Dans les collèges français, la question de l’éducation fait l’objet d’un traitement assez sombre : au niveau statutaire, elle marque en effet le faible prestige de certains personnels, ou de certaines matières enseignées. C’est le cas des conseillers et assistants d’éducation, ou, sur un autre plan, de l’éducation artistique, de l’éducation civique ou de l’éducation physique et sportive. La connotation négative de l’éducation apparaît aussi dans les discours quotidiens, enclins à dénoncer des carences. L’écart social entre les membres des classes moyennes cultivées et leurs élèves ne prédit pas, cependant, le niveau de tension. La construction d’un climat d’établissement joue en effet une fonction importante ; en second lieu, les situations éducatives les moins aisées obligent précisément à réfléchir en termes éducatifs. Il en ressort souvent un meilleur climat que dans des établissements peu exposés. Dans l’imaginaire des professionnels, le collège n’aurait d’autre but que d’organiser la succession de cours entre enseignants savants et apprenants captivés. Depuis les débuts de la massification, les professeurs appliquent en réalité des pédagogies « bricolées », sans rapport avec les principes idéels. Malgré ces adaptations officieuses, les collégiens sont pénalisés par la segmentation des cours, l’étouffement de l’esprit critique, la faible intégration éducative et la relégation du « sale boulot » de discipline. Dans les établissements favorisés, l’insuffisance démocratique incite plutôt à l’utilitarisme, et au développement d’une culture juvénile anti-scolaire ; dans les collèges populaires, les élèves en échec peuvent aussi opposer une violence. / In French colleges, the issue of education is poorly treated : at the statutory level, it marks the low prestige of certain personnel, or certain subject matter being taught. This is the case with counsellors (conseillers d’éducation) and teaching assistants (assistants d’éducation) or, on another level, with arts education, civic education or physical education. Education’s negative connotation is confirmed in people’s discourse, which is inclined to report deficiencies. The social gap between members of the cultivated middle class and their students does not, however, predict the level of tension. First, the construction of a school environment indeed plays an importance role ; what’s more, the most difficult educational situations are precisely the ones that require us to think in educational terms. The result is often a better environment than in institutions with little exposure to difficulties. In the minds of professionals, French colleges have no other purpose than to organise the succession of courses between scholarly teachers and captivated learners. From the beginning of mass schooling, teachers actually apply “tinkered” pedagogies, unrelated to imaginary principles. In spite of these unofficial adaptations, students suffer from the segmentation of courses, the stifling of critical thinking, poor educational integration and the relegation of disciplinary “dirty work”. In privileged establishments, the democratic deficit rather encourages utilitarianism, and the development of an anti-school youth culture ; in lower class French colleges students who are failing may also resist through other forms of violence.

關鍵詞：非法移民、非法外來人口、收容、非刑事拘禁、人身自由、家庭權、平等權、法官保留、正當法律程序、異議、追究、提審 近年來，我國隨著人權國際化的發展，特別是在兩公約施行法公布之後，非法外來人口的收容問題成為熱門的人權議題之ㄧ，因此，引發作者研究的動機。 由於我國國情特殊，外來人口並不限於「外國人」或「無國籍人」，尚包含「無戶籍國民」、「大陸地區人民」、「香港居民」與「澳門居民」等類人士；次查，該等外來人口來臺，未必都有「移民」的意圖，為周延起見，因此，本文將「非法移民」一詞改稱為「非法外來人口」。 經查目前我國非法外來人口以「外國人」與「大陸地區人民」居多，故本文的研究對象乃聚焦於該兩種人士。另外，本文將收容對象限縮於「已入境」且「違反移民法規」的非法外來人口，並將「收容」定義為「主管機關為達成遣返任務，於遣返前，將非法外來人口暫時留置於收容處所的行政行為」，因此，非法外來人口收容之法律性質，為行政處分，屬遣返非法外來人口前之暫時性行政保全措施，不具裁罰性，故非屬行政罰，當然，更非屬刑事處分，自應與刑事訴訟法之「羈押」有所區別。 本論文計分「緒論」、「收容制度之外國借鏡」、「我國收容制度」、「受收容人基本權之保障與衝突」、「收容實務現況及其困境」、「我國收容在合憲性之探討」、「收容與行政救濟」及「結論與建議」等八章。 首先，由美、日及其他世界主要國家對於非法移民的收容制度觀察，發現大多數國家對於非法移民之收容並未採行「法官保留」制度，各國對於收容期限的規定也不一致，而隨著非法移民的日漸增多，近年各國對於非法移民的防杜、查緝與管理，亦較以前積極且嚴格。 我國收容制度主要分為對外國人（含一般外國人與外籍勞工）與對大陸地區人民兩大類，分別由入出國及移民法第38條、就業服務法第68條第4項及臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例（以下簡稱兩岸條例）第18條規範。就外國人與大陸地區人民收容制度之比較發現，二者其實大同小異。有關收容處分機關、法律性質、期間、處分方式、收容處所、對於已取得居留許可且具備一定要件之受處分人遣返前得召開審查會審查、給予當事人陳述意見之機會以及在收容處所內之處遇均相同；主要差異在於「收容要件」、「異議程序之有無」、「折抵刑期或罰金額數之程序」、「驅逐出國（強制出境）前，應否先經司法機關之同意」等程序，此外，大陸地區人民之強制出境，因二十年來，兩岸依循金門協議機制定期運作，尚未發生無法遣返問題，故兩岸條例並無類似外國人得因無法遣返而廢止收容處分之規範。 基本權利的保障，應遵守「層級化法律保留原則」與「重要性理論」，而法益衝突問題，則應依人權調整原理處理。受收容人之基本權利保障與法益衝突，亦應遵守前述法理加以處理，本文爰以受收容人之人身自由、家庭權與平等權三面向加以探討。 繼之，由收容相關處理流程、近4年外國籍與大陸籍受收容人之人數與平均收容天數、外國籍涉案與未涉案人數與比例、收容天數的比較等統計數據，呈現收容實務的現況，並簡要敘述收容行政所面臨的困境及主管機關移民署所做的具體改善措施（包含研擬入出國及移民法修正草案等）。 有關收容的合憲性，分為「法官保留與受收容人之人身自由」、「令從事勞務與工作權保障」、「收容期間與明確性原則」、「刑期折抵與羈押之錯置」、「概括條款之濫用」與「刑事收容之新構思」六方面論述，研究結果發現，現行收容相關規定之合憲性與適法性，尚無疑義。惟查，具體個案執行上，對於涉及刑案之受收容人的「延長收容」，發現有單純僅為順應司法機關犯罪偵審需要而為，並未嚴格審視收容是否具備「保全遣返必要性」之前提要件，與立法目的尚屬有間，恐有違反比例原則之虞。次查，現行規定中，「令從事勞務」一詞，容易引人誤解有侵害工作權之虞，且不符實務現況；而「收容天數得刑期折抵」的權宜措施，不但不能消除「以收容代替羈押」有侵害人權的疑慮，反而，更混淆了收容的法律性質，也讓司法機關有藉口將涉及刑案之非法外來人口「責付」行政機關「收容」，使問題更形嚴重；至於入出國及移民法第38條第1項第4款之概括規定，也容易使收容變相成為刑事追訴之保全機制。凡此種種，均待澈底檢討。 關於非法外來人口收容的行政救濟方面，本文則分別就「異議」、「訴願」、「行政訴訟」、「國家賠償」、「提審」與「追究」等面向觀察，研究發現受收容人提起行政救濟的案例不多，而就實務案例觀察，現行救濟程序對於受收容人之權益保障，確實有緩不濟急的現象發生，亟待改善。 本文對於現行非法外來人口收容法制，歸結如下： 一、非法外來人口收容，未採「法官保留」原則，並未違反憲法第八條之規定，其合憲性尚無疑慮。 二、現行非法外來人口收容法制，符合「公民與政治權利國際公約」相關規定，亦無適法性問題。 三、程序權保障部分 現行非法外來人口收容法制中，有關外國人與大陸地區人民之程序權保障規定未盡一致，且欠缺公正第三人介入審查之強制機制，應加以改善。 四、欠缺事後即時司法審查機制 非法外來人口收容，性質上屬「非刑事拘禁」，受收容人除得依憲法第8條第4項規定向法院聲請「追究」外，亦得依公民與政治權利國際公約第13條規定聲請法院「提審」，惟查，現行提審法、行政訴訟法、法院組織法等法規尚欠缺相關配套機制，有賴司法機關正視並積極建置。 五、刑事程序與行政程序應有所區隔 現行規定，將偵審中或待服刑之犯罪嫌疑人或刑事被告，納入得收容之對象，而遣返刑案被告前，又必須得到司法機關之同意，而收容延長之次數亦未明文限制，收容日數並得折抵刑期，不但再再混淆收容之法律性質，也是遭來「以收容代替羈押」批評的導火線。為切合收容之立法目的，提升人權保障，本文認為對於涉刑案之非法外來人口，應依「先刑事後行政」原則辦理，收容對象應限縮為單純待遣返之非法外來人口。 六、得命服勞役之規定，未切合實務現況，且容易引發侵害人權之誤解，應配合兩公約施行法之公布施行，儘速刪除之。 七、非法外勞收容之法源依據亟待修正 經查就業服務法迄未配合移民署之成立而加以修正，為符法制，減少疑義，勞政與立法機關應積極推動修法事宜。 至於本文對於非法外來人口收容法制之主要建議如下： 一、對於移民法、兩岸條例之修正建議 （一）收容對象應修正為以「單純等待遣返之非法外來人口」為限，刪除司法機關得將涉及刑案且尚待偵審之非法外來人口「責付」移民署收容之規定。 （二）刪除「遣返前應經司法機關同意」之規定。 （三）刪除「收容日數得折抵刑期或罰金」之規定。 （四）俟司法院建置「追究」或「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制後，刪除「收容異議制度」。 （五）於入出國及移民法修正草案中，增列大陸地區人民與港澳居民得「準用」外國人收容相關規定。 二、建議司法院研修提審法、法院組織法與行政訴訟法，建立非法外來人口收容「追究」、「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制；此外，為提升對於涉及刑案受收容人之權益保障，則建議司法院研修刑事訴訟法，針對觸犯微罪且有逃亡或逃亡之虞之犯罪嫌疑人或被告，增列「刑事收容」制度，以符刑事偵審實需。 三、建議勞委會儘速修正就業服務法相關法規，增列移民署查緝、收容非法外勞之法源依據，並建置完善之外籍勞工相關制度，減少非法外勞之發生率。 四、修正國家安全法第3條不合時宜之規定。 五、行政院應建置跨部會整合平台，釐定完整妥適之移民政策後，相關部會應配合修訂移民配套法規。 / Keywords: illegal immigration, illegal alien population, detention, liberty, family rights, equal rights, due process of law, dissent, legal investigation, Habeas Corpus In the recent years, Taiwan, following the international development in human rights and especially after the release of Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (hereby referred to as the “Two Covenants”) has started the popular discussion of illegal alien population detention. This paved the way to the subject of my thesis. Because of Taiwan's special political situation, the immigrant population is defined as not only "foreigners" or "stateless people", but also as "non-permanent nationals", "Mainland citizens", "Hong Kong residents", "Macao residents" and other categories of people. The foreign population that comes to Taiwan may not all have "migration intent”, so for the sake of being thorough, in this thesis, the term "illegal immigrants" will be changed to the broader term of "illegal aliens." As the current investigation shows illegal alien population is mostly from Mainland China and foreign countries, this study will focus on these two groups. Aliens that can be “detained” are limited in this study to illegal aliens that have entered Taiwan and have violated immigration laws. The term “detention" is defined as "an administrative act of keeping illegal aliens in temporary premises during pre-removal process until their repatriation”. The detention of illegal alien population is an executive sanction given prior to the repatriation of illegal aliens. It is a temporary executive protection measure, not a punitive one. It is not an administrative penalty and a non-criminal sanction. It differs from the term “custody” of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The thesis is divided into the following eight sections: 1. Introduction 2. Foreign-Based Detention System 3. Taiwan’s Detention System 4. Basic Human Rights of the Detained Aliens and Their Conflicts 5. Plight of Current Detention Practices 6. Constitutionality of Taiwan’s Detention System 7. Remedies for Detaining and Executive Practices 8. Conclusions and Recommendations In the first place, most of the detention systems in the United States, Japan and other developed countries in the world do not adopt the " Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " system. The periods for detention around the world are also different. As the number of illegal immigration cases increases in these countries, the prevention, investigation and management of illegal immigration have also become more proactive and stricter than ever before. Taiwan's detention system can be subdivided into two major groups, foreigners (including foreign workers) and Chinese Mainlanders, overseen by the Immigration Act Section 38 of the Employment Service Law Article 68, Paragraph 4, and the Taiwanese and the Mainland Regional Relations (hereinafter referred to as Cross Strait Ordinance) Article 18. The detention system for foreigners and Mainlanders are essentially the same in Taiwan. They both share the same agencies for detention, regulations, detention duration, decisions, detention locations, resident alien pre-repatriation reviews, opportunities for legal defense, and detention treatment. The main differences between the two groups are: the requirements for detention, the presence or absence of objection procedures, the procedure for sentence set-off or penalty fines, the requirement of judicial consent prior to expulsion (forced exit) from the country, and other similar processes. In the last two decades, through the Golden Gate Agreement between Taiwan and Mainland China, there are regularly scheduled forced exits of Mainlanders from Taiwan. Repatriation of Mainlanders has not had any issues yet. That is why there has not been the need for regulations stopping their detention due to inability to repatriate them like in the cases of foreigners. The protection of fundamental rights should comply with "the hierarchy of legal reservation" and "the importance theory". The conflicts among legal interests should be adjusted in accordance with human rights principles. And the fundamental rights of the detained people should be addressed by the past legal principles. This thesis will cover three directions: people's personal freedom, family rights and equal rights. Through detention-related processes, the statistical comparisons between the number of detained aliens and average days in the detention centers of foreign nationals and Mainlanders, and the statistical comparison between foreign nationals involved and not involved in detention and the number of days in detention, one can see the current condition of detention and can describe the difficulties faced by the Administration and the implementation of specific improvement plans (including entry and exit information, drafts to amend the Immigration Act sent to the Legislature, etc.) by the various related authorities within the Department of Immigration. The constitutionality of the detention is divided into six discussion topics: "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes and Detainee’s Personal Freedom", "Right to Work and Protection of that Right", "Clear Detention Period," "Difference Between Sentence Set-Off and Detention," "Abuse of General Terms" and "Constructive Thoughts of Criminal Custody". From my research, the constitutionality and applicability of existing regulations are clear. However, during actual prosecution of individual cases, detained aliens involved in criminal cases may "extend detention" and are tried simply as criminal cases, not evaluating beforehand the necessity of repatriation, whether there is a gap with the legislative goal and whether it violates the principle of proportionality. In current regulations, the phrase “serve labor sentence” easily leads to misunderstanding that there exists labor rights violation. And the implementation of right to off-set imprisonment by detention days not only does not eliminate the question of whether administrative detention replaces imprisonment has human rights violation, but it confuses the nature of detention laws. It also lets judicial agencies use criminal cases involving illegal aliens to be part of Administrative agencies’ responsibility, worsening the problem. The Border Entry and Exit and Immigration Act Article 38, Section 1, paragraph 4, also easily transforms detention into a mechanism of shielding against criminal prosecution. All this should be reviewed and analyzed in its entirety. Concerning the detained illegal aliens’ executive relief, this thesis will analyze from the points of "dissent", "petition", "executive action", "National Compensation", "Habeas Corpus" and "accountability". Studies found there are not too many cases of executive relief filed by the detained aliens. From observing the practical cases, the current relief program for the protection of the detained aliens’ rights is quite slow and needs improvement. The detention laws regarding the current illegal alien population can be summarized as followed: 1. Although the detention of illegal alien population does not to adopt "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " principle, it does not violate the provisions of Article 8 of the Constitution and there is no doubt of its constitutionality. 2. The current detention laws of illegal alien population fit the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," and related provisions, there is no issue of applicability. 3. The part related to the protection of process right In the current laws related to detention of illegal aliens, the sections related to foreigners and Mainlanders that guarantee the process right are not entirely consistent, and they lack the enforcement mechanism of requiring reviews by impartial third parties. This should be improved. 4. Lack of mechanism that requires immediate judicial review The detention of illegal alien population is a "non-criminal detention". Article 8 of the Constitution, Paragraph 4 provides that illegal aliens may ask the Court for investigation; or the alien may ask for a judicial habeas corpus according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 13. The current Habeas Corpus, Administrative Procedure Laws, Court Organization Laws and other related regulations still need supporting structure and that responsibility falls on the judiciary branch to address directly and actively. 5. The separation of criminal and administrative procedures Existing regulations consider aliens in the mist of investigation, alien suspects awaiting sentencing, and criminal alien defendants are possible subjects for detention. There must be judicial consent prior to repatriation of criminal case defendants. However the fact that limitation on the number of times that detention may be extended has not been clearly set and that the days in the detention may set off the imprisonment not only creates massive legal confusion, but also invites criticism that "detention is now replacing imprisonment". To meet the legislative goal of establishing detention laws to enhance human rights, this thesis argues for the illegal aliens involved in criminal cases should first be tried as criminals, then as administrative defendants. And detention laws should be limited to repatriation of illegal alien population only. 6. Regulations requiring serving labor sentence do not fit current reality or practices. This easily leads to misunderstanding of human rights violation. It should be deleted immediately. The regulations should be compatible with the release of the Two Covenants. 7. The laws related to illegal alien workers detention should be corrected The Employment Service Act is not consistent with the establishment of the Department of Immigration. The Act should be amended to meet the current legal system and reduce ambiguity. Labor Administration and Legislative agencies should proactively promote the amendment of this Act. The main recommendations for the legal system around detention of illegal aliens are: A. Suggested amendments for immigration laws and cross-strait ordinance (a) Candidates for detention should be amended to accommodate illegal aliens that are simply awaiting repatriation. The need for judicial involvement should be deleted. And illegal aliens involved in criminal investigation and hearing should be under the jurisdiction of the Department of Immigration. (b) The regulation requiring judicial consent prior to repatriation should be deleted. (c) The allowance for reducing length of sentence or fines by detention days should be removed. (d) After the Judicial Branch establishes investigation and habeas corpus and the judicial review, there should not be a separate detention system. (e) During border entries and exits and during immigration law amendments, more provisions for detaining illegal foreign aliens should apply to Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao residents. B. The Judicial Branch should analyze and edit current habeas corpus laws, court organization laws and administrative procedure laws in order to establish immediate judicial review process after illegal aliens enters custody. In addition, to improve the protection of the rights of the detaining aliens who are involved in criminal cases, the Judicial Ministry should review and edit criminal proceedings laws and add “criminal custody” system to meet current needs. C. The Council of Labor Affairs should amend as soon as possible the Employment Services Act and related regulations, to increase additional investigation by the Department of Immigration, detention laws related to illegal alien workers, and build a complete legal system for foreign workers in order to reduce cases of illegal foreign workers. D. Section 3 of the National Security Act is obsolete and should be amended to reflect current reality. E. The Executive Branch should build cross-agency integration platform, determining the suitable immigration policies, and relevant departments need to support the amended immigration regulations.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

The thesis deals with the comparison and evaluation of development conditions of detention and imprisonment in jails and prisons in the Czech Republic with the terms of previous years, but especially progress in respecting the rights and dignity of prisoners.

The situation of prisons in Africa has been of concern to practitioners in the criminal justice system, researchers, policy makers, the government and even international organizations. Likewise, is the challenge of not having adequate information about prison system in Africa. In addition, most African countries are signatories to international treaties and convention regarding the treatment of prisoners, to what extent are prisons in Africa complying with the provisions and recommendation of such treaties and conventions. This study was therefore designed to explore the prison system in Africa countries. As part of its objectives the study explored the prison condition in countries in Africa as exemplified by the physical structure of the prison buildings; living conditions with regards to overcrowding, medical care, separation of categories, food, sanitation, beds and beddings, administration and independent monitoring. Furthermore, the treatment and prison conditions of pre- trial detainees were also considered. Similarly, this thesis evaluated the treatment and prison conditions of prisoners with special needs. This category of prisoners include prisoners with mental health care needs, prisoners with disabilities, foreign national prisoners, older prisoners, prisoners on the death row and prisoners living with HIV/AIDS. The conditions and treatment of women prisoners, pregnant women prisoners, and babies living with their mothers in prison were also discussed. The Nelson Mandela Rules, Kampala and Luanda declarations were employed as a bench mark to ascertain whether the treatment and conditions in prisons in Africa meet up to international standards. The study adopted a qualitative approach of inquiry using literature search as mode of inquiry. Data for the study was obtained from books, reports from international organisations such as United Nations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Penal Reform International, Amnesty International, international conventions and treaties among others, journals (Local, Africa and International), reports from selected countries, government legislations, policies, Acts, previous studies on prison system, web based information and national data. The review of literature with regards to physical structure revealed that most prisons in African countries do not meet international standards pertaining to the issue of physical structure as most prison building are dilapidated and in bad conditions. The study further revealed that the prisons and treatment of prisoners in African prison do not meet international standards. In specific terms, most of the prisons in countries in Africa are overcrowded; most prisons are also characterized by inadequate medical care with lack of facilities, medical personnel and medications. To a large extent most prisons do not meet international standards with reference to separation of categories as most prisons in countries in Africa lock up awaiting trial persons with convicted persons, minor offenders with adult but in most cases women are separated from men. The food situation in most prisons in countries in Africa did not meet international standards in quantity and nutritional value. The finding of the study indicated that the sanitary conditions in most prisons in countries in Africa is in very poor condition which could lead to an outbreak of diseases, this too did not meet international standards. Most prisons in countries in Africa are typified by lack of beds and beddings, prisoners in some prisons sleep on bare floors while some sleep standing while others sleep in shifts. This condition does not meet international standards. With regards to administration it was equally revealed that the record keeping of most prisons in countries in Africa is inadequate, most prisons do not have an ombudsman where prisoners could lodge their complaints while corruption seem to also be rife. This do not meet international standards as well. However, on a good note, most prisons in countries in Africa do permit independent observers such as NGOs, human rights organisations and international organization to have access to the prisons Furthermore, literature search disclosed that the population of awaiting trial person in prisons in Africa is very high when compared to the total prison population and that some countries in Africa are among countries in the world with highest number of pre - trial detainees. The treatment and living conditions of pre - trial detainees in most prisons in African countries do not meet international standards as they are locked in overcrowded cells, often locked up with convicted persons, no legal representation and having to stay longer that the stipulates without being charged to court. The thesis also conducted literature search on prisoners with special needs and the study point out that in each of the categories, prisons in countries in African countries do not meet international standards. For instance, there are no provisions to meet the mental health care needs of prisoners as there are no mental health practitioners, no facilities and no screening is conducted in most prisons. Similarly, there are no facilities to assist prisoners living with physical disabilities as well as older prisoners. The situation with foreign national prisoners are not different as there are no translation of prison materials that could make them adjust well to prison life, in some cases their consular are not contacted that they are in prison. With regards to prisoners on the death row, their conditions did not meet international standards as they are locked up in solitary confinement for most part of the day and their cells are often dirty with inadequate food and medical care. Some of this category of prisoners have been on the death row for as long as twenty years. For prisoners living with HIV/AIDS their treatment and condition does not met international standards as there are not treatment of any kind neither is there any form of screening conducted for inmates. For women prisoners, the treatment and conditions do not meet international standards as most prisons were not designed with women in mind. The living condition is unsanitary, unhygienic exemplified with inadequate toilet and bathroom facilities as well as no supply of peculiar needs of women such as sanitary towels. Review of literature equally indicates that there is no special treatment given to pregnant women prisoners. For children living with their mothers in prison, their treatment does not meet international standards as there is no special provision made for them, they share food with their mothers, some are locked up with their mothers for hours in overcrowded cells. Based on the finding of this study, some recommendations were made. These include the need to conduct more studies on prisons in countries in Africa, the need to consider reviewing the indigenous methods of treatment of offenders before the advent of colonial masters, need for a synergy amongst all practitioners in the criminal justice. Other recommendations are that there should be more advocacy on the prison conditions, need to establish a special trust fund, involve the private sector as well as professional bodies and to professionalize corrections management / Corrections Management / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice System)

The research question of this study is to determine what circumstances and conditions contribute to deaths in police cells. The study was undertaken in order to establish the causes of deaths in police cells and the factors which contribute thereto, as well as to determine the best international practices to prevent deaths in police cells. The literature was reviewed in order to establish the extent to which this phenomenon has been researched in South Africa and in other countries and to determine the regulatory framework related thereto. The researcher had collected data from the dockets relating to deaths in police cells which were kept at the IPID provincial offices in Gauteng and Limpopo. The data were collected by using the docket analysis schedule and were categorised into themes during the analysis process. Four cause of deaths in police cells were identified, namely, suicide, natural causes, assault by fellow detainees and injuries which were sustained prior to detention. Suicide is the leading cause of deaths. The second leading causes of deaths in police cells are natural causes and assault by fellow detainees. Deaths as a result of injuries sustained prior to detention came third. The most common ligatures which were used to commit suicide are shoe-laces, belts and strips torn from clothing and bedding items. The preferred ligature points are the burglar proof bars on cell windows. Booted feet and hands were the most common instruments used to inflict fatal injuries on the detainees. It was also found that police officials are generally not complying fully with the standing orders which regulate the management of people who are detained in police cells. The failure of police officials to comply fully with the standing orders on custody in police cells contributed to the deaths of detainees in police cells. Recommendations are made to prevent the deaths of detainees in police cells. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

MARINHO, Karlene Gonçalves. Avaliação da implementação das diretrizes do Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo-SINASE no Estado. 2010. 160f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-30T13:23:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-KGMARINHO.pdf: 1010694 bytes, checksum: b5d8a8eb6a8fe6b540da6f39ad338bdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-30T16:57:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-KGMARINHO.pdf: 1010694 bytes, checksum: b5d8a8eb6a8fe6b540da6f39ad338bdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T16:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-DIS-KGMARINHO.pdf: 1010694 bytes, checksum: b5d8a8eb6a8fe6b540da6f39ad338bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o processo de implementação das diretrizes do Sistema Nacional de tendimento Socioeducativo-SINASE (2006) no estado do Ceará, a partir da aplicação da medida socioeducativa de internação em Centro Educacional, por meio da percepção dos gestores e executores da política. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, que tem como sujeitos os profissionais das Unidades selecionadas. Os instrumentos utilizados se constituíram de visitas, observação sistemática e realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Utilizamos quatro pares de categorias analíticas como suporte teórico para subsidiar as discussões e observações empíricas, quais sejam: adolescência-violência; poder-relações de poder; prisão-punição e imputabilidade penal-medidas socioeducativas. Realizamos a pesquisa em dois Centros Educacionais masculinos, fazendo uma análise comparativa entre os parâmetros propostos pelo SINASE e as práticas institucionais na condução do atendimento ocioeducativo nessas Unidades. Identificamos como principal dificultador à implementação das diretrizes do SINASE a superlotação. As Unidades têm três a quatro vezes o número de adolescentes internados em relação a sua capacidade, impossibilitando assim o desenvolvimento de um atendimento humanizado, personalizado, onde se possa priorizar o caráter pedagógico da medida, eixos da proposta do SINASE.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5253.pdf: 13474966 bytes, checksum: 2d8727bab5956aee93e286aab7210922 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Brazil faces challenges today regarding education in general and particularly with regard to education in prisons, once lived moment of effervescence in the construction of public policies to meet the legal provisions outlined by the National Guidelines for provision of education in prisons, approved in 2010. Given this scenario, discuss some issues about school education in this repressive environment, governed by strict rules and standards, is an important contribution towards uncovering ways and possibilities to cope with the demands put to the implementation of DNs. The state of São Paulo has over the years presented a unique situation with regard to school education in Brazilian prisons, with regard to professionals who work in classrooms, with the figure called the monitor attached, as this craft has been exercised in literacy and basic education for licensed teachers and gazetted for the teaching profession. The legal provision approved created a series of impasses, since it determines that education in prisons is commitment of the state and the Department of Education has made efforts to comply with this legal requirement. It is in this context that this research now falls - this is a study conducted in the Penitentiary of Assis/SP, with the objective to identify and understand how educators in a situation of deprivation of liberty, working in São Paulo prison system, their mean teaching experience, compared to the particularities of the prison context and the condition in which they are imprisoned. The research, qualitative in nature, was used as methodological tools for data collection, mixing, observation of the school recorded in field diaries, informal conversations and interviews with six teachers at the Penitentiary of Assis/SP. The data collected in the months of april/2012 june/2012 were organized into three foci of analysis: the role of schools and education in the view of educators, the sense of teaching among the bars and wellness lecturer in prison. Data analysis based on theoretical frameworks of Enrique Dussel, Ernani Maria Fiori, Paulo Freire and researchers the Hispanic compromised with the social inclusion and school education in prisons, showed that living in imprisonment contributes for the establishment of the dialogue relationship between educator and students, as they both share the same living conditions in prison. It was possible to identify the meaning assigned by study participants with regard to teaching practice has a close relationship with a feeling of well-being generated in school, interfering positively in the teaching and learning of students. Data analysis also indicated that teaching behind bars mark the lives of these educators with regard to the construction of teachers' identities, the acquisition of new knowledge, the change of conceptions and attitudes, improving their relationships within and outside walls, returning them self-esteem, since the school can be understood as a differentiated space prerogatives prison because there is no interaction and mutual respect. / O Brasil enfrenta nos dias de hoje desafios em relação à educação de maneira geral e especialmente, no que diz respeito à educação em prisões, uma vez que vive momento de efervescência na construção de políticas públicas para atender ao dispositivo legal traçado pelas Diretrizes Nacionais para a oferta de educação nas unidades prisionais, aprovadas no ano de 2010. Diante desse cenário, discutir algumas questões sobre a educação escolar nesse ambiente repressivo, regido por normas e regras rígidas, é uma contribuição importante no sentido de desvelar caminhos e possibilidades para o enfrentamento das demandas postas para a implementação das DNs. O estado de São Paulo tem ao longo dos anos, apresentado uma situação singular em relação à educação escolar nas prisões brasileiras, no que se refere ao profissional que atua nas salas de aula, contando com a figura do chamado monitor preso, uma vez que tal ofício não tem sido exercido na alfabetização e no ensino fundamental, por professores licenciados e concursados para o exercício da docência. O dispositivo legal aprovado criou uma série de impasses, uma vez que determina que a educação escolar nas prisões é compromisso do estado e a Secretaria da Educação tem envidado esforços para cumprir com essa exigência legal. É no contexto desse momento que esta investigação se insere trata-se de estudo realizado na Penitenciária de Assis/SP, com o objetivo de identificar e compreender como os educadores em situação de privação de liberdade, que atuam no sistema prisional paulista, significam sua experiência docente, frente às particularidades do contexto prisional e da condição de aprisionados em que se encontram. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, utilizou como recursos metodológicos para a coleta de dados, o convívio, a observação do espaço escolar registrada em diários de campo, as conversas informais e as entrevistas com seis educadores da Penitenciária de Assis/SP. Os dados coletados nos meses de abril/2012 a junho/2012 foram organizados em três focos de análise: o papel da escola e da educação na visão dos educadores, o sentido da docência entre as grades e o bem-estar docente na prisão. A análise dos dados, com base em referenciais teóricos de Enrique Dussel, Ernani Maria Fiori, Paulo Freire e de pesquisadores/as latinoamericanos comprometidos/as com a inclusão social e com a educação escolar em prisões, evidenciam que o convívio no aprisionamento contribui para o estabelecimento da relação dialógica entre educador e educandos, visto que ambos partilham das mesmas condições de sobrevivência no cárcere. Foi possível identificar que o sentido atribuído pelos participantes do estudo no que se refere à prática docente possui estreita relação com um sentimento de bem-estar gerado na escola, interferindo positivamente no processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos educandos. A análise dos dados indicou também, que a docência entre as grades marca a vida desses educadores no que diz respeito à construção da identidade de professores, à aquisição de novos saberes, à mudança de concepções e de posturas, aprimorando seus relacionamentos dentro e fora das muralhas, devolvendo a eles a autoestima, uma vez que a escola pode ser compreendida como um espaço diferenciado das prerrogativas carcerárias, pois ali há interação e respeito mútuo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SelmaTBS_DISSERT.pdf: 3810080 bytes, checksum: 8b739c6a2157b745d52a0808728726c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The detention and infiltration ponds of urban drainage system has function to protect the population from undesirable effects of floods. In general these ponds are not completly used and it potential is wasted. As it are disseminated at different places at cities it can reduce costs with water transport and permit water preservation of best quality. Some it utilities includes use in green areas irrigation, industrial among than cooling towers and boiler, soil compaction, cleaning urban road, pisciculture and fire fighting system. The quality these water is influenced by anauthorized sewage in the drainage system. This study was performed in six detention and infiltration ponds at drainage system of Natal, which aim was to verify the non-portable use these ponds on urban environment. As indirect aim would to incentive the water utilization these ponds as a water source to another uses in urban environment. These ponds represents the characteristics of detention and infiltration of Natal city and consequently of Brazil. As the water quality, the ponds presents following characteristics: three has apparently good quality, other showed intermediate condition and two had water polluted. Were performed twenty sample in each ponds and the following parameters assessed: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, coliform thermotolerant, ammonia, organic nitrogen, TKN, nitrate, total phosphorus and alkalinity, bicarbonate, chloride, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, total solids, TSS, TDS, COD and SAR?. To utilization on pisciculture we recommend use in ponds which presents the best quality. Only one pond presented higher pollutants and it not being appropriated for use in cooling tower. The content of solids suspension restricted the water use in all ponds in boilers. As water use in soil compaction, cleaning urban road and fire fighting system the water from these ponds are not appropriated. However, the recommended limits from literature are to domestic sewage, due to this, the parameters are restrictive to diminish the sanitary risk that could be offered with it utilization. The infiltration velocity of water these assessed ponds restrict a moderato use, however the effects are potentiated only in soil less sandy, which not occur in Natal. It is recommend the unrestricted irrigation utilization in ponds with best quality of water, and a restricted irrigation to ponds with worst quality of water. As load of pollutants, it is recommended a complementary treatment in those ponds whit higher load to diminish sanitary risks. In only one pond was found one helminth eggs and due to the convention formula of results, it was found for all ponds less than 1 helminth/liter eggs. / As lagoas de deten??o e infiltra??o do sistema de drenagem urbana geralmente possuem a fun??o de proteger a popula??o contra os efeitos indesej?veis de enchentes. Geralmente as ?guas de tais lagoas n?o s?o utilizadas e o seu potencial ? desperdi?ado. Por estarem disseminadas nas cidades pode-se reduzir os custos com transporte de ?gua, al?m de permitir a preserva??o de ?guas de melhor qualidade. Alguns dos poss?veis usos s?o irriga??o de ?reas verdes, uso em caldeiras, torres de resfriamento, e outros usos industriais, na compacta??o do solo, limpeza de vias p?blicas, na piscicultura, em sistemas de combate a inc?ndio, etc. A qualidade destas ?guas sofre influ?ncia de lan?amentos indevidos de esgotos sanit?rios na rede de drenagem. O estudo foi realizado em seis lagoas de deten??o e infiltra??o do sistema de drenagem de Natal, com o objetivo de verificar as condi??es de uso n?o pot?vel de suas ?guas no meio urbano. Indiretamente tamb?m objetiva incentivar a utiliza??o das ?guas destas lagoas como uma fonte de ?gua com potenciais de outros usos no meio urbano. As lagoas s?o representativas das caracter?sticas de lagoas de deten??o e infiltra??o que est?o disseminadas em Natal, assim como no Brasil. As lagoas apresentaram as seguintes similaridades: tr?s delas apresentaram aparentemente boa qualidade de suas ?guas, outra lagoa apresentou uma condi??o de qualidade intermedi?ria, e outras duas lagoas apresentam ?guas polu?das. Foram realizadas vinte coletas em cada lagoa de deten??o e infiltra??o. Os par?metros analisados foram: pH, temperatura, oxig?nio dissolvido, turbidez, condutividade el?trica, coliformes termotolerantes, nitrog?nio amoniacal, nitrog?nio org?nico, NTK, nitrato, f?sforo total, alcalinidade total, bicarbonatos, cloretos, dureza total, dureza de c?lcio, dureza de magn?sio, s?lidos totais, SST, SDT, DQO e RAS?. Para a utiliza??o em piscicultura recomenda-se o uso das ?guas das lagoas que apresentaram as melhores qualidades. Em torres de resfriamento apenas a ?gua de uma das lagoas, a que apresentou a maior carga de poluentes, n?o ? adequada. O teor de s?lidos em suspens?o restringiu o uso das ?guas de todas as lagoas em caldeiras. Para uso das ?guas das lagoas em compacta??o do solo, limpeza de vias p?blicas, e em sistemas de prote??o contra inc?ndio as ?guas das lagoas n?o s?o adequadas. Entretanto, os limites recomendados nas refer?ncias pesquisadas s?o para esgotos dom?sticos, e em fun??o disto, os par?metros s?o restritivos para que se diminuam os riscos sanit?rios que podem ser oferecidos com a utiliza??o. A velocidade de infiltra??o das ?guas das lagoas analisadas imp?s uma condi??o de uso moderado, mas os efeitos s?o potencializados apenas em solos pouco arenosos, que n?o ocorre em Natal. Recomenda-se a utiliza??o em irriga??o irrestrita para as ?guas da lagoa que possui a melhor qualidade, e, exceto para a de pior qualidade, a recomenda??o ? para uso em irriga??o restrita. Para as ?guas da lagoa com maior carga de poluentes recomenda-se tratamento complementar para que riscos sanit?rios sejam eliminados. Em uma ?nica lagoa foi encontrado apenas um ovo de helminto, e em fun??o das f?rmulas para convers?o dos resultados, foi encontrado para todas as lagoas a concentra??o de menos de 1 ovo de helminto/litro.

The main purpose of the diploma thesis is to describe the development in the Czech-German relationships in Znojemsko region during the years 1918 {--} 1946. The inquiry is based on available archive sources and relevant literature. The diploma thesis is divided into four basic chapters. The first chapter summarizes the history of co-existence of both ethnics in the South Moravia until the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The following chapter is devoted to changes and development in relations among Czechs and Germans in Znojmo on the background of events which immediately followed after the World War I, whereas significant part is concerned with liberation of Znojmo in December 1918. The third chapter characterizes the Czech-German co-existence during the interwar period, especially in the context of taken elections. The last chapter describes demographical and national changes in the Znojemsko region during 1936 {--} 1946. The archive sources which are stored in the State Archive in Znojmo and the relevant literature are crucial for elaboration of the thesis. Visual materials are attached to the thesis; they serve as a complement to the text.