Lagen (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM) är en tvångsvårdslag och är den enda lagen som avviker från frivillighetsprincipen i socialtjänstlagen, vilket ger socialsekreterarna möjligheten att gå emot individens fria vilja. Studien syftar till att belysa de faktorer som kan bidra till vilka svårigheter socialsekreterare kan ställas inför i relation till LVM-lagstiftningen, individens rättssäkerhet och självbestämmanderätt. Syftet är också att problematisera socialsekreterarnas tillvägagångssätt gällande tillämpningen av LVM-lagstiftningen och om mål och syfte uppfylls. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används för att kunna analysera det empiriska materialet är teorier om socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme och etiska dilemman som kan uppstå i relation till klienten samt teorier om makt och motivation. För att samla in det empiriska materialet användes semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika socialsekreterare, därmed fångades socialsekreterarnas egna erfarenheter upp kring arbetet med LVM i praktiken. Resultatet av studien har visat att det förekommer motsättningar i LVM- lagen eftersom det är en tvångsvårdslag där socialsekreterarna har makten att ta ifrån klienten deras fria vilja, samtidigt som hänsyn skall tas till klientens självbestämmanderätt och integritet. Socialsekreterarna i sin tur är styrda av den högre ledningens makt genom ledningens riktlinjer och direktiv, vilket både påverkar socialsekreterarna och klienten på ett negativt sätt. Motivationsarbetet med klienten handlar om att få klienten motiverad till att gå med på behandling vare sig denne vill det eller inte och förekommer i form av dold makt och hot, där klientens fria vilja inte beaktas. Tillämpningen av mål och syfte i LVM- lagen har visat sig skilja markant åt inom olika kommuner i Stockholms län, beroende på att det förekommer ett brett handlingsutrymme och en tolkningsbarhet i lagen samt att ingen standardmodell finns att följa. / The law (1988:870) concerning care of addicts in some cases (LVM) is a compulsory care law and is the only law that deviates from the voluntariness principle in the social care law, which gives social workers the ability to go against individual’s free will. This study aims to elucidate the factors that may contribute to the difficulties social workers may face in relation to LVM- law, individual's legal certainty and self- determination of the individual. The purpose is also to problematize the social worker's approach concerning application of the LVM- law and if its purpose and goal is fulfilled. The theoretical starting points that are used to analyze the empirical material are theories about the social worker's discretion and the ethical dilemmas that may arise in relation to the client, also included here are theories about power and motivation. The empirical material was gathered through semi-structured interviews with different social workers, thus the social workers own experiences was captured of the work with the LVM- law in practice. The result of the study has shown that there are certain contradictions in the LVM- law since it is a compulsory care law where social workers have the power to take away their free will of the client, while taking account the right of self-determination and integrity. In turn, the social workers are controlled by higher management’s power by management policies and directives, which have a negative effect on the social workers and clients. Motivation work with the client involves getting the client motivated to agree to treatment irrespective of whether he wants it or not and occurs in the form of hidden power and threats, where the client's free will, not will be considered. The application of goal and purpose of the LVM- law have shown to differ significantly in different municipalities in Stockholm county since there is a wide range of discretion, dependent on the existence of a wide discretion and interpretability of the law and that no standard model is to follow.

The present thesis investigates the dilemmas and difficulties the staff at a youth detention home encounter and struggle with when working with young women who are understood to be victims of sexual abuse. At the center of attention is talk about the problems of talking about sexual abuse and other difficult experiences. The overall aim in conducting the study was to open up an arena that has been neglected and little investigated - youth detention homes for girls and young women, by talking to staff and the young women at the detention homes, and talking about sexual abuse. Also in focus was the young women's own thinking about the body and sexuality. The findings are presented in five articles. The first article examines what discursive devices are employed when using the focus group method when talking to the young women in forced care. The study shows in what ways the focus groups is a fruitful method for studying marginalized young women and their views and thoughts about being young women today. The second article addressed the issue of how the staff form narratives of sexual abuse. Stories of sexual abuse were "power stories" as well as "work identity stories" and were considered to have the power to heal as well as the power to harm. The third article examines the process leading up to the definition of sexual abuse. The study is concerned with the process in which the staff members define whether or not a young woman has been a victim of sexual abuse. A determining factor was whether or not the act involved a person who was defined as a victim. A core issue was an evaluation of the credibility of the alleged abused girl and the degree of consent. The fourth article addresses the issue of how the staff and the young women at the detention home talk about sexuality. The article compares the different views of the staff and the young women and concludes that the staff talk about the young women as asexual children and as victims of sexual abuse, and the young women talk about themselves as having sexual agency. Finally, the fifth article shows how the young women talk abut childbearing and motherhood. The study shows that the issue of talking about sexual abuse and other difficult experiences is complex. The different views of how to talk about sexual abuse, whether to talk about sexual abuse, when to talk and to whom, as well as the question about whether there is a need to talk, makes the issue of talking about sexual abuse multi-layered and contradictory.

This quantitative study explores juvenile delinquency trends among school going adolescents in a select sample of schools. The study conducted in Chatsworth, Durban (Kwa Zulu-Natal) was developed as an exclusively Indian Township in the 1960‘s but since the 1990s more and more Africans moved into the area. Nonetheless Chatsworth remains predominantly ‗Indian‘ in terms of its demography and character. Permission and ethical approval for this study were obtained from the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal- Howard College Campus. The study consisted of a sample of 750 respondents randomly selected from two secondary schools in Chatsworth. A non-probability sampling method was followed. The main aim of this exploratory study was to understand trends in juvenile delinquency among adolescents in the area of Chatsworth through a quantitative lens. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires, administered to Grade 8,9,10, and 11 learners with the assistance of the educators at the identified schools during the Life-Orientation class periods. This study revealed that there were significant correlations between gender (male and female) and modes of punishment; norm violations; regulation violations; and malicious damage to property, followed by age (13-18 years) and modes of punishment; norm violations, and regulation violations, race (African, Indian, Coloured, White, Other) and modes of punishment; norm violations and regulation violations, and lastly religion (Christian, Hindu, Islam and Nazareth) and modes of punishment; regulation violations and malicious damage to property. The findings in this study forms a critical empirical study for future research in the field of juvenile delinquency/offending. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.

Ce mémoire a comme objectif d’analyser le vécu des justiciables placés en détention avant jugement. Plus précisément, cette étude se veut préciser ce vécu sur les volets judiciaire et carcéral impliqués dans une mise en détention provisoire. Nous voulons de plus dégager les sentiments issus d’un tel placement. Enfin, nous souhaitions réfléchir sur le recours à la détention avant jugement à travers la perspective d’un modèle de justice basé sur la gestion des risques et sur une logique d’efficience, d’efficacité et de responsabilisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé l’approche qualitative pour mener vingt-trois entrevues auprès d’hommes et de femmes incarcérés en attente de leur jugement dans quatre établissements de détention du Québec. De ces entretiens, deux thèmes centraux sont ressortis, soit le Vécus carcéral et judiciaire du prévenu, marqué par l’incertitude, l’incompréhension, l’impuissance, la dépendance, les conditions difficiles de détention, les pertes ainsi que l’attente et les Sentiments issus d’une mise en détention provisoire, marqué par la souffrance, l’injustice et l’urgence de sortir de cette situation provisoire. Il ressort de nos analyses que la façon dont est administré le système de justice, l’opinion du public ainsi que les politiques en vigueur ont un impact sur la façon de gérer le recours à la détention provisoire en favorisant tout le contraire de sa mission initiale. Ainsi, la mesure s’en trouve conduite au détriment de l’acteur principal : le prévenu. / This thesis aim to understand and analyze the experiences of individuals placed in pretrial detention. More specifically, this study aims to clarify that lived on the judicial and prison components involved in a remand. We want more free from the felling of such an investment. Finally, we wanted to reflect on the use of pretrial detention from the perspective of justice based on risk management and on the logic of efficiency, effectiveness and accountability. To do this, we used a qualitative approach to conduct our twenty-three interviews with men and women incarcerated awaiting trial in four detention facilities in Quebec. From these interviews, two main themes emerged, namely The judicial and prison experiences of the accused, marked by uncertainty, incomprehension, helplessness, dependency, difficult conditions of detention, losses and expectation and Sentiments from a remand, marked by suffering, injustice and the urgency out of this temporary situation. It is clear from our analysis that the way the system is administered justice, public opinion and the policies in effect have an impact on how to manage the use of remand in promoting the opposite of its original. Thus, the measurement is to be conducted at the expense of the main actor: the accused.

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, resulted in dramatic legal changes in the U.S. As part of its investigation into the attacks, the U.S. Government detained approximately 5,000 "aliens" from predominantly Muslim countries. These detentions were characterized by minimal, and sometimes non-existent, habeas corpus and due-process protections. During times of crisis, care should be taken that panic not be allowed to prevail over long-cherished constitutional values. This thesis examines Government actions in light of constitutional principles to examine the larger question of whether the War on Terror detention practices have permanently undermined the rule of law in the U.S. / The factual and legal scenarios in this area have been changing at a rapid rate, and they will certainly continue to change. Those constant changes have presented a special challenge in writing this thesis. The facts and legal scenarios described herein, therefore, are current as of January 31, 2005.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Adelaide, 1989. / Typescript (Photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-206).

Thesis (L.L.M.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 14, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-166)

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2009. / "AD-A512 385." "11 Dec 2009." Includes bibliographical references.

O crescimento rápido e descontrolado da urbanização, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, vem provocando impactos significativos tanto no meio ambiente quanto para a própria população. A existência de áreas altamente impermeabilizadas traz como consequência o aumento do volume escoado superficialmente, causando aumento nas vazões máximas de até seis vezes a vazão de pré-urbanização. Surge, então, a necessidade de alternativas que solucionem ou reduzem os problemas relacionados ao aumento do volume escoado, não somente que os transfira para outro local. Neste sentido, pode-se aplicar as Melhores Práticas de Gestão (Best Management Practices – BMPs), medidas que servem no gerenciamento das águas pluviais em áreas urbanas, destacando-se os reservatórios de detenção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método para avaliar a minimização do impacto hidrológico de uma bacia urbanizada para que ela se comporte de maneira hidrologicamente semelhante às condições de pré-urbanização, analisando os custos de implantação de bacias de detenção para evitar alagamentos à jusante. Para isso, fez-se uso de simulação hidrológica com modelo IPHS1 para determinação dos hidrogramas de saída dos afluentes da bacia estudada. O dimensionamento dos reservatórios foi realizado com a aplicação do método da curvaenvelope e a escolha dos melhores locais para implantação deu-se a partir da análise dos hidrogramas. Com isso, ajustaram-se funções do tipo Qp=f(V). Estas funções foram utilizadas no modelo de otimização não-linear, considerando-se diferentes restrições de custo. A área de estudo corresponde à bacia hidrográfica Mãe D’água, de 3,39 km², localizada na Vila Santa Isabel no município de Viamão/RS. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de uma técnica de otimização associada a um modelo hidrológico mostrou-se útil na avaliação dos custos de projetos de controle do escoamento pluvial (bacias de detenção) urbano para a bacia estudada, podendo servir como material de consulta para o Poder Público e Privado. Além disso, mesmo sem disponibilidade de dados hidrológicos observados e informações mais detalhadas acerca do processo de urbanização da área de estudo, é possível, através da aplicação da metodologia apresentada, desenvolver cenários para análise do aumento da zona urbana e quantificação do impacto hidrológico, para que assim o problema identificado seja minimizado. / The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to significant impacts on both the environment and people themselves. The existence of highly impermeable areas brings as consequence the increase in surface runoff volume, causing an increase in peak flows up to six times the pre-urbanization flow. This requires thus, the need of alternatives to solve or reduce the problems related to the increased volume disposed, and not only transferring it to another location. In this context, the Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be implemented, which are measures for managing storm water in urban areas as, for example, the detention reservoirs. Thus, this work aims to develop a method to evaluate the hydrological impact minimization of an urbanized basin, so that it can behave hydrologically similar to pre-urbanization conditions, analyzing deployment costs of detention basins to prevent flooding downstream. Hence, a hydrologic simulation model with IPHS1 has been used to determine the studied basin tributaries output hydrographs. The reservoirs sizing was evaluated with the application of the Envelope-Curve Method and the choice of the best localizations for their implantation was done by analyzing the hydrographs. Therefore, functions as Qp=f (V) were fitted. These functions were used in the nonlinear optimization model considering different costs constraints. The study area represents the Mãe D’água watershed, with 3,39 km², located at Vila Santa Isabel in Viamão/RS. The results showed that the application of an optimization technique associated with a hydrological model has proven to be useful in storm water runoff control projects costs evaluation (detention basins) for the urban study area and may serve as reference material for Government and Private institutions. Moreover, even without the availability of observed hydrological data and detailed information about the process of urbanization in the study area, it is possible, through the application of the presented methodology, to develop scenarios for analyzing the urban zone expansion and quantification of hydrological impact, in order to minimize the identified problem.

[pt] No presente trabalho realizou-se a otimização da metodologia de análise de TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) em amostras de areia contaminadas com petróleo, validando a técnica de detecção na região do infravermelho com o equipamento da Infracal TOG/TPH. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando Óleo Marine Fuel 380, com densidade igual 0,987 g cm-3 e viscosidade de 5313 cP a 20 Graus Celsius. Este óleo foi fornecido pelo Centro de Pesquisa da Petrobrás (CENPES/PETROBRÁS/RJ), sendo o mesmo óleo derramado no acidente ocorrido em janeiro de 2000 na Baia de Guanabara, RJ, quando 1.300 m3 vazaram do duto que interliga a REDUC (Refinaria Duque de Caxias, RJ) ao terminal da Ilha d`Água/RJ, atingindo praias. A metodologia otimizada foi aplicada na determinação de TPH em amostras de areia contaminada com petróleo do referido acidente, sendo que em 110 amostras analisadas, foram obtidos resultados de TPH na faixa de 10,0 a 155,0 g Kg-1. Os resultados da validação indicaram que o desempenho da metodologia foi muito favorável à aplicação que se destina. Entre os parâmetros metrológicos obtidos neste trabalho, o limite de detecção do método foi de 9,44 mg l-1, consideravelmente inferior à faixa de concentração normalmente obtida para tais amostras. / [en] This dissertation deals with an optimization of TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) analysis methodology for samples of contaminated sands, validating the infrared detection technique through the use of Infracal TOG/TPH equipment. Tests were validated using Marine Fuel 380 oil, density 0.987 g cm-3 and viscosity 5313 cP at 20 Celsius Degrees. This oil sample was kindly supplied by Petrobras Research Centre (CENPES), and is the same oil that leaked from a pipeline in REDUC Refinery on January 2000, contaminating several beaches in Guanabara Bay, including Anil and Mauá. The optimized methodology was applied on 110 sand samples contaminated with the aforementioned oil, and TPH were determined within the range of 10.0 to 155.0 g kg-1. The validation results suggested that the methodology performance was adequate for this application. Amongst the metrological parameters obtained from this work, the detection limit, 9.44 mg l-1, was a plus; since it was far below to the concentration range obtained from this samples.