A wide range of organic compounds are released from building and furnishing products and these have the potential to adversely affect indoor air quality. There are growing international requirements for testing and controlling these emissions for the protection of public health. The test methods require specialist analytical chemistry facilities based on thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). This project has addressed the need for better performance and greater automation of the analysis, as well as development of simpler screening tests. A variety of products were tested using screening techniques, with an emission cell method being used as a reference test. Short duration tests, using a micro-scale chamber at slightly elevated temperature, were shown to have the potential to predict emissions occurring during longer term reference tests. Multi-sorbent air sampling tubes, that have the potential to extend the volatility range of compounds determined by a single TD/GC/MS analysis, were compared with Tenax TA tubes specified by current standard methods. This showed no difference in performance for the range of compounds for which Tenax is optimal, with improved performance for a number of more volatile compounds. The determination of formaldehyde was investigated using 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine as a derivatising agent, followed by TD/GC/MS. The results showed the possibility of this method being developed as an alternative to the current standard method that involves solvent elution and liquid chromatography. The performance of a newly developed time-of-flight mass spectrometer was compared with a standard quadrupole instrument. This showed its potential, with the use of re-collection, to extend the concentration range of compounds quantified from a single air sample, of particular benefit for the determination of carcinogens. New compound identification software was applied to increase automation of analysis of the TD/GC/MS data. Good correlation with manual processing was achieved, demonstrating the possibility of routine application to material emissions testing.

No description available.

L'identification des micro-organismes reposait jusqu'à présent sur l'étude des caractères culturaux et biochimiques de chaque espèce. Depuis quelques années, la spectrométrie de masse de type Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) s'est développée dans les laboratoires de microbiologie clinique. Cette nouvelle technologie permet de réaliser très rapidement et à moindre coût un diagnostic d'espèce sur des colonies de bactéries ou de champignons isolées sur des milieux de culture solides.Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que cette technologie permet de réaliser une identification des germes isolés en milieu liquide, comme les flacons d'hémoculture au cours des bactériémies par exemple. Ce dépistage se fait directement à partir du flacon positif, sans attendre l'isolement des colonies sur milieu solide. Ce diagnostic disponible dès le premier jour permet d'adapter l'antibiothérapie au phénotype de résistance habituel de l'espèce.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons cherché à identifier la nature des biomarqueurs utilisés pour l'identification des espèces bactériennes, en prenant comme exemple la bactérie pathogène Neisseria meningitidis. La comparaison du génome et du protéome des souches entièrement séquencées a permis de mettre en évidence la nature exacte des protéines impliquées dans le diagnostic d'espèce. Par ailleurs, les protéines ribosomales étant majoritaires et pouvant servir d'outil épidémiologique, nous avons constaté que la mise en évidence de leurs variations sur le spectre de masse rend la différenciation de souches au sein d'une même espèce possible, en adaptant la méthode d'analyse. Enfin, nous avons présenté des résultats préliminaires encourageants sur l'exploitation du caractère constant de certaines protéines ribosomales visibles directement sur le spectre de masse, permettant de différencier des espèces très proches, comme Streptococcus pneumoniae et Streptococcus mitis.

Motivation: The accurate and reliable measurement of the concentration of coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) in ambient air has proved to be a challenge for occupational hygienists. The challenge must however be confronted due to, amongst others, the carcinogenic properties of some poly–aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in CTPVs. Aim: To determine the feasibility of a thermal desorption (TD) technique based method as an alternative method to be used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air by assessing it along criteria such as ease of use, cost, accuracy and precision by comparing it to NIOSH’s Method 5515 and OSHA’s Method 58 and to determine the level of exposure to CTPVs on the anode paste floor of an electric furnace, used for the smelting of platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate. Methodology: To satisfy the research objective, two accepted methods the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5515 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) method 58 were used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs with a TD technique based method used as a third, alternative method. All three methods were used concurrently to measure the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air, at the anode paste floor of a platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate smelter. Results and conclusions: The NIOSH method proved to be the most precise method while the TD technique based method proved to be the most accurate. The TD technique based method proved to measure the widest range of individual CTPVs and were able to measure the highest concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene, an individual CTPV that is classified as a Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) chemical substance by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The OSHA method measured on average almost four times less total CTPVs than either the NIOSH or the TD technique based method and failed to readily measure individual CTPVs with a molecular weight lower than that of Phenanthrene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Motivation: The accurate and reliable measurement of the concentration of coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) in ambient air has proved to be a challenge for occupational hygienists. The challenge must however be confronted due to, amongst others, the carcinogenic properties of some poly–aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in CTPVs. Aim: To determine the feasibility of a thermal desorption (TD) technique based method as an alternative method to be used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air by assessing it along criteria such as ease of use, cost, accuracy and precision by comparing it to NIOSH’s Method 5515 and OSHA’s Method 58 and to determine the level of exposure to CTPVs on the anode paste floor of an electric furnace, used for the smelting of platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate. Methodology: To satisfy the research objective, two accepted methods the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5515 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) method 58 were used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs with a TD technique based method used as a third, alternative method. All three methods were used concurrently to measure the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air, at the anode paste floor of a platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate smelter. Results and conclusions: The NIOSH method proved to be the most precise method while the TD technique based method proved to be the most accurate. The TD technique based method proved to measure the widest range of individual CTPVs and were able to measure the highest concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene, an individual CTPV that is classified as a Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) chemical substance by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The OSHA method measured on average almost four times less total CTPVs than either the NIOSH or the TD technique based method and failed to readily measure individual CTPVs with a molecular weight lower than that of Phenanthrene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California (US); 15 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--56814" Westerberg, Staffan Per Gustav. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (US) 12/15/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

O destino de metais pesados em solos é principalmente controlado por reações de sorção e de precipitação em superfícies minerais. Resultados de pesquisa têm evidenciado certa contradição quanto à mobilidade dos metais pesados em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto. Parte dos resultados permite afirmar que a mobilidade dos metais nesses solos é baixa ou nula, enquanto que outra parcela questiona a capacidade do solo em reter esses elementos, sendo esta capacidade função de fatores como tempo, nível de contaminação, condições climáticas, alterações químicas e degradação da matéria orgânica. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a dessorção de Cd, Cu, Ni e Zn em função do pH, a capacidade adsortiva e a fitodisponibilidade desses metais em um Latossolo tratado por cinco anos consecutivos com doses de lodos provenientes das estações de tratamento de Barueri (LB) e de Franca (LF). Amostras de solo foram coletadas da camada 0-0,2m, dos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha; dose de lodo estabelecida para adubação nitrogenada da cultura do milho (1N); duas vezes (2N), quatro vezes (4N) e oito vezes a dose de lodo recomendada (8N). O efeito do pH na dessorção dos metais foi avaliado por meio da determinação da concentração dos mesmos em extratos obtidos em agitações seqüenciais, a primeira de 24 horas e as seguintes de 2 horas cada até a dessorção máxima, usando solução de Ca(NO3)2 0,01 mol L-1 (relação solo:solução de 1:10) e pH ajustado com HNO3 ou NaOH 1 mol L-1. A faixa de variação de pH investigada foi de 3,5 a 7,5. A adsorção dos metais foi avaliada nas amostras de solo agitadas com solução de Ca(NO3)2 0,01 mol L-1 e concentrações crescentes de cada metal. Plantas de arroz foram cultivadas pelo método de Neubauer para avaliação da fitodisponibilidade dos metais. A dessorção dos metais foi crescente com o aumento das doses dos lodos e o LB exibiu maiores valores comparativamente ao LF. A redução do pH proporcionou o aumento dos teores de metais dessorvidos. A capacidade adsortiva do solo também aumentou com a dose de lodo. As amostras tratadas com LF adsorveram mais metais que as tratadas com LB, concordando com os resultados de dessorção. As quantidades de metais nas plantas de arroz apresentaram boa correlação com os teores dessorvidos e com os extraídos do solo com DTPA, indicando que a fitodisponibilidade aumenta com o uso de lodo. Conclui-se que o pH do solo é fator importante no controle da disponibilidade dos metais e sua redução implica em menor capacidade do solo tratado com lodo em reter os metais estudados, além de existir também diferenças importantes relacionadas com as doses aplicadas e origem e características dos lodos de esgoto. / The fate of metals in the soil environment is mostly controlled by sorption reactions on the surface of soil constituents. There have been many studies on the mobility of metals in sludge-amended soils and some contradictions arise from them. Several results indicated a low or even null degree of mobility while others questioned the capacity of soils components in retaining those elements, which is dependent on degree of contamination, climatic conditions, chemical alterations and decomposition of organic matter. This thesis reports the evaluation of the of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn dessorption from soils as function of pH; the adsorptive capacity and the biovailability of those metals in soil samples collected in a field trial where sewage sludge was applied during 5 consecutive years. The waste was collected in two sewage treatment plants: Barueri (LB) and Franca (LF) in São Paulo state, Brazil. Soil was sampled (0-20 cm) in the trail plots of the following treatments: check; sewage rate corresponding to the amount of total nitrogen recommended for maize (1N) and rates of 2, 4 and 8 times the 1N rate, which were identified as 2N, 4N and 8N, respectively. The pH effect on metal desorption was evaluated by a sequential extractions procedure with Ca(NO3)2 0.01 mol L-1 solution: the first step lasted 24 h and the subsequential ones 2 h till no significant amount of metal could be extracted. The soil: extractant solution ratio was 1:10 and the pH ranged from 3,5 to 7,5 obtained after proper additions of HNO3 or NaOH 1 mol L-1 solutions aliquots. Metal adsorption was carried out in Ca(NO3)2 0.01 mol L-1 solution with increasing metal concentration. A Neubauer-type trial was carried out with rice plants to evaluate metal bioavailability. Metal desorption increased with sewage rates and higher amounts were obtained for LB as compared to LF. Metal desorption also increased as pH decreased. Soil samples where LB sewage was applied adsorbed higher metal amounts, which is in accordance with desorption results. Metal bioaccumulation in rice plants in the Neubauer experiment was well correlated with the desorbed amounts and with the DTPA extracted values thus indicating that bioavailability rises when sewage sludge is applied. Soil pH appears as the key factor in controlling Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn availability and the more it decreases the less they are retained by soil. It should also be mentioned the striking effects of and sludge characteristics and rates.

Ce manuscrit de thèse présente le développement de méthodes basées sur la spectrométrie de masse consacrées à la recherche d'inhibiteurs d'enzymes en milieux complexes, tels que les extraits de plantes. L’enzyme Tyrosinase a été utilisé comme principale cible biologique du fait de son implication dans les processus d’hyperpigmentation cutanée. De ce fait, la recherche d’inhibiteurs de cette enzyme, présente un grand intérêt pour l'industrie cosmétique. La première partie de ce manuscrit décrit la mise en place de la chromatographie d'affinité frontale (FAC), permettant d’obtenir le classement simultané des inhibiteurs présent dans un mélange complexe en fonction de leurs affinités avec la cible biologique. Deux capillaires hydrophiles de phase monolithiques ont été évalués afin de réduire au maximum les interactions non spécifiques indésirables entre les analytes et le support solide d’immobilisation. De plus, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de l’utilisation de phases à base de silice comme support solide d’immobilisation des enzymes dans le cadre de ces analyses par chromatographie d'affinité frontale. La seconde partie du manuscrit de thèse est consacrée au développement et à l’optimisation de l’approche nommée ENALDI-MS (Enzyme-coupled Nanoparticles-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry) permettant d’accéder à une gamme des faibles masses (m/z 500 Da). Elle est déclinée en une première approche dite par ‘extinction d’ions’ (Ion Fading, IF-ENALDI), basée sur l’identification directe de la liaison des inhibiteurs vis-à-vis de l’enzyme sans pré-traitement de l’échantillon végétal. Une seconde déclinaison de l’ENALDI-MS concerne une approche dite par ‘Ion Hunting’ (IH - ENALDI MS), basée sur une méthode de pré-concentration sélective des inhibiteurs présents dans l'échantillon. / This thesis report presents the development of mass spectrometry-based methods for searching for inhibitors of enzymes in complex mixtures, such as plant extracts. Tyrosinase enzyme was used as the main biological target for the reason of a significant importance of its inhibitors in the cosmetic industry as the skin whitening agents. The first part of this report describes Frontal Affinity Chromatography (FAC), an approach enabling simultaneous ranking the inhibitors within the complex mixture according to their affinities to the biological target. Two hydrophilic capillary-scale polymer-based bioaffinity stationary phases were evaluated in the context of the presence of undesirable nonspecific interactions between the analyte and the solid immobilisation support. In addition, we explored the usability of two types of silica-based particles as a solid support for enzyme immobilisation for FAC. The second part of the thesis manuscript is devoted to Enzyme-coupled Nanoparticle-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ENALDI MS) as a low-mass compatible extension of the Intensity ion Fading MALDI MS (IF-MALDI MS) method for high-throughput screening of the inhibitors in the complex mixtures. Two variations of ENALDI MS were evaluated: 'Ion Fading' (IF-ENALDI MS), based on on-the-spot binding of inhibitors by enzyme molecules and 'Ion Hunting' (IH-ENALDI MS), based on selective pre-concentration of inhibitors present in the sample.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-29T22:11:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_GIL.pdf: 2275297 bytes, checksum: 45e4c2a7be1a4d3eeb37b526cabd2cae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-30T02:23:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_GIL.pdf: 2275297 bytes, checksum: 45e4c2a7be1a4d3eeb37b526cabd2cae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T02:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_GIL.pdf: 2275297 bytes, checksum: 45e4c2a7be1a4d3eeb37b526cabd2cae (MD5) / CNPq / A poluição atmosférica é, dentre os diversos tipos de poluição, a que mais tem causado incômodo a população com implicações à saúde, originando desde simples irritações até o desenvolvimento de câncer. A concentração de alguns poluentes do ar em ambientes ocupacionais pode ser muitas vezes, superior aos valores estabelecidos por lei, devido à localização de fontes potenciais de emissão e pela ausência de sistemas de ventilação adequados. A princípio, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter quantitativo/qualitativo com trabalhadores de postos de combustíveis de cidades do Recôncavo Sul da Bahia e realizar uma reflexão crítica sobre suas percepções sobre os efeitos à saúde causados pelos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) durante suas atividades laborais. Após essa análise inicial, foi desenvolvido um método analítico para determinação das concentrações de BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos) em amostras de ar ambiente de postos de combustíveis por amostragem ativa em tubos adsorventes contendo carvão ativo, seguido de dessorção química e análise por cromatografia a gás com detector de ionização em chama (CG/DIC). Foram realizados testes com diversos solventes a fim de se verificar a taxa de recuperação (TR) de cada um deles. Os testes revelaram que o diclorometano (CH2Cl2) apresentou os melhores resultados de TR, com valores acima de 75% de extração dos compostos BTEX. Os parâmetros analíticos utilizados para validação do método cromatográfico foram: seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. A amostragem foi realizada em ar ambiente dos postos de combustíveis da cidade de Amargosa, Bahia. As concentrações encontradas no ar ambiente dos postos de combustíveis variaram de 16,9 a 44,5 μg m-3 para o benzeno; de 39,9 a 247 μg m-3 para o tolueno; de 15,6 a 29,4 μg m-3 para o etilbenzeno; de 12,7 a 68,5 μg m-3 para o m-xileno; de 13,7 a 63,3 μg m-3 para o pxileno e de 13,1 a 42.2 μg m-3 para o o-xileno. Os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto foram comparados com os resultados obtidos por um método usando dessorção térmica e não apresentou diferenças significativas para a faixa de concentração estudada, ratificando a validade do método. As concentrações dos compostos encontrados neste trabalho são consideradas pela NR-15 do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, com exceção do benzeno, como não cancerígeno para seres humanos. Segundo estudo realizado pela Organização Munidal da Saúde (OMS), os níveis de benzeno encontrados são classificados como possíveis causadores de câncer devido seu caráter cumulativo durante o tempo de vida laboral de um trabalhador nesses ambientes. / Air pollution is the type of pollution that has caused more discomfort for the population. This type of pollution has caused damage to human health resulting from simple irritations to the development of cancer. Many times, the concentration of some air pollutants in occupational environments can be greater than the values established by law due to the location of potential emission sources and the default of adequate ventilation systems. First, this work aimed to develop an exploratory quantitative/qualitative research with gas station attendants in cities located in the Southern Recôncavo of Bahia and promoting a critical reflection on their perceptions about the effects on human health caused by volatile organic compounds (VOC) during their work activities. After this initial analysis, an analytical method was developed to determination of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) concentrations in samples of ambient air of gas stations by active sampling on adsorbent tubes containing activated charcoal followed by chemical desorption and analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Tests were done using various solvents in order to verify the recovery rate (RR) of each one of them. So, tests indicated that dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) presented the best results of RR, with values above 75% of extraction of BTEX compounds. The selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and detection and quantification limits of the chromatographic method were validated. Sampling was performed in ambient air of gas stations located in Amargosa city in Bahia. The concentrations found in ambient air of gas stations ranged from 16.9 to 44.5 μg m-3 for benzene; 39.9 to 247 μg m-3 for toluene; 15.6 to 29.4 μg m-3 for ethylbenzene; 12.7 to 68.5 μg m-3 for m-xylene; 13.7 to 63.3 μg m-3 for p-xylene and 13.1 to 42.2 μg m-3 for o-xylene. The results obtained in this proposed method were compared with the results obtained in a method using thermal desorption and showed no significant differences for the studied analytical range, confirming the validity of the method. The concentrations of the compounds found in this study are classified not carcinogenic to humans by NR- 15 from the Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, with the exception of Benzene. According to a study developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the levels of Benzene found are classified as possible causes of cancer because of its cumulative feature during the work lifetime of a gas station attendant in those environments.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Phosphorus (P) plays an important role in eutrophication of aquatic systems and the streams and pond bed sediments are an important environmental compartment in this process. The bed sediment can act as a sink or source of P to the overlying water depending on their physicochemical and biological characteristics. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the P dynamics in bottom sediment of ponds and streams and to determine their potential to adsorb or release P due to human activities in two agricultural watersheds. The watersheds, with an area of 1,426 km2 (PBH140) and 0.783 km2 (PBH80), are located in a landscape in the city of Júlio de Castilhos, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The water and bed sediment samples were collected from ponds and streams in the two watersheds. The characteristics evaluated includes, particle size distribution, total organic carbon and organic and inorganic P fractions P. Through P adsorption-desorption parameters i. e., potentially bioavailable particulate P (Pppb), particulate bioavailable P (Ppb), P desorption rate (λ), equilibrium P concentration (EPC0) and maximum P sorption (CMAP) was determined by the P adsorption-desorption curves. The results indicated that in the particle size, the sand fraction dominated in the stream samples while the pond showed a more fine sediment (silt and clay). Phosphorus fractions ranged depending on the use and management of soil in the vicinity, the presence of point or diffuse pollution sources, contributing to high inorganic P forms in the bed sediments. Furthermore, the fractions of lower P lability were more expressive indicating that low P release to the water column. With an increase in human pressure in the upstream area, there was an increase in bioavailable P forms to aquatic biota, as observed by high concentration of resin extracted bioavailable P. The high Pmax observed in the both type of bed sediments indicates low P saturation of these sediments due to low levels of P in the landscape soils and or low application of fertilizer or manure P. The low phosphorus desorption in distilled water (Q0) and reduced EPC0 give indicate that the these sediments are sink of soluble P and have an important role to maintain water quality in the two monitored watersheds. / O fósforo (P) desempenha um papel importante na eutrofização dos ecossistemas aquáticos e, o sedimento de fundo de córregos e açudes constitui um compartimento ambiental importante nesse processo. O sedimento de fundo tem a capacidade de atuar como fonte ou dreno de P para a coluna de água sobrejacente, dependendo de suas características físico-químicas e biológicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica do fósforo no sedimento de fundo de açudes e córregos e determinar seu potencial de retenção ou liberação de fósforo solúvel, em função da ação antrópica exercida sobre duas bacias hidrográficas agrícolas. As bacias hidrográficas, com área de 1,426 km2 (PBH140) e 0,783 km2 (PBH80), estão localizadas em um assentamento da reforma agrária no município de Júlio de Castilhos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras de água e sedimento de fundo foram coletadas em açudes e córregos nas duas bacias hidrográficas. As características avaliadas incluem a distribuição granulométrica, teor de carbono orgânico total e as frações orgânicas e inorgânicas de P. Por meio de curvas de dessorção estimou-se o fósforo particulado potencialmente biodisponível (Pppb), a taxa de dessorção (λ) e o fósforo particulado biodisponível (Ppb). Estimou-se, por meio de curvas de adsorção, a capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP) e a concentração de equilíbrio de fósforo. Os resultados indicaram que, no tamanho de partículas, a fração areia predominou nas amostras de sedimento de fundo dos córregos, enquanto que nos açudes o sedimento apresentou-se mais fino (silte e argila). As frações de fósforo variaram em função do uso e manejo do solo no entorno, da presença de fontes de poluição pontual ou difusa. As frações predominantes de fósforo predominantes no sedimento de fundo foram as frações inorgânicas. Além disso, as frações de fósforo de menor labilidade foram mais expressivas, indicando baixa capacidade de fornecimento de P para a coluna de água. Com o aumento da pressão antrópica sobre os recursos hídricos ocorreu um aumento nas formas biodisponíveis de P para a biota aquática, observado principalmente pelo aumento nos teores de P extraídos com a resina trocadora de ânions. A elevada CMAP nos sedimentos amostrados nos açudes e córregos indica uma baixa saturação previa dos sítios de adsorção de P, decorrentes dos baixos níveis de P nos solos das bacias e pela baixa aplicação de fertilizantes ou dejetos de suínos e aves. A baixa dessorção de fósforo em água destilada (Q0) e a reduzida CEP conferem aos sedimentos um importante papel de dreno de P solúvel nos recursos hídricos das duas bacias monitoradas.