aktivitäten geprüfter Unternehmen. Andererseits werden Rechnungslegungsprozesse mittlerweile nahezu vollständig mithilfe betrieblicher Informationssysteme, z. B. Enterprise-Resource-Planning-Systeme (ERP-Systeme) und Buchhaltungssysteme, durchgeführt. Dadurch ergeben sich sowohl der Bedarf als auch die grundsätzliche Umsetzbarkeit digitaler, kontinuierlicher Prüfungsansätze. Trotz umfangreicher Vorarbeiten im Bereich der digitalen Prüfung in den letzten 30 Jahren haben sich jedoch bislang keine Ansätze zur flächendeckenden Ausbreitung kontinuierlicher Prüfungsansätze etabliert. Grund dafür sind vor allem Barrieren auf organisatorischer und technischer Ebene. Dies stellt insbesondere kleine und mittelständische Prüfungsgesellschaften vor große Herausforderungen, da diese in der Regel nicht über personelle und fachliche Kapazitäten für die Umsetzung komplexer Prüfungssysteme verfügen. Die gestaltungsorientierte Wirtschaftsinformatik kann mit der Entwicklung von IT-Artefakten einen Beitrag zur digitalen Transformation der Abschlussprüfung leisten. In dieser Dissertation wird der beschriebene Bedarf aufgegriffen und, auf Basis eines dreistufigen Forschungsvorgehens, ein Lösungsansatz für die geschilderte Problemstellung entwickelt: Auf der ersten Stufe wird anhand einer empirischen Grundmethodik der Prüfungsprozess in der Praxis analysiert (Ist-Analyse). Auf der zweiten Stufe werden bestehende Konzepte und Erfolgsfaktoren für die Umsetzung der kontinuierlichen Prüfung untersucht (Soll-Konzeption). Das in der dritten Stufe beschriebene Lösungskonzept „Audit-as-a-Service“ sieht die Integration eines spezialisierten Informationsdienstleisters vor, der als Mediator zwischen Prüfungsgesellschaften und geprüften Unternehmen fungiert und die kontinuierliche Prüfung zu einem Geschäftsmodellansatz erweitert.

La BI et le cloud computing sont deux grands sujets de recherche en informatique et en système d’information en particulier. Une recherche combinant ces deux concepts est d'un intérêt double : D’une part, dans les entreprises, la BI devient de plus en plus une partie importante du système d'information qui nécessite des investissements en termes de performances de calcul et des volumes de données. D’autre part, le cloud computing offre de nouvelles opportunités pour gérer les données à des fins d’analyse.Etant donné les possibilités de cloud, la question de la migration de l'ensemble du système d’information y compris la BI est d'un grand intérêt. En particulier, les chercheurs doivent fournir aux professionnels des modèles et des méthodes qui puissent les aider à migrer vers le cloud.Que faire pour que la BI puisse fournir aux managers un service de mise à disposition de données d’analyse au travers du cloud ? La question de recherche est : Comment aider les organisations à migrer leur BI vers le cloud ?Dans cette thèse, nous répondons à cette question en utilisant l'approche science de conception (design science). Nous mettons en place une aide à la décision de la migration de la BI vers le cloud qui s'appuie sur les taxonomies. Nous proposons un modèle de guidage opérationnel qui est instancié par une taxonomie de la BI dans le cloud et dont découlent les règles pour la migration de la BI vers le cloud. / BI and cloud computing are two major areas of computer science research and in particular in information system. A research combining these two concepts has a double interest : On the one hand, in business, the BI becomes increasingly an important part of the information system which requires investment in terms of computing performance and data volumes. On the other hand, cloud computing offers new opportunities to manage data for analysis.Given the possibilities of cloud, migration question of the information system including BI is of great interest. In particular, researchers must provide models and methods to help professional in BI migration to the cloud.The research question is : how to migrate BI to the cloud?In this thesis, we address this issue using design science research approach. We implement a decision-making help for BI migration to the cloud based on taxonomies. We provide an operational guidance model that is instantiated by a BI taxonomy in the cloud and from that rules for BI migration to the cloud are arised.

Technological advancement has significantly impacted people and organizations during the last decade. Society is exposed to an increasing rate of cyber-attacks utilizing sophisticated tools to accomplish their objectives. Previously attackers’ primary focus was exploiting technological vulnerabilities to access organizations’ information; however, attackers have shifted their focus to exploiting the vulnerabilities in people’s human nature instead. This has resulted in organizations acknowledging that technical security measures alone are insufficient in providing adequate protection for organizations and need to invest in mitigating the risk people pose to an organization’s cybersecurity. Thus realizing the need to address cybersecurity’s social-technical nature. Organizations have begun implementing cybersecurity awareness-raising initiatives to increase people’s cybersecurity awareness to reduce human-instigated breaches. This is especially crucial for organizations in the public sector to achieve because they tend to produce more destructive and widespread repercussions to society. To provide organizations in the public sector with the means to achieve good cybersecurity awareness, this thesis aims to develop a guideline for managers in large Swedish public organizations to assist them in their complex cybersecurity awareness-raising endeavors. The thesis employs a design science research strategy to develop, evaluate, and validate the guideline with the assistance of cybersecurity awareness experts. The results show six principal factors have been established as significant for raising cybersecurity awareness in large Swedish public organizations. These factors range from user-oriented, managerial, and technical, supporting the assertion that cybersecurity is a complex socio-technical matter. The key contribution of this thesis is to introduce a highly abstract guideline to enhance large Swedish public organizations’ cybersecurity awareness efforts.

Today students all over the world use different types of social media to express their thoughts, feelings and ideas. It can either be expressed in a close environment, such as group chats or to a more open environment such as a feed for example on facebook, which could be seen by anyone and not only students. The purpose of this thesis is to research how to develop a prototype platform where the students have the choice to express themselves in other ways than writing and share their thoughts, feelings and ideas with other students around the world. For inspiration for design, existing tools and technologies have been researched on how they can attract and engage students into using them for different activities in educational settings. Furthermore research has been made on how to maximize the students’ creativity and keep them engaged with the prototype for them to be able to express themselves freely and creatively. After that the prototype was tested to measure its impact on the students in regards to the engagement and fun and also if they could see this as a new potential way of connecting and sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings with students worldwide. After analyzing and receiving feedback from the students, it was discovered that the final prototype platform needs further work and improvement in order to increase the engagement and fun in the prototype platform. Furthermore future development ideas were discovered, both when the results were analyzed and during the development of the prototype platform.

The adoption and implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM), as technologies and processes, in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry marked a significant step forward in advanced digital transformation. One of the distinctive features of the AEC industry is that it necessitates a collaborative effort between several actors from different domains to realize building projects effectively. The involved actors employ different BIM platforms and tools that best suit the task they perform. In addition, the actors rely on one another for information to successfully perform their tasks indicating the crucial importance of digital collaboration and information exchanges between the involved actors. Building product manufacturers are among the important actors in the AEC industry and digitizing how building product data is shared and exchanged is an essential factor for the success of digital BIM processes. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a widely used data schema for representing building information in a neutral format to support information exchanges between different digital tools. Currently, IFC is supported by several BIM applications employed in the industry and can successfully exchange geometric information of a product. However, the IFC data schema does not cover explicit semantic definitions for domain-specific, innovative or multifunctional product data descriptions, making semantic enrichment of product data difficult. In addition, semantic queries, consistency checking, reasoning and automated data processing are challenging to apply on the IFC models. Several studies suggest using web-based standards and technologies, including the semantic web, to digitally manage and share information. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate how the semantic web technologies can support information interoperability and data integration processes between the manufacturing and building industries. As a proof of concept, a prototype is developed to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of using the semantic web technologies for information exchanges. The design science research methodology frames the research work presented in this thesis and guides the development and evaluation of the prototype. The prototype is evaluated, with industry representatives, based on product description requirements derived from the research problem and related studies. The outcome demonstrates the feasibility of applying the semantic web technologies in the AEC industry, implying the potential benefits the semantic web could provide in addressing the industry's long-standing information interoperability challenge. / Implementeringen av Byggnads Information Modeller (BIM) har varit en katalysator för digitaliseringen inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn. En av de utmärkande egenskaperna hos samhällsbyggnadssektorn är att det krävs samarbete mellan ett stort antal aktörer, från olika domäner, för att effektivt realisera byggprojekt. De inblandade aktörerna använder oftast olika digitala verktyg, anpassade för de uppgifter aktören utför. De olika aktörerna är också helt beroende av de andra aktörernas information för att framgångsrikt kunna utföra sina uppgifter. Detta gör att ett väl fungerande digitalt samarbete och informationsutbyte är av avgörande betydelse. Då byggnader och anläggningar till stor del består av produkter från tillverkningsindustrin så är tillverkarna en kategori viktiga aktörer inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn och digitaliseringen av produktdata är en väsentlig faktor för digitaliseringen av sektorn. Informationsutbyten mellan aktörerna sker idag främst med hjälp av Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). IFC täcker inte explicita semantiska definitioner för domänspecifika, innovativa eller multifunktionella produktdatabeskrivningar vilket gör det svårt att semantiskt berika produktdata. Dessutom är sökning efter produktdata, med hjälp av semantiska frågor, och automatiserad databehandling utmanande i dagsläget. P g a dessa problem föreslår flera studier att man bör applicera standarder och tekniker framtagna för WWW, inklusive teknologier från området semantiska nätverk, för att digitalt hantera och dela information. Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka hur dessa teknologier kan stödja informationsutbytet mellan tillverknings- och byggindustrin. Forskningen utfördes enligt forskningsmetodiken Design Science Research (DSR). En prototyp har implementerats. Prototypens funktionalitet och användbarhet utvärderades tillsammans med branschrepresentanter. Dessutom utvärderades prototypen med hjälp av en kravlista som utformades med hjälp av vetenskaplig litteratur inom området. Resultaten från utvärderingen visar att teknologin från området semantiska nätverk kan användas för att informationsutbyten av produktdata mellan tillverknings- och byggindustrier. Resultaten visar också att denna teknologi kan lösa vissa av de problem som länge varit en utmaning i samhällsbyggnadssektorn.

In accordance with the guidelines set forth by PBSGEO, this study aims to highlight the significance of public greenspaces within cemeteries and to propose cost-saving solutions for graveyard maintenance. This research employs a Design Science approach to examine the impact of various factors, including geospatial data, on cemetery maintenance costs. Through a case study of graveyards in Frankfurt, this thesis explores alternative solutions and presents graphical data analysis to better understand the properties of public greenspaces and graveyards. The main findings of this study indicate that effective cost estimation can significantly decrease maintenance costs and improve long-term profitability for cemetery management. While no specific model has been created, the availability of a comprehensive analysis and management portal will assist managers in making informed decisions in the future. The research concludes with the presentation of an online interactive map that can be utilized by cemetery management to reduce costs and enhance productivity. This thesis provides valuable insights into the importance of public greenspaces in cemeteries and the ways in which they can be maintained more efficiently. In addition to its exploratory analysis, this study offers practical implications for the cemetery management industry. The proposed cost-saving solutions can be easily implemented by cemetery management, leading to a reduction in maintenance costs and an improvement in the overall profitability of cemeteries. Furthermore, the findings of this study can also inform future research on the topic and contribute to the development of more sustainable cemetery management practices.

Critical infrastructures (CIs) distributing water, oil, gas, electricity, etc., to community residents and businesses, leverage cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to supervise and control the physical processes that these services entail. Over recent decades, these systems have moved to implement more modern IT-resembling solutions using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) for increased reliability, scalability, and remote connectivity. This change exposes these highly critical systems to new threats and vulnerabilities. One approach to mitigate the risks faced by these systems is to perform analysis on digital representations in the form of digital models or digital shadows of the CPSs. However, this is not a trivial task in practice. These practical issues are explored in this design science research through the development of a guidance process to perform the data collection necessary to create a static digital model of a small-scale power grid CPS in Sweden. The results show that it is possible to gather information on the CPS components through the four approaches: SCADA system exports, documentation information, CLI scripting, and network scanning. While the artefact presented in this report demonstrates these results, challenges still remain such as a lack of SCADA export tools, reaching the SCADA network with scanning tools in a responsible manner, and accessing insights into the complete documentation held by the organisations. The researcher suggests these topics for future research directions.