Thesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation’s primary focus is why torture is used when torture is not an effective means of gathering intelligence. To answer this question the argument for the use of torture, commonly known as the ticking time bomb argument, is discussed. Due to psychological and physiological processes during torture interrogation it was found that torture cannot be relied upon to deliver truthful information. Torture was also found to adversely affect the institutions that are needed for its establishment. After torture has been found to be of no utility in terms of the appropriation of information the question of why torture is still used is answered by means of discussing societal dynamics as well as the political process surrounding torture. On the societal front it was found that American public opinion towards torture is ambivalent. The reason for this includes a host of socio-psychological factors such as the in-group out-group bias as well the War on Terror as a political ideology in its own right. The notion that anybody is likely to torture is also explored by means of discussing the Milgram’s Obedience Experiment as well as the Stanford Prison Experiment. On the political front the notion that the abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay were the work of a few bad apples is dispelled since it formed part of a deliberative political process that tried to make torture a legitimate foreign policy measure. The reason for the existence of this process is the failure of international and domestic checks and balances. On the international front U.S. unilateralism as foreign policy principle is cited as the reason for the ineffectiveness of international measures to stop torture. On the domestic front the permanent rally around the flag effect due to the permanent state of mobilization in the War on Terror is cited as the reason for the failure of domestic checks and balances. The lessons learnt from the research enables the creation of measures on how to stop torture even when it is found that the necessary political will is not present within the Obama administration. In the absence of political will it must be manufactured by means of the actions of civil society, the free press and the international community. It was found that the most effective means would be the creation of a committee of inquiry to create the political memory of the use of torture and how it was established. Additionally a memorial must be erected as well seeing that inquiries create political memories but they do not sustain it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis se fokus is om na te vors waarom marteling gebruik word as dit nie ‘n effektiewe wyse is om inligting in te win nie. Om hierdie vraagstuk te beantwoord word die argument vir die gebruik van marteling naamlik die tikkende-tydbom-argument bespreek. Asgevolg van sielkundige en fisiologiese prosesse tydens ondervragings wat gebruik maak van marteling kan daar nie op marteling staatgemaak word om die waarheid op te lewer nie. Dit was ook bevind dat marteling die instansies, wat nodig is vir die gebruik daarvan, op ‘n negatiewe wyse beïnvloed. Nadat daar vasgestel is dat marteling geen nutswaarde aangaande die inwinning van informasie bied nie word die vraagstuk waarom marteling steeds gebruik word beantwoord. Op die samelewingsvlak kan daar gestel word dat die Amerikaanse samelewing onseker is oor of marteling gebruik moet word al dan nie. Verskeie redes vir hierdie opinie word aangevoer waarvan die in-group out-group bias en die Oorlog teen Terreur as politieke ideologie slegs twee daarvan uitmaak. Dat enige persoon in staat is tot marteling onder die regte stel omstandighede word ook bespreek na aanleiding van die Milgram’s Obedience Experiement en die Stanford Prison Experiment. Op die politiese vlak is daar vasgestel dat die menseregteskendings in Abu Ghraib en Guantanamo Bay nie die werk was van slegs `n paar indiwidue was nie, maar deel uitmaak van ‘n doelbewuste politiese proses wat marteling as ‘n legitieme buitelandse beleidskwessie wil afmaak. Die rede waarom die beleidsproses bestaan kan toegeskryf word aan die mislukking van inter- en intranasionale wigte en teenwigte. Op die internasionale vlak kan daar gestel word dat die Verenigde State se unilateralistiese modus operandi die rede is vir die mislukking van internasionale maatreëls teen marteling. Op die intranasionale front kan daar gestel word dat die Amerikaanse publiek verkeer in ‘n permanent rally around the flagtoestand asgevolg van die permanent mobilisasie in die Oorlog teen Terreur. Uit die lesse wat geleer is uit die navorsing kan daadwerklike stappe gedoen word om die gebruik van marteling stop te sit alhoewel die Obama-administrasie se politiese wil ontbreek. Met die tekort aan politiese wil moet die politiese wil geskep word deur die burgerlik samelewing, the vrye pers asook die internasionale gemeenskap. Daar was gevind dat die mees effektiewe wyse om marteling stop te sit sal deurmiddel van ‘n kommissie van ondersoek wees. Die kommissie se doel sal wees om te bepaal hoe marteling tot stand gekom het en ‘n politiese herinnering te skep. Daar moet ook ‘n bykomende maatreël wees, naamlik die oprigting van ‘n monument aangesien kommissies van ondersoek politiese herinneringe skep maar nie in stand hou nie.

This thesis examines the treatment and experiences of foreign national prisoners in England and Wales. It contains two main arguments. First, I contend that dominant prison theories rely on an outmoded understanding of the nation-state, and as a result, tend to ignore the effects of globalisation. Second, I argue that current prison practices reaffirm the boundaries of the British nation-state and promote an exclusionary notion of British citizenship. I conclude that research attuned to the affective, embodied dimensions of incarceration can help criminologists to develop a more ‘global’ perspective on state power. This argument begins and builds from ethnographic research. As a whole, the thesis is based on more than 200 interviews conducted over the course of a year in and around five men’s prisons in the north, southwest, and center of England. Structurally, it proceeds from a theoretical critique of prison studies, to an ethnographic account of prison life, to a conclusion about the purpose of prison scholarship. Thematically, it focuses on the relationship between identity and imprisonment, and in particular, on the ways in which normative beliefs about race, gender, sexuality, and class get infused in incarceration practices.

Male youths ages 13-18 incarcerated at two minimum security detention facilities participated in a program to determine if Alfred Adler's concept of social interest could be developed through group interactions led by non-professionals. The youths answered a self-report attitudinal scale, the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest and were rated by their classroom teachers on the Behavior Dimensions Rating Scale as pre-test measures. Volunteers from a liberal arts college sociology classes were randomly assigned to work in male-female pairs over a ten week period of time with the experimental population. These pairs led their constant group of incarcerated youths in ninety minute discussion sessions once per week for the duration of the program. Structured human relations exercises specifically designed to encourage elements of social interest; belonging, cooperation, and significance were assigned for each of the sessions. At the end of ten weeks, the youths in the experimental groups and the control population were tested again on the two scales. The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlations Test indicated no relationship between attitude and behavior for either the experimental or control groups on the pre-test and the post-test. A Mann Whitney U t-test indicated a highly significant increase in the social interest of the experimental group at the end of the program. While the control group showed no change over the course of the ten weeks, those who participated in the developmental groups increased their scores on the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest by an average of 12 points. Another Mann Whitney U t-test indicated that there was no difference between the social interest of Caucasian and non-Caucasian youths.

O desempenho de unidades de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) depende significativamente do projeto da zona de contato (ZC) dessas unidades, situada na entrada das mesmas e responsável por promover condições adequadas para que ocorram taxas satisfatórias de colisão entre as microbolhas de ar e os flocos formados na etapa antecedente de floculação da água para abastecimento. Os dois principais parâmetros de projeto da ZC são o tempo de detenção hidráulico ou tempo de contato (Tzc) e o gradiente médio de velocidade na ZC (Gzc). A presente dissertação apresenta os resultados de estudo sobre a influência do Tzc e do Gzc na ZC de uma unidade piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido (UPFAD) com escoamento contínuo aplicada ao tratamento de água para abastecimento. Foram utilizados módulos contendo tela metálica em seu interior com malha de #25 mm com diferentes dimensões, de modo a se obterem diferentes valores de Gzc e Tzc. Foram investigadas duas configurações na unidade de FAD (Configurações A e B), nas quais o comprimento (Lzc) e a altura (Hzc) da ZC foram variados, permitindo a alteração do Tzc e mantendo-se controlados os valores de Gzc (com a introdução ou não de diferentes módulos de tela metálica na ZC) e vice versa. Os demais parâmetros do processo de FAD não sofreram variações, tais como taxa de aplicação superficial (TAS) na zona de separação, tempo de floculação, entre outros. Para a configuração A, foram estudadas três alturas diferentes na ZC e para a configuração B, quatro alturas diferentes na ZC, o que acarretou, para cada valor de Gzc variação do Tzc. Para cada configuração da ZC, também foram testados três valores de vazão de recirculação de água saturada com ar de modo a se obterem três diferentes concentrações de ar (A/V) no processo de flotação. Para todos os parâmetros analisados (Turbidez, Cor, Absorbância), as maiores eficiências de remoção foram obtidas nos ensaios realizados com o uso da tela #25 mm tanto na configuração A (TASzc = 136 m/h e G = 6,1 s-1) quanto na configuração B (TASzc = 87 m/h e G = 3,2 s-1). Os resultados permitem concluir que o par de valores (Tzc, Gzc) é mais apropriado para o projeto da zona de contato de unidades FAD do que o par (Tzc, TASzc) usualmente adotado pelos projetistas, sendo que, na faixa de valores investigados a UPFAD apresentou melhor desempenho para o par: Tzc de 41 s e Gzc de 6,1 s-1. / The performance of units dissolved air flotation (DAF) depend significantly of design on the contact zone (CZ) of these units, situated at the entrance thereof and responsible for promoting appropriate conditions to occur satisfactory collision rates between air microbubbles and the flocs formed in the step of flocculation of potable water. The two main design parameters of the CZ are the hydraulic detention time or contact time (Tcz) and the velocity gradient in the CZ (Gcz). This work presents the results of study of the effects of varying the Tcz and Gcz at the contact zone of pilot unit DAF with continuous flow applied to the treatment of potable water. Were used modules containing metal grille with mesh of #25 mm, with different dimensions in order to obtain different values of Gcz and Tcz. Were investigated two configurations in the unit FAD ( configurations A and B) where the length (Lcz) and height (Hcz) of contact zone were varied, allowing the variation of Tzc and keeping the values of Gcz controlled (with the introduction or not of different modules in the metal grille in CZ) and vice versa, without changes in other process variables FAD, such as rate of surface application (TAS) in the separation zone, flocculation time, among others. For the configuration A were studied three different heights in the CZ and in configuration B, four different heights in the CZ, which resulted, for each value of Gcz (relative to the chosen value of Lcz) the variation of Tzc. For each configuration of CZ were also tested three values of recirculation flow of air saturated in order to obtain three different values of concentration in air (A/V) in the flotation process. For all parameters analyzed (turbidity, color, absorbance), the highest efficiencies were obtained in assays performed using the grille #25 mm, both in configuration A (TAScz = 136 m/h and L = 6,1 s-1) and configuration B (TAScz = 87 m/h and G = 3,2 s-1). The results indicate that the pair of values (Tcz, Gcz) is more suitable for project of the CZ of units FAD than the pair (Tcz, TAScz) usually adopted by the designers, and values in the range investigated in UPFAD showed performed better for Tcz of 41 s and Gcz of 6,1 s-1.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Carlos Carrasco.pdf: 773801 bytes, checksum: 0d393a8a2ee273afdb092b131de8393b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / This paper proposes to address the constitutional principles in the prisons of interim nature under Brazilian law of criminal procedure. We aimed to establish the general objective points of reflection on the subject based on the analysis of necessity and uniqueness of precautionary detention, on the right to implement its temporary and possible conflict between that law and preserving the right to freedom. The specific objectives are delimited to present the history and characteristics of precautionary detention, its types and analyze the personal and social consequences of temporary detention. It was also subject of consideration the seriousness of the injunction, on an extremely exceptional character, imposed in order to establish the desired balance between the two duties of the State: - protection and security to society and security and protection of fundamental rights and freedom of the individuals it includes. The types of precautionary detention were reconsidered in light of the constitutional principles and guarantees by considering the purposes of preventive detention. According to the understanding of the Federal Supreme Court, the legitimacy of precautionary detention must be viewed based on the principle of non-culpability. It is necessary to study and demonstrate that precautionary detention is protected by its extraordinary character following the modern trends of Superior Courts of Law, attaching jurisprudence. For this research, we opted for bibliographical study on doctrines, jurisprudence and legislation pertinent to the theme. Thus, the study was justified and was relevant to show that all rules prior to the Federal Constitution which determines automatic and mandatory prison without real justification are revoked. All rules which prohibit the bail, when not justified in real need of arrest, such as those based solely on the seriousness of the crime, should be considered unconstitutional / O trabalho tem como proposta abordar os princípios constitucionais nas prisões de natureza cautelar previstas no ordenamento jurídico processual penal brasileiro. Procurou-se como objetivo geral estabelecer pontos de reflexão sobre o tema, a partir da análise da necessidade e excepcionalidade das prisões cautelares, do direito à sua execução provisória e eventual conflito entre esse direito e a preservação do direito de liberdade. Os objetivos específicos se delimitaram a apresentar o histórico e as características da prisão cautelar, suas espécies e analisar os reflexos pessoais e sociais da prisão preventiva. Foi também objeto de consideração a gravidade da medida cautelar, em caráter de extrema excepcionalidade, imposta com a finalidade pretendida de estabelecer o equilíbrio entre os dois deveres do Estado: - proteção e segurança à sociedade e garantia e proteção das liberdades e direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos que a integram. As espécies de prisão cautelar foram repensadas à luz dos princípios e garantias constitucionais considerando-se os fins da prisão preventiva. De acordo com o entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a legitimidade das prisões cautelares deve ser aferida tendo como norte o princípio da não culpabilidade. Procuramos estudar e demonstrar que as prisões cautelares são agasalhadas pelo manto da excepcionalidade seguindo as modernas tendências dos Superiores Tribunais, anexando para tanto jurisprudência pátria. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, optou-se pelo estudo bibliográfico em doutrinas, jurisprudências e legislações pertinentes à temática abordada. Assim, o estudo justificou-se e fez-se relevante para demonstrar que estão revogadas todas as normas anteriores à Constituição Federal que determinam a prisão processual automática e obrigatória sem justificação concreta. Devem ser consideradas inconstitucionais todas as normas que vedam a liberdade provisória, quando não justificadas na necessidade concreta da prisão, como aquelas baseadas exclusivamente na gravidade do delito

Dans un contexte de contrôle accru de l’immigration irrégulière et de la gestion serrée des frontières, de quelle manière, selon quelles modalités, par quelles directives et selon quelles applications, l’enfermement des étrangers en instance d’éloignement du territoire français, participe-t-il à la préparation de cette expulsion ?Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gestion de l’enfermement des étrangers dans un centre de rétention administrative (CRA), selon deux aspects centraux, la surveillance et le soin, et elle se focalise, à travers des pratiques de police et de santé, sur le rôle de cet enfermement dans la mise en œuvre de l’expulsion. Elle s’inscrit dans les travaux d’anthropologie de l’Etat et de la police et dans ceux de la sociologie de l’immigration et des lieux d’enfermement.Elle montre comment différentes formes de directives, propres à l’enfermement des étrangers, trouvent leur incarnation dans des agents dont les pratiques sont la résultante à la fois d’applications directes de ces directives et surtout de leurs aménagements, propres à la gestion des contradictions, découlant de ce lieu.Cette thèse s’intéresse d’abord aux pratiques de police fixées autour de la surveillance qui, dans le cadre de la gestion de certaines contradictions, propres à la rétention, devient, par glissement, un travail d’attente et d’anticipation, sous des formes allant de l’expectative à la recherche d’informations jusqu’aux stratégies locales de contrainte et de conditionnement. Elle se focalise ensuite sur les pratiques de santé, en montrant combien les enjeux de l’enfermement et de l’expulsion viennent à les façonner, de manière profonde, au point qu’elles soient parties prenant d’un processus de sélection et de différenciation. Elle s’intéresse enfin, dans ce travail global de préparation, aux effets des rapports entre la police et les professionnels de santé, dans cette gestion d’une population enfermée, tenue par la menace d’une expulsion. Cette thèse restitue, en somme, différentes pratiques, différents positionnements politiques et moraux, d’agents travaillant dans un dispositif de contrôle, administré par l’Etat, confrontés dans leur travail à des contradictions et à des conflits moraux.Ce travail est le fruit d’une enquête ethnographique mené au sein d’un CRA et d’entretiens et d’observations ciblés auprès d’acteurs appartenant à des lieux dont le CRA est dépendant. / In the wings of the deportation from french territory, between surveillance and assistance : Ethnographic exploration in a French Immigration Detention CentreIn a context of increasing control of irregular immigration and the tight management of borders, in what manner, according to what terms, by which directives and which applications, does the incarceration of foreigners pending to be expulsed from French territory participate in the preparation of this expulsion? This thesis deals with the management of the confinement of foreigners in a French Immigration Detention Centre, according to two central aspects, monitoring and care, and she focuses, through the practices of police and health, on the role of this imprisonment in the implementation of expulsion. It fits in the anthropology of the State and the police work and in those of the sociology of immigration and of the places of confinement. It shows how different forms of directives, specific to the confinement of foreigners, are embodied in agents whose practices are the result both of direct applications of these guidelines and especially their facilities, specific to the management of contradictions, arising from this place. This thesis focuses first on police practices fixed around surveillance which, under the management of contradictions, proper to the retention, becomes by a shift to a job of expectation and anticipation, in forms ranging from expectantly looking for information to local strategies of constraint and conditioning. It then focuses on the practices of health, by showing how the confinement and deportation issues come to shape them, in a profound way, to the point that they are involved in the process of selection and differentiation. Finally she deals with this comprehensive preparatory work, to the effects of the relationship between the police and health professionals, in the management of an incarcerated population, held by the threat of expulsion. This thesis renders, in sum, different practices, and different political and moral positions of the agents that are working in a control system, administered by the State, that are faced in their work to contradictions and moral conflicts. This work is the fruit of an ethnographic investigation conducted within a French Immigration Detention Centre and targeted interviews and observations with actors belonging to places on which the French Immigration Detention Centre is dependent.

Esta pesquisa tem como enfoque a implantação do sistema prisional no Império brasileiro durante a vigência do Código Criminal do Império de 1830, quando a prisão, nas modalidades simples e com trabalho, passou a ser a punição por excelência. Com a aprovação deste código, fazia-se necessária uma reestruturação carcerária, uma vez que haveria o aumento do número de condenados; além disso, seria preciso construir estabelecimentos próprios para o cumprimento da pena de prisão com trabalho. Contudo, com o Ato Adicional de 1834, as questões relativas à construção de cadeias e casas de prisão com trabalho ficaram a cargo das províncias. Cabia às assembleias provinciais determinarem as verbas a serem gastas e o regime a ser seguido na instituição penal. Por isso, as especificidades históricas, sociais, políticas e econômicas de cada localidade se refletiram na estruturação prisional. Desse modo, nossa análise se deteve em três províncias com características bem distintas: uma do centro-sul (São Paulo), uma do norte (Pernambuco) e uma de região de fronteira (Mato Grosso). Assim, pudemos observar que, na província paulista, houve empenho na construção de uma Casa de Correção afinada com o modelo instituído na Corte; a cadeia da cidade de São Paulo abrigou a maior parte dos presos de toda a província, enquanto as cadeias do interior permaneceram mais com a função de casas de detenção. Em Pernambuco, foi estabelecida uma Casa de Detenção em Recife e várias cadeias centrais em toda a província, e usou-se do expediente de enviar o excesso de condenados para o presídio de Fernando de Noronha. Já em Mato Grosso, não foi possível construir um estabelecimento próprio para prisão com trabalho e, apesar de em alguns momentos terem sido aproveitadas as oficinas do Arsenal de Guerra de Cuiabá para cumprimento dessa pena, em geral, os presos foram submetidos à prisão simples. / This study focuses on the prison system in the Brazilian Empire while the 1830 Criminal Code of the Empire was in force and confinement only or with prison labor became the mainstream punishment regimes. Upon the approval of this code, a prison system restructuring was necessary for there would be an increase in the number of convicts; besides, appropriate buildings should be constructed for the imprisonment with labor sentence to be executed. However, the 1834 Additional Act put provinces in charge of issues related to the construction of jails and institutions with prison labor. Provincial houses of representatives determined the expenditures and the regime to be followed in the prison system. Therefore, historical, social, political and economic specificities of each place were reflected in the prison structuring. In this way, our analysis aimed at three provinces with very different characteristics: one in the Center-South of Brazil (São Paulo), one in the North (Pernambuco) and one in a borderland region (Mato Grosso). We noticed that, in the Province of São Paulo, effort was put forth in building a Penitentiary in line with the model established by the court; the São Paulo city prison received most of the inmates of all the province, while the countryside prisons were mostly provisional detention centers (jails). In Pernambuco, a House of Detention was established in Recife and several central prisons throughout the province, being the excess convicts sent to the military base of Fernando de Noronha. In Mato Grosso, it was not possible to build an institution suitable for prison labor and, although in some moments the workshops of the Cuiabá War Arsenal were used for the execution of this type of sentence, in general, prisoners were submitted to confinement only.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane.pdf: 2244710 bytes, checksum: 7f1fb544f09e13f94b271e1202243132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / In this study, it was evaluated the operational conditions, the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency and the hydrodynamic behavior of a continuously up-flow combined anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor (RAALF), operated in bench-scale, filled with expanded clay and polyurethane foam cubic arrays as means of biomass immobilization support, in the treatment of raw effluent from a cattle slaughterhouse. Three different operational conditions were tested: Step I, characterized by the operation of RAALF in anaerobic condition; Step II, in combined condition (anaerobic-aerobic), and Step III, in combined condition with recirculation. In each operational step three different hydraulic retention times (14, 11 and 8 h) were tested. The hydrodynamics assays were determined using stimulus-response type pulse, with Eosina Y as a tracer to obtain the curves of residence time distribution (RTD). The results from the RAALF in the Step I, under anaerobic condition, indicated that operational conditions ensured the process of anaerobic digestion, with keeping of the pH and the RAALF s buffering, promoting a biochemical balance between acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic archaea. In this operational step, the HRT of 11 h showed better result, with removal efficiency of raw COD, filtered COD, TS, TSS and N-amon of 59, 60, 56, 76 and 16%, respectively. In Step II, the HRT of 14 h showed better results in terms of organic matter and solids removal efficiency, with 58, 66, 66 and 84% for raw COD, filtered COD, TS and TSS, respectively. The overall efficiency of nitrogen removal achieved in this study was 0, 17 and 7% at Step I; 37, 22 and 22% in Step II for the HRT 14, 11 and 8 h, respectively, and 50 and 29% for the HDT of 11 and 8 h in Step III. Therefore, there was an evolution in the overall nitrogen removal efficiency in Steps II and III when compared to Step I, due to the partial nitrification and denitrification. Denitrification has been compromised by factors such as liquid temperature, pH, and DQO/N-NO3- ratio. The efficiency of phosphorus removal was 0, 0 and 15% in Step I and 46, 0 and 0% in Step II for HRT 14, 11 and 8 h, respectively, and 10 and 0 % removal HRT to 11 and 8 h, respectively, in Step III. The ANOVA and Tukey tests indicated that the operational stages I, II and III were statistically different for all physical-chemical parameters evaluated, except for phosphorus, for which it can be stated that the efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen removal was affected by the operating condition. The hydrodynamic study conducted at RAALF indicated behavior tending to a complete mixing and deviations from ideality were found, such as dead zones, recirculation and long tail effect. The dispersion degrees were probably influenced by insertion of the aerobic phase, which improved the liquid mixture inside the reactor. The RAALF presented similar kinetic behavior in the operational steps I, II and III, represented by the first order model, with increase of k and vr parameters along the height of the anaerobic phase and decrease of the kinetic constant and degradation rate in the aerobic phase / Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as condições operacionais, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo e o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um reator anaeróbio aeróbio de leito fixo (RAALF) e fluxo ascendente, vertical, operado de modo contínuo, em escala de bancada, preenchido com argila expandida e matrizes cúbicas de espuma de poliuretano como meio suporte para imobilização da biomassa, no tratamento de efluente bruto proveniente de um matadouro bovino. Foram testadas três condições operacionais distintas, sendo a Etapa I caracterizada pela operação do RAALF em condição anaeróbia, a Etapa II em condição combinada (anaeróbia-aeróbia) e a Etapa III em condição combinada com recirculação. Em cada etapa operacional foram testados três tempos de detenção hidráulicos diferentes (14, 11 e 8 h). O comportamento hidrodinâmico foi avaliado utilizando ensaios de estímulo-resposta, tipo pulso, com o uso de Eosina Y como traçador para obtenção das curvas de distribuição do tempo de residência (DTR). Os resultados da avaliação do RAALF na Etapa I, sob condição anaeróbia, indicaram que as condições operacionais garantiram o processo de digestão anaeróbia, com a manutenção do pH e tamponamento do sistema, promovendo um equilíbrio bioquímico entre microrganismos acidogênicos/acetogênicos e arqueas metanogênicas. Nesta etapa operacional, o TDH de 11 h apresentou melhores rendimentos, com eficiência de remoção de DQO bruta, DQO filtrada, ST, SST e N-amon de 59, 60, 56, 76 e 16%, respectivamente. Na Etapa II, o TDH de 14 horas apresentou melhores resultados em termos de eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e sólidos, com valores de 58, 66, 66 e 84% para DQO bruta, DQO filtrada, ST e SST, respectivamente. A eficiência global de remoção de nitrogênio alcançada neste estudo foi de 0, 17 e 7% na Etapa I, 37, 22 e 22% na Etapa II, para o TDH de 14, 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, e de 50 e 29% para o TDH de 11 e 8 h na Etapa III; portanto, verifica-se evolução da eficiência global na remoção de nitrogênio das Etapas II e III se comparada à Etapa I, decorrente do processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação parcial. A desnitrificação foi comprometida por fatores como temperatura do líquido, pH e relação DQO/N-NO3-. As eficiências de remoção de fósforo total foram de 0, 0 e 15% na Etapa I e de 46, 0 e 0% na Etapa II para os TDHs de 14, 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, e de 10 e 0% de remoção para o THD de 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, na Etapa III. O teste ANOVA e o teste Tukey indicaram que as etapas operacionais I, II e III foram estatisticamente diferentes entre si, para todos os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados, com exceção do fósforo, podendo-se afirmar que a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogenada foi afetada pela condição operacional. O estudo hidrodinâmico realizado no RAALF indicou comportamento tendendo ao de mistura completa e foram constatados desvios de idealidade, como zonas mortas, recirculações e efeito de cauda longa. Os graus de dispersão foram possivelmente influenciados pela inserção da fase aeróbia, que promoveu uma melhor mistura do líquido no interior do reator. O RAALF apresentou comportamento cinético similar nas etapas operacionais I, II e III, representado pelo modelo de primeira ordem, com aumento dos parâmetros k e vr ao longo da altura da fase anaeróbia, e diminuição da constante cinética e da velocidade de degradação na fase aeróbia

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane.pdf: 2244710 bytes, checksum: 7f1fb544f09e13f94b271e1202243132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / In this study, it was evaluated the operational conditions, the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency and the hydrodynamic behavior of a continuously up-flow combined anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor (RAALF), operated in bench-scale, filled with expanded clay and polyurethane foam cubic arrays as means of biomass immobilization support, in the treatment of raw effluent from a cattle slaughterhouse. Three different operational conditions were tested: Step I, characterized by the operation of RAALF in anaerobic condition; Step II, in combined condition (anaerobic-aerobic), and Step III, in combined condition with recirculation. In each operational step three different hydraulic retention times (14, 11 and 8 h) were tested. The hydrodynamics assays were determined using stimulus-response type pulse, with Eosina Y as a tracer to obtain the curves of residence time distribution (RTD). The results from the RAALF in the Step I, under anaerobic condition, indicated that operational conditions ensured the process of anaerobic digestion, with keeping of the pH and the RAALF s buffering, promoting a biochemical balance between acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic archaea. In this operational step, the HRT of 11 h showed better result, with removal efficiency of raw COD, filtered COD, TS, TSS and N-amon of 59, 60, 56, 76 and 16%, respectively. In Step II, the HRT of 14 h showed better results in terms of organic matter and solids removal efficiency, with 58, 66, 66 and 84% for raw COD, filtered COD, TS and TSS, respectively. The overall efficiency of nitrogen removal achieved in this study was 0, 17 and 7% at Step I; 37, 22 and 22% in Step II for the HRT 14, 11 and 8 h, respectively, and 50 and 29% for the HDT of 11 and 8 h in Step III. Therefore, there was an evolution in the overall nitrogen removal efficiency in Steps II and III when compared to Step I, due to the partial nitrification and denitrification. Denitrification has been compromised by factors such as liquid temperature, pH, and DQO/N-NO3- ratio. The efficiency of phosphorus removal was 0, 0 and 15% in Step I and 46, 0 and 0% in Step II for HRT 14, 11 and 8 h, respectively, and 10 and 0 % removal HRT to 11 and 8 h, respectively, in Step III. The ANOVA and Tukey tests indicated that the operational stages I, II and III were statistically different for all physical-chemical parameters evaluated, except for phosphorus, for which it can be stated that the efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen removal was affected by the operating condition. The hydrodynamic study conducted at RAALF indicated behavior tending to a complete mixing and deviations from ideality were found, such as dead zones, recirculation and long tail effect. The dispersion degrees were probably influenced by insertion of the aerobic phase, which improved the liquid mixture inside the reactor. The RAALF presented similar kinetic behavior in the operational steps I, II and III, represented by the first order model, with increase of k and vr parameters along the height of the anaerobic phase and decrease of the kinetic constant and degradation rate in the aerobic phase / Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as condições operacionais, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo e o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um reator anaeróbio aeróbio de leito fixo (RAALF) e fluxo ascendente, vertical, operado de modo contínuo, em escala de bancada, preenchido com argila expandida e matrizes cúbicas de espuma de poliuretano como meio suporte para imobilização da biomassa, no tratamento de efluente bruto proveniente de um matadouro bovino. Foram testadas três condições operacionais distintas, sendo a Etapa I caracterizada pela operação do RAALF em condição anaeróbia, a Etapa II em condição combinada (anaeróbia-aeróbia) e a Etapa III em condição combinada com recirculação. Em cada etapa operacional foram testados três tempos de detenção hidráulicos diferentes (14, 11 e 8 h). O comportamento hidrodinâmico foi avaliado utilizando ensaios de estímulo-resposta, tipo pulso, com o uso de Eosina Y como traçador para obtenção das curvas de distribuição do tempo de residência (DTR). Os resultados da avaliação do RAALF na Etapa I, sob condição anaeróbia, indicaram que as condições operacionais garantiram o processo de digestão anaeróbia, com a manutenção do pH e tamponamento do sistema, promovendo um equilíbrio bioquímico entre microrganismos acidogênicos/acetogênicos e arqueas metanogênicas. Nesta etapa operacional, o TDH de 11 h apresentou melhores rendimentos, com eficiência de remoção de DQO bruta, DQO filtrada, ST, SST e N-amon de 59, 60, 56, 76 e 16%, respectivamente. Na Etapa II, o TDH de 14 horas apresentou melhores resultados em termos de eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e sólidos, com valores de 58, 66, 66 e 84% para DQO bruta, DQO filtrada, ST e SST, respectivamente. A eficiência global de remoção de nitrogênio alcançada neste estudo foi de 0, 17 e 7% na Etapa I, 37, 22 e 22% na Etapa II, para o TDH de 14, 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, e de 50 e 29% para o TDH de 11 e 8 h na Etapa III; portanto, verifica-se evolução da eficiência global na remoção de nitrogênio das Etapas II e III se comparada à Etapa I, decorrente do processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação parcial. A desnitrificação foi comprometida por fatores como temperatura do líquido, pH e relação DQO/N-NO3-. As eficiências de remoção de fósforo total foram de 0, 0 e 15% na Etapa I e de 46, 0 e 0% na Etapa II para os TDHs de 14, 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, e de 10 e 0% de remoção para o THD de 11 e 8 h, respectivamente, na Etapa III. O teste ANOVA e o teste Tukey indicaram que as etapas operacionais I, II e III foram estatisticamente diferentes entre si, para todos os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados, com exceção do fósforo, podendo-se afirmar que a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogenada foi afetada pela condição operacional. O estudo hidrodinâmico realizado no RAALF indicou comportamento tendendo ao de mistura completa e foram constatados desvios de idealidade, como zonas mortas, recirculações e efeito de cauda longa. Os graus de dispersão foram possivelmente influenciados pela inserção da fase aeróbia, que promoveu uma melhor mistura do líquido no interior do reator. O RAALF apresentou comportamento cinético similar nas etapas operacionais I, II e III, representado pelo modelo de primeira ordem, com aumento dos parâmetros k e vr ao longo da altura da fase anaeróbia, e diminuição da constante cinética e da velocidade de degradação na fase aeróbia

Esta pesquisa tem como enfoque a implantação do sistema prisional no Império brasileiro durante a vigência do Código Criminal do Império de 1830, quando a prisão, nas modalidades simples e com trabalho, passou a ser a punição por excelência. Com a aprovação deste código, fazia-se necessária uma reestruturação carcerária, uma vez que haveria o aumento do número de condenados; além disso, seria preciso construir estabelecimentos próprios para o cumprimento da pena de prisão com trabalho. Contudo, com o Ato Adicional de 1834, as questões relativas à construção de cadeias e casas de prisão com trabalho ficaram a cargo das províncias. Cabia às assembleias provinciais determinarem as verbas a serem gastas e o regime a ser seguido na instituição penal. Por isso, as especificidades históricas, sociais, políticas e econômicas de cada localidade se refletiram na estruturação prisional. Desse modo, nossa análise se deteve em três províncias com características bem distintas: uma do centro-sul (São Paulo), uma do norte (Pernambuco) e uma de região de fronteira (Mato Grosso). Assim, pudemos observar que, na província paulista, houve empenho na construção de uma Casa de Correção afinada com o modelo instituído na Corte; a cadeia da cidade de São Paulo abrigou a maior parte dos presos de toda a província, enquanto as cadeias do interior permaneceram mais com a função de casas de detenção. Em Pernambuco, foi estabelecida uma Casa de Detenção em Recife e várias cadeias centrais em toda a província, e usou-se do expediente de enviar o excesso de condenados para o presídio de Fernando de Noronha. Já em Mato Grosso, não foi possível construir um estabelecimento próprio para prisão com trabalho e, apesar de em alguns momentos terem sido aproveitadas as oficinas do Arsenal de Guerra de Cuiabá para cumprimento dessa pena, em geral, os presos foram submetidos à prisão simples. / This study focuses on the prison system in the Brazilian Empire while the 1830 Criminal Code of the Empire was in force and confinement only or with prison labor became the mainstream punishment regimes. Upon the approval of this code, a prison system restructuring was necessary for there would be an increase in the number of convicts; besides, appropriate buildings should be constructed for the imprisonment with labor sentence to be executed. However, the 1834 Additional Act put provinces in charge of issues related to the construction of jails and institutions with prison labor. Provincial houses of representatives determined the expenditures and the regime to be followed in the prison system. Therefore, historical, social, political and economic specificities of each place were reflected in the prison structuring. In this way, our analysis aimed at three provinces with very different characteristics: one in the Center-South of Brazil (São Paulo), one in the North (Pernambuco) and one in a borderland region (Mato Grosso). We noticed that, in the Province of São Paulo, effort was put forth in building a Penitentiary in line with the model established by the court; the São Paulo city prison received most of the inmates of all the province, while the countryside prisons were mostly provisional detention centers (jails). In Pernambuco, a House of Detention was established in Recife and several central prisons throughout the province, being the excess convicts sent to the military base of Fernando de Noronha. In Mato Grosso, it was not possible to build an institution suitable for prison labor and, although in some moments the workshops of the Cuiabá War Arsenal were used for the execution of this type of sentence, in general, prisoners were submitted to confinement only.