"It is the responsibility of every government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizenry and to ensure that the rule of law and justice prevails at all times. Hovewer, children accused of committing crimes are more susceptible to human rights abuses and violations of their legal rights while in detention, either in police cells, prisons or authorised detention centres. They mostly suffer from both the agents of the state as well as from inmates. These violations often take place [behind] closed doors, and society being primarily concerned with keeping offenders locked up rather than about their conditions and human rights being respected, the cries of these children to be treated with dignity and worth go unnoticed despite the constitutional and international guarantee of their rights. The problem therefore is first to examine what rights do children in trouble with the law have under international law in general and specifically within the African human rights sytem with special emphasiis on the rights of children deprived of their liberty. Secondly, to examine how these international instruments are given effect domestically and whether there are challenges encountered in realising these rights. These are the main issues that this research intends to grapple with using South Africa and the Gambia as case studies with a view to making recommendations for better protection of the rights of this category of children. ... This research consist of four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. It will give the basis and structure of the research which will include a general overview of the problem in the two countries under study. In the second chapter, it will explore the relevant international and African normative framework that protects the rights of children in trouble with the law and the obligations of states towards these children. However, the main focus will be the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), because they are the two main human rights instruments providing specific protection for children's rights in all spheres. The third chapter will be a comparative analysis of the rights of children deprived of their liberty as provided in the municipal laws of South African and the Gambia vis a vis the minimum standards set [out] in the CRC and ACRWC. It will discuss the following issues, namely: defintion of a child, age of criminal responsibility, the best interest, detention as a last resort and for the shortest possible time, separation from adult detainees, role of parents, establishment of separate criminal procedures, right to legal respresentation and assistance, and sentencing options. It will also examine the problems and challenges for implementation. The fourth chapter will conclude and make recommendations on how best to implement the laws and who should be the role players in ensuring that the rights of these children are well protected." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Gilles Cistac at the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore the support of juvenile offender learners in correctional schools from a wellness perspective. The support of juvenile offender learners on the six dimensions of wellness is crucial since it has a wide range of benefits, it links achievement of teaching and learning, and rehabilitation and avoid recidivism. The study integrates Ubuntu and Wellness frameworks (Hettler, 1984) as a lens to understand the support of juvenile offender learners’ wellness in the correctional schools. The two frameworks informed the formulated Wellness framework as an approach to address and support wellness in active teaching and learning of the juvenile learners in the correctional schools. Data collection methods used was semi- structured interviews, open-ended questionnaires and observations. The research used purposive sampling of 12 teachers and 21 juvenile offender learners from seven correctional schools in four different provinces in South Africa. Ethical considerations are followed this include how best to negotiate access to the correctional schools, signed consent forms, anonymity, and confidentiality. The findings of the study revealed inadequate support structures and challenges that threaten the wellness of juvenile learners. However, it was revealed that teachers make an effort to support juvenile offender learners’ wellness in the correctional schools. Conversely, there are gaps in terms of policy, theory, and practice on how they can effectively support juvenile learners. The major impediment is that teachers are trained to teach in mainstream schools not in the environment of imprisonment. The study recommends that teachers, Learner Support Assistant (LSA), Peer Educators (PE), and security official be trained on how to identify intellectual, physical, social, emotional, spiritual, and career challenges of juvenile learners and address them in order to improve their learning, and rehabilitate. The DCS can do this through collaboration with various stakeholders who have knowledge and expertise in the six-wellness dimensions. Hence, the study formulated the model called Collaborative Intervention Support for Wellness framework. It consists of five strategic support structures (DCS, and other governmental department, non-governmental stakeholders LSA and PE) that are to assist the teachers in the correctional schools to support and enhance the juvenile offender learners’ wellness. / Morero oa thuto ena ea boleng bo phahameng ene e le ho hlahloba tšehetso ea baithuti ba tlolo ea molao dikolong tsa tikolo tsa tikoloho ho tloha boemong bo botle. Ts’ehetso ea baithuti ba tlolo ea molao lilemong tse tšeletseng tsa bophelo bo bottle e bohlokoa, hobane enale melemo e mengata, e hokela phihlello ea ho ruta le ho ithuta, le ntlafatso le ho qoba ho iphapanya. Boithuto bona bo hokahanya meralo ea Ubuntu le Wellness (Hettler, 1984) joalo ka lense la ho utloisisa tšehetso ea bophelo ba barutoana ba litlolo tsa molao dikolong tsa tlhabollo. Meralo ena e mebedi e tsebesitse sebopeho se hlophisitseong sa Wellness e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le ho ts’ehetsa bophelo bo botle ho ruteng le ho ithuteng ha barutoana ba basenye dikolong tsa khalemelo. Mekhoa ea ho bokella ya tsebo ya ditaba e sebedisetsoeng ene ele dipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng hantle, dipotso tse bulehileng le dipotso. Patlisiso e sebelisitse sampole e nang le morero ae barutisi ba 12 le baithuti ba 21 ba molato hotsoa dikolong tse supileng tsa khalemelo diprofinseng tse nne tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa. Mehopolo ea boit’oaro e lateloa ho kenyeletsa kamoo ho ka buisanang ka mokhoa oa ho buisana leho kena dikolong, liforomo tsa tumello tse saennoeng, ho se tsejoe lekunutu. Se fumanoeng ke liphuputsi li fumane meetso e sa lekaneng ea tšehetso le liphephetso tse sokelang boiketlo ba barutoana. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha senoloa hore barutise ba etsa boiteko ba ho tšehetsa bophelo ba bana ba botlokotsebe bo bottle dikolong tsa khalemelo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le likheo ho latela melaoana, teori, le boikoetliso bah ore nab a ka tšehetsa baithuti ba basenye joang. Tši tiso e kholo ke hore barutisi a koetliselitsoe ho ruta dikolong tsa kantle eseng tikolohong ea chankaneng. Boithuto bona bo khothaletsa hore barutisi, LSA, PE, le ofisiri ea tšireletso ba koetlisoe mabapi le mokhoa oa ho khetholla mathata a kelello, mmele, sechaba, maikutlo, memoya le tsa mosebetsi oa baithuti tsa bana ba basenye le ho libua le bona bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa thuto ea bona, le ho nchafatsa.DCS e ka etsa sena ka tšebedisano mmoho le bankakarolo ba fapaneng ba nang le tsebo le boiphihlelo maemong a tšeletseng a bophelo bo bottle. Kahoo, thuto e thehile mohlala o bitsoang Collaborative Intervention Support for Wellness. E beha maemong a bohlano a tšehetso (DCS, le Lefapa le leng la mmoso, barekisi basing bammuso, LSA, le barupeli ba dithaka) tse tla thusa barutiši dikolong tsa khalemelo ho tse’etsa le ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba barutoana ba molato. / Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe, fenomenologiese studie was om die ondersteuning van jeugoortredende leerders in korrektiewe skole vanuit ‘n welstandsperspektief te ondersoek. Die ondersteuning van jong jeugdige oortreders in die ses dimensies van welstand is van kardinale belang, aangesien dit ‘n wye verskeidenheid voordele inhou, verbind dit die prestasie van onderrig en leer, en rehabilitasie en vermy herhaling. Die studie integreer Ubuntu en wellness-raamwerke (Hettler,1984) as ‘n lens om die ondersteumning van jeugoortreders se welstand in die skole vir korrektiewe te verstaan. Die twee raamwerke het die geformuleerde welstand-raamwerk ingelig as ‘n benadering om welstand in die aktiewe onderrig en leer van jong leerder in die korrektiewe skole aan te spreek en te ondersteun. Metodes vir die insameling van data wat gebruik is, was semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, oop vraelyste en waarnemings. In die navorsing is doelgerigte steekproefneming van 12 onderwysers en 21 jong oortreders van sewe korrektiewe skole in vier verskillende provinsies in Suid-Afrika gebruik. Etiese oorwegings word gevolg, dit sluit in hoe om die beste toegang tot die skole vir korrektiewe, ondertekende vorms van toestemming, anonimiteit en vertroulikheid te beding. Die bevindings van die studie het onvoldoende ondersteuningstrukture en uitdagings ontdek wat die welstand van jong leerders bedreig. Dit is egter aan die lig gebring dat onderwysers moeite doen om die welstand van die jeugoortreders in die korrektiewe skole te ondersteun. Daarteenoor is daar leemtes in terme van beleid, toerie en praktyk oor hoe hulle jong leerders effektief kan ondersteun. Die grooste struikelblok is dat onderwysers opgelei word om in hoofstroomskole onderrig te gee, nie die omgewing van gevangenisstraf nie. Die studie beveel aan dat onderwysers, LSA, PT en veiligheidsbeampte opgelei word in die identifisering van intellektuelle, fisieke, sosiale, emosionele, geestelike en loopbaanuitdagings van jong leerders en om hulle aan te spreek ten einde hul leer te verbeter en te rehabiliteer. Die DKD kan dit doen deur samewerking met verskillende belanghebbendes wat kennis en kundigheid het in die dimensies van ses welstand. Daarom het die studie die model genaamd “Collaborative Intervention Support for Wellness raamwerk geformuleer. Dit is ‘n kompromie van vyf strategies ondersteuningstrukture (DKD, en ander regeringsdepartemente, nie- regeringsbelangheggendes LSA, en portuurstudente) wat die onderwysers in die korrektiewe skole moet help om die welstand van die jeugoortreder te help en te verbeter. / Psychology / D. Phil (Psychology)

Immigration is a topic that plays an important role in American society, it manages to capture both the general public as well as the political world. Especially in the United States of America, it is a very complex issue that affects a large number of sectors which is why a specific area has been selected for this thesis in order to narrow the researched field and provide detailed information. The thesis seeks to analyze the situation in immigration detention facilities throughout the U.S. with regard to basic human rights violations. For this reason, the thesis focuses on international humanitarian law and the Constitution of the United States, which should protect both legal and illegal immigrants, however, their non-compliance is one of the main points interconnecting all chapters of this paper. Due to the availability of resources and greater relevance this paper focuses on the situation of the last 15 years (namely from 2008 onwards) and attaches great importance to the final 3-4 years and the administration of Donald Trump. The thesis finds repeated and long-term violations of domestic and international law concerning human rights as well as the rights of asylum seekers and shows wrongful criminalization and dehumanization of immigrants (documented and undocumented). Furthermore, the thesis...

This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using the left inundation area of Svitava river for purposes of transformation of the 100-years flood wave in Svitava. The area of interest is located on the territory of the Holásky and Chrlice city districts. SMS software with a hydraulic two-dimensional simulation model SRH was used to simulate the flow in the current state and variant solutions of the proposed state. Based on the results of the flow in the current state, two variant solutions of the proposed state were designed and simulated. The result of this work is the quantification of the change in the transformation capabilities of the area of interest in both proposed variants and followed by a recommendation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States has transferred close to a hundred individuals suspected of terrorism to foreign jurisdictions through a process known as extraordinary rendition. This is an infamous program that allows for the transfer of individuals to a foreign jurisdiction for interrogation, detention, or trial. While the use of extraordinary rendition attracts widespread controversy regarding its use and legality, it remains a vital tool for combating international terrorism. Evidence in this thesis lends support to extraordinary rendition program, but recognizes that while the program strengthens the country’s ability to gather vital intelligence to combat terrorism, there are methods to improve the program. The extraordinary rendition program requires an assessment of the totality of circumstances before a extraordinary rendition is permitted; reliance on diplomatic assurances from countries that hold a good human rights record; and subsequent monitoring of individuals rendered to foreign states to ensure that transfers comply with U.S. and international law. Evidence suggests that extraordinary rendition aids in the ability to gather sensitive intelligence and serves as a gathering tool used by American presidents to preserve freedom and peace; however, in the eyes of critics, this program represents a perversely autonomous and un-American legal maneuver that avoids due process. This thesis seeks to discuss common misconceptions associated with the extraordinary rendition program and identify the major points of controversy. The first part explores the history of the extraordinary rendition program and provides an understanding of its roots and procedures. The second part, discusses the executive branch’s attempts to conduct extraordinary renditions morally and responsibly, and examines the legal oversight and accountability gaps surrounding the program. Part three identifies the line of authority empowering the President to conduct extraordinary renditions. It also outlines the struggle of the legislative, judicial and executive branches to strengthen the extraordinary rendition program’s compliance with the rule of law by increasing oversight and accountability. Finally, Part four discusses the future of the extraordinary rendition program. The discussion presents possible solutions to correct oversight and accountability problems and suggests a multi-faceted approach that raises the bar for extraordinary renditions, thereby closing the oversight and accountability gaps.

Ce mémoire fait état des impacts du renforcement frontalier sur les enfants demandeurs d’asile au Canada. Nous effectuons une analyse critique du renforcement frontalier qui s’opère au Canada, en procédant à une étude de cas portant sur le centre de surveillance de l’immigration de Laval, où des centaines de demandeurs d’asile mineurs y sont détenus chaque année avec leurs familles. La détention s’inscrit dans une logique sécuritaire à la fois administrative et répressive, car elle est le fruit d’une association croissante entre migration et criminalité, ce qui a pour conséquence l’augmentation globale du nombre de migrants en détention, y compris d’enfants. Nous soutenons que l’Agence des services frontaliers du Canada se déresponsabilise de l’emprisonnement des enfants demandeurs d’asile, et ce, en donnant la possibilité aux parents en détention de laisser leurs enfants aux mains d’organisme tiers, tel que la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse. À travers cette recherche, nous nous concentrons sur diverses stratégies, qui ont pour objectif de sceller les frontières canadiennes contre l’arrivée de potentielles menaces, grâce à la combinaison de mesures défensives et préventives qui complexifient le parcours de ces personnes vulnérables. Grâce aux données récoltées provenant de 14 entretiens semi-dirigés avec des acteurs travaillant dans le domaine de la migration, nous cherchons à intégrer un éventail d’expériences et de perceptions sur la détention d’enfants demandeurs d’asile au Canada. En utilisant une démarche multiscalaire, nous mettons en évidence l’importance d’explorer les mobilités humaines à plusieurs niveaux et de développer une compréhension de l’interdépendance des régimes d’immigration à l’échelle globale, nationale, provinciale et locale. Cette recherche fournit une compréhension des pratiques spatiales des institutions gouvernementales face à l’arrivée irrégulière de familles demandeuses d’asile et de leur placement en détention. Nous traitons des impacts, sur les migrants mineurs, de l’externalisation des frontières, de la sécurisation et de la détention, qui ont pour objectif d’éloigner tout migrant indésirable des frontières physiques du pays. Ces stratégies empêchent des enfants d’accéder à des protections spécifiques et démontrent comment les politiques frontalières et les logiques sécuritaires prévalent sur les droits de l’homme, témoignant d’un régime frontalier restrictif et punitif envers certains types de migrants. Bien que, selon le droit international et national, les enfants demandeurs d’asile doivent être considérés comme des enfants en premier lieu, dans la pratique, ils sont de plus en plus traités comme des migrants devant être tenus à l’écart. / This research examines the impacts of border enforcement on child asylum seekers in Canada. We critically analyze border enforcement in Canada through a case study of the Laval Immigration Holding Centre, where hundreds of minor asylum seekers are detained each year with their families. Detention is part of a security logic that is both administrative and repressive, as it is the result of a growing association between migration and criminality. This has resulted in an overall increase in the number of migrants in detention, including children. We argue that the Canada Border Services Agency is avoiding responsibility for the imprisonment of child asylum seekers by allowing parents in detention to leave their children in the hands of third-party agencies, such as the Director of Youth Protection. Through this research, we focus on various strategies that aim to seal Canadian borders against the arrival of potential threats through a combination of defensive and preventive measures that complicate the journey of these vulnerable individuals. Through data collected from 14 semi-structured interviews with actors working in the field of migration, we seek to integrate a range of experiences and perceptions about the detention of child asylum seekers in Canada. Using a multi-scalar approach, we highlight the importance of exploring human mobility at multiple levels and developing an understanding of the interdependence of immigration regimes at global, national, provincial and local levels. This research provides an understanding of the spatial practices of government institutions in dealing with the irregular arrival of asylum-seeking families and their detention. We address the impacts of border outsourcing, securitization, and detention on underage migrants, which aim at removing unwanted migrants from the country's physical borders. These strategies prevent children from accessing specific protection and demonstrate how border policies and security logics prevail over human rights, reflecting a restrictive and punitive border regime towards certain types of migrants. Although, according to international and national law, child asylum seekers should be considered as children first, in practice they are increasingly treated as migrants who should be kept apart.

Stormwater runoff from highways is a source of pollution to surface water bodies and groundwater. This project develops a bio-detention treatment and harvesting system that is incorporated into roadside swales. The bio-detention system uses Bold & Gold™, a type of biosorption activated media (BAM), to remove nutrients from simulated highway runoff and then store the water in underground vaults for infiltration, controlled discharge, and/or irrigation and other non-potable applications. In order to design a bio-detention system, media characteristics and media/water quality relationships are required. Media characteristics determined through testing include: specific gravity, permeability, infiltration, maximum dry density, moisture content of maximum dry density, and particle-size distribution. One of the goals of this experiment is to compare the nitrogen and phosphorous species concentrations in the effluent of BAM to sandy soil for simulated highway runoff. Field scale experiments are done on an elevated test bed that simulates a typical roadway with a swale. The swale portion of the test bed is split into halves using BAM and sandy soil. The simulated stormwater flows over a concrete section, which simulates a roadway, and then over either sod covered sandy soil or BAM. One, one and a half, and three inch storms are each simulated three times with a duration of 30 minutes each. During the simulated storm event, initial samples of the runoff (influent) are taken. The test bed is allowed to drain for two hours after the rainfall event and then samples of each of the net effluents are taken. In addition to the field scale water quality testing, column tests are also preformed on the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™ without sod present. Sod farms typically use fertilizer to increase production, thus it is reasonable to assume that the sod will leach nutrients into the soils on the iv test bed, especially during the initial test runs. The purpose of the column tests is to obtain a general idea of what percentage removals of total phosphorus and total nitrogen are obtained by the sandy soil and Bold & Gold™. It is shown that the Bold & Gold™ media effluent has significantly lower concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus compared to the effluent of the sandy soil based on an 80% confidence level. The Bold & Gold™ has a 41% lower average effluent concentration of total nitrogen than the sandy soil. The Bold & Gold™ media has a 78% lower average effluent concentration of total phosphorus than the sandy soil. Using both the column test data in combination with the field scale data, it is determined that the Bold & Gold™ BAM system has a total phosphorus removal efficiency of 71%. The removal efficiency is increased when stormwater harvesting is considered. A total phosphorus reduction of 94% is achieved in the bio-detention & harvesting swale system sample design problem

This study aims to discuss the conditions for a curative work with detained children in Sweden. Furthermore we will illuminate the connection between the conditions and the different professional roles at the detention centers. Along with this discussion we want to shed light on the psychosocial health of detained children to see if there is a need for curative work. The two research questions are: ●  What are the conditions for curative work for detained children? ●  In what way do professional roles affect the conditions for curative work? The method that was used to examine our research questions was semi-structured interviews with professionals working with detained children in the same arena but with different approaches. The interviews were conducted with seven people. Five of whom are employed by Kriminalvården (The Swedish correctional service - ‘The criminal care’) and two who are employed by an external actor and work with children in detention centres. The result shows that the discretion for curative work differentiates depending on what professional role the person is assigned. It appears that curative work is needed for the children's wellbeing. The result also shows that the guidelines and work ethics of Kriminalvården have not been adapted to the high number of detained children.

Contexte : La pertinence du soutien social provenant de l’intérieur a été démontrée pour tous types de populations contraintes à une forme d’hébergement sécurisé. La théorie du soutien social de Francis Cullen, qui prône le soutien social comme outil majeur de réinsertion des personnes contrevenantes, n’aborde pourtant pas l’utilité du soutien social dans ce type de milieu spécifiquement, alors que les caractéristiques distinctives de ces milieux laissent croire que les enjeux relationnels pourraient s’y exprimer différemment qu’en contexte extérieur. Objectif : L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer comment les dynamiques émergeant des relations de confiance entre adolescents judiciarisés et placés sous garde en Centre de réadaptation permettent de mettre en perspective la théorie du soutien social proposée par Francis Cullen. D’après les éléments recueillis dans la littérature, trois hypothèses sont dégagées : 1. Les liens de confiance que les jeunes entretiennent au Centre de réadaptation sont plus fragiles qu’en contexte ouvert; 2. Les forces sociales qui structurent habituellement les dynamiques relationnelles de confiance sont différentes de celles observées en contexte ouvert; 3. La fragilité des liens de confiance pour les jeunes investis dans les réseaux de confiance remet en question l’un des mécanismes proposés par la théorie du soutien social de Francis Cullen, selon lequel le soutien entre pairs criminalisés risque de renforcer leurs attitudes criminelles. Méthodologie : L’échantillon est composé de 36 adolescents placés dans deux unités du Centre Cité-des-Prairies et interrogés à six reprises. La méthodologie se fonde sur l’analyse de réseaux avec des méthodes centrées sur les individus (tests QAP) et des méthodes centrées sur la structuration de l’ensemble des liens (modèles ERGM et SAOM). Résultats : Les premières analyses démontrent la variabilité des liens de confiance dans le temps, le faible taux de réciprocité des liens entretenus et la prépondérance des erreurs de perception relationnelles. Les secondes analyses attestent de la participation des biais relationnels et d’une tendance à la réciprocité dans le façonnement structurel du réseau, même lorsque les modélisations contrôlent de potentiels effets de sélection, bien que ces liens soient contraints par une force de densité négative, densité négative qui permet également de comprendre la transformation des réseaux sur trente jours. Le dernier chapitre d’analyses argumente que la popularité des adolescents n’affecte pas leur expérience quotidienne mais peut s’avérer bénéfique pour leurs perceptions individuelles. Une plus forte activité dans les réseaux de confiance s’accorde en parallèle avec une meilleure perception du climat social et plus d’optimisme des adolescents quant à l’atteinte d’objectifs favorisant leur réinsertion sociale. Ces relations significatives sont davantage observées de façon simultanée que différée. Conclusions : Sur le plan théorique, la nature de la confiance est remise en perspective par la nature du milieu. Le mécanisme décrit par Cullen est donc revu dans le cadre du milieu restrictif de liberté. Sur le plan empirique, l’observation d’un échantillon si riche dans un milieu par ailleurs difficile d’accès amène à soulever des implications innovantes pour l’atteinte des objectifs du milieu, laissant croire que la confiance entretenue entre les jeunes n’a finalement pas forcément lieu d’être découragée. / Context: The relevance of social support from within has been demonstrated for all types of populations who are confined in some form of secure housing. Francis Cullen's theory of social support, which advocates social support as a major tool for the reintegration of offenders, does not address the utility of social support in this type of setting specifically, even though the distinctive characteristics of these settings suggest that relational issues may be expressed differently than in an external context. Objective: This thesis aims at demonstrating how the dynamics emerging from trust relationships between adolescents placed in custody in a juvenile rehabilitation center allow us to put into perspective the theory of social support proposed by Francis Cullen. Based on the evidence gathered in the literature, three hypotheses are identified: 1. Trust relationships that youths maintain in the rehabilitation center are more fragile than in open settings; 2. The social forces that usually structure the relational dynamics of trust are different from those observed in open settings; 3. The fragility of trust relationships for adolescents invested in those networks questions one of the mechanisms proposed by Francis Cullen's social support theory, according to which support among criminalized peers risks reinforcing their criminal attitudes. Methodology: The sample consisted of 36 adolescents placed in two units of the Cité-des-Prairies Centre in Montreal (Quebec) and interviewed on six occasions. The methodology is based on network analysis with methods focused on individuals (QAP tests) and methods focused on the structuring of networks (ERGM and SAOM models). Results: The first analyses demonstrate the variability of trust links over time, the low rate of reciprocity of the links maintained and the preponderance of relational misperceptions. The second analyses attest to the participation of relational biases and a tendency towards reciprocity in the structural shaping of the network, even when controlling for potential selection effects, although these ties stay constrained by a negative density force, that also allows us to understand the transformation of the networks over thirty days. The final chapter of analyses argues that adolescents' popularity does not affect their daily experience but could be beneficial to meliorate some of their individual perceptions. Higher activity in trust networks parallels better perceptions of the social climate and more optimism among adolescents about achieving goals that promote their reintegration into society. These significant relationships are more likely to be observed simultaneously than over time. Conclusions: Theoretically, the nature of trust is put into perspective by the nature of the environment. The mechanism described by Cullen is thus reviewed in the context of this restrictive context. Empirically, the observation of such a rich sample in a difficult-to-access setting raises innovative implications for the achievement of Cité-des-Prairies Centre’s goals, ultimately suggesting that trust fostered among youngsters doesn’t necessarily need to be discouraged.

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