Cette thèse apporte une contribution expérimentale au rôle des facteurs psychologiques dans des choix éducatifs impliquant prise de risque et performance. L'utilisation des théories psychologiques dans l'étude des comportements économiques est devenue une discipline à part entière. Le but principal consiste à expliquer les mécanismes impliqués dans la prise de décision. La raison principale provient du fait que les modèles économiques "classiques" sont souvent remis en questions dans leur manière d'appréhender le processus de décision. Bien que ces modèles constituent naturellement une première étape pour l'élaboration des politiques économiques, les hypothèses sur lesquelles ils reposent peuvent être une représentation simplifiée du comportement de l'agent. Nous nous limitons dans cette thèse à l'analyse de l'impact de certaines variables psychologiques: les préférences pour le risque, la confiance, la personnalité, la créativité. Nous évaluons également l'effet du genre. Les décisions et les comportements étudiés se réfèrent systématiquement à des choix éducatifs, bien que la plupart des chapitres se situent dans un contexte plus général et peuvent donc s'appliquer à d'autres domaines impliquant les mêmes mécanismes tels que les choix de carrière. La première partie de cette thèse évalue le rôle joué par la confiance (en ses propres capacités) dans la prise de décision lors de deux types d'activités risquées: la décision (individuelle) de continuer ou non l'activité impliquant un accroissement de sa difficulté, et la décision d'entrer en compétition. Ces deux activités reposent sur une distribution des probabilités de succès inconnues, la confiance étant alors la probabilité subjective de réussite. Dans un cas (chapitre 1), la confiance en soi est absolue et peut varier avec le niveau d'aspiration et le niveau des capacités. Dans un autre cas (chapitre 2), la confiance en soi est relative et peut être modulée par la réception d'un feedback et selon le genre de l'individu. Nous montrons que la confiance en soi, qui varie avec ces différentes dimensions, a un impact sur les performances et les décisions observées. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la population des adolescents. Deux chapitres étudient l'influence de variables psychologiques sur la réussite scolaire et les préférences pour le risque. Dans le chapitre 3, une étude de terrain, nous tentons d'expliquer la réussite scolaire (mesurée via les notes obtenues pendant l'année) par la personnalité et la créativité. Nous observons aussi un effet genre différencié sur la réussite en classe et au brevet (examen national et anonyme). Le chapitre 4 vise à améliorer la compréhension des préférences pour le risque de l'adolescent afin d'optimiser les politiques qui leur sont destinées. / This thesis contributes to the experimental literature on the role played by psychological factors in educational choices implying risk-taking and performance. Using psychological insights to study economic behaviors has become a discipline on its own. Its main goal is to explain most of the mechanisms involved in the process of decision making process. The reason for introducing concepts of psychology into economic theory is mainly because "classic" economic models are often questioned on the decision-making process they propose. Even though these models are a first step for the elaboration of economic policies, the assumptions made are usually a simplification of the economic agent's behaviors. This dissertation considers an analysis on specific psychological determinants: risk preferences, self-confidence, personality and creativity. We also evaluate gender effects. The studied decisions and behaviors are systematically related to educational choices, even though most of the chapters are presented in a more general framework and can thus be applied to other decisions implying the same mechanisms such as career choices. The first part is dedicated to investigate the effect of confidence (in one's own abilities) on two types of decisions that involves a risky dimension: the (individual) decision of continuing the activity or not with an increasing difficulty, and the decision to enter competition. Both of these activities rely on an unknown distribution of probabilities of success. Confidence therefore becomes the subjective probability. First, (chapter 1), we consider absolute self-confidence which can vary with aspiration and ability levels. Second, (chapter 2), we focus on relative self-confidence which can be modulated by a feedback receipt and the gender of the individual. We show that self-confidence, which varies with these different dimensions, has an impact on performances and observed decisions. The second part of this dissertation focuses on teenagers. We present two studies on the psychological determinants of schooling achievement and on risk preferences. Chapter 3 examines if schooling achievement (measured by schooling grades during the year) can be explained by creativity and personality. We also observe a different gender effect on a national exam success and schooling grades. Chapter 4 improves the understanding of teenagers' risk preferences in order to improve policies aimed for them.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:36:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AgamenonHCT_DISSERT.pdf: 1109440 bytes, checksum: 1e3e3f703ff180a7a76461fb8e7b74b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work we studied the method to solving linear equations system, presented in the book titled "The nine chapters on the mathematical art", which was written in the first century of this era. This work has the intent of showing how the mathematics history can be used to motivate the introduction of some topics in high school. Through observations of patterns which repeats itself in the presented method, we were able to introduce, in a very natural way, the concept of linear equations, linear equations system, solution of linear equations, determinants and matrices, besides the Laplacian development for determinants calculations of square matrices of order bigger than 3, then considering some of their general applications / Neste trabalho, estudamos o m?todo apresentado no livro "Os nove cap?tulos sobre a arte matematica", escrito no s?culo I da era crist?, a em de revelar como a hist?ria pode ser uma motivadora na introdu??o de t?picos da matem?tica do ensino m?dio. Atrav?s de observa??es dos padr?es que se repetem no m?todo apresentado, fomos capazes de introduzir, de maneira natural, o conceito de equa??es lineares, sistema de equa??es lineares, solu??o de sistemas de equa??es lineares, determinantes e matrizes, al?m do desenvolvimento de Laplace para c?lculo de determinantes de matrizes quadradas de ordem maior que 3, considerando, em seguida, algumas de suas aplica??es gerais

The subject of the diploma thesis belongs due to its character to the domain of educational psychology and sociology of education. The thesis deals with the advantages of education of Romani children in Waldorf schools. The key terms are: education, Roma minority, cognitive determinants, Waldorf pedagogy. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the questions of education of Romani children as well as the general information about the Roma minority in the Czech Republic, the methods of education of Romani children in dependence on their school achievements, the description of cognitive determinants of Romani pupils in relation to their school efficiency and the demonstration of advantages of Waldorf pedagogy for Romani children comparing with the traditional educational system.

This thesis summarizes theoretical findings in several fields of the lifestyle. It contains basic information about nutrition, positive effects of reasonable physical activity and it points to negative consequences of smoking and alcohol consumption, effects of stress and insufficient sleep. The research part of the thesis maps the lifestyle of students in the specialization Public health protection at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies at University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. It has turned out that the students eat regularly but they do not have enough fruit and vegetables in their diet and only a small percentage of them practice regular physical activities. 52 % of the respondents are happy with their own lifestyle. When asked whether they believe that their professional specialization has affected their lifestyle, 38 % answered positively. The results of the thesis indicate how the students of Public health protection respect the principles of healthy lifestyle and whether they are content with their lifestyle.

A interação universidade-empresa (IUE) é uma das ferramentas fundamentais para estimular o desenvolvimento social e econômico de um país. De um lado, a possibilidade de interação depende, em primeira instância, da oferta de conhecimento científico e tecnológico existente no contexto da relação. De outro lado, para haver interação de fato, não basta existir uma malha de instituições de ciência e tecnologia (C&T), mas é fundamental que haja, acima de tudo, a necessidade de interação por parte das empresas. É justamente o tamanho das demandas das empresas por conhecimento e tecnologia que irá desenhar os contornos da interação universidade-empresa. Isso posto, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os elementos estruturais, exógenos e endógenos às firmas, que determinam o nível de interação entre universidades e empresas. Dependendo do setor, do tamanho da firma, dos investimentos em P&D e das capacidades de inovação, isto é, dos determinantes estruturais, espera-se identificar os diferentes níveis de interação entre universidades e empresas. Para alcançar esse objetivo, utilizou dados secundários coletados em uma pesquisa survey, coordenada pelo NITEC (UFRGS), que abrangeu 1.331 empresas dos mais diversos setores industriais, as quais foram classificadas de acordo com o nível de interação: baixo nível de interação e alto nível de interação. Os principais resultados obtidos indicam que, primeiramente, a intensidade tecnológica setorial não é determinante do nível de interação das empresas com as universidades. Em compensação, os determinantes endógenos, como o tamanho da firma, os investimentos em P&D e as capacidades de inovação confirmaram-se como variáveis previsoras significantes do nível de interação. Entre os elementos endógenos, as capacidades de inovação se destacam como variáveis com poder explicativo superior aos outros determinantes que já são amplamente investigados na literatura. Já em relação ao desempenho da firma, somente o registro de patentes e o desempenho econômico encontramse determinados pelo nível de interação. Por fim, essas descobertas em relação aos determinantes do nível de interação e do desempenho da firma comprovam o pressuposto teórico defendido nesse trabalho: o nível tecnológico das empresas é determinante do nível de interação das firmas com as universidades; contudo, são as variáveis internas às firmas, e não as externas, que ditam esse nível. / The university-industry interaction is one of the key tools to stimulate social and economic development of a country. On one side, the possibility of interaction depends, in the first instance, on the offer of scientific and technological knowledge existing in the context of the relationship. On the other hand, to really have interaction, is not enough to just exist a network of science and technology institutions, but it is fundamental to have, above all, the need for interaction by firms. It is precisely the size of the demands of companies by knowledge and technology that will draw the contours of university-industry interaction. That said, this study aims to identify and analyze the structural elements, exogenous and endogenous to firms, that determine the level of interaction between universities and firms. Depending on the sector, firm size, investment in R&D and innovation capabilities, that is, structural determinants, it is expected to identify the different levels of interaction between universities and firms. To achieve this goal, it was used secondary data collected in a survey research coordinated by NITEC (UFRGS), which covered 1,331 companies from various industrial sectors, which were classified according to the level of interaction: low level of interaction and high level of interaction. The main results indicate that, first, the sectoral technological intensity is not determinant of the level of interaction with universities. On the other hand, the endogenous determinants, such as firm size, investment in R&D and innovation capabilities were confirmed as significant predictor variables of the level of interaction. Among the endogenous elements, innovative capabilities stand out as variables with greater explanatory power than other determinants that already are widely investigated in literature. In relation to the firm's performance, only the registration of patents and economic performance are determined by the level of interaction. Finally, these findings about the determinants of the level of interaction and firm performance confirm the theoretical assumption defended in this work: the technological level of the companies is determining of the level of interaction of firms with universities. However, the internal variables of the firms, and not external, are which dictate this level.

This descriptive ethno-theatre case study explored the impact of intergenerational engagement through a reminiscence theatre arts initiative on the psychosocial quality of life for older adults with mild to moderate cognitive decline. Study participants were comprised of 11 adults 65 years and older residing in a dementia-specific residential care facility unit, and 13 University of Victoria Theatre students. Both qualitative and quantitative procedures were integrated into the case study. Qualitative processes consisted of older adult life history interview transcriptions, ethno-theatre field notes of theatre devising and performance processes, and post-program drama evaluations. Quantitative measures included pre- and post-administered instruments: CASP-19; Alzheimer’s Disease-related Quality of Life (ADRQL) – Revised; and older adult health perception surveys. Overall, it appears from the data that active engagement in reminiscence theatre (the process of creating and performing theatre from real life memories and stories) results in a positive impact on older adults’ well-being – increased self-esteem, elevated mood and social engagement, decreased isolation and boredom, and desire to continue with activities. This study’s findings suggest that the integration of reminiscence arts initiatives into residential care plans for older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment can substantially enhance psychosocial quality of life. These findings are consistent with reminiscence and life review theory in that intergenerational engagement in these processes promotes healthy aging. This study demonstrated that intergenerational connection between young and older adults through drama and storytelling activities occurred. The creative reciprocal initiatives of reminiscence arts in turn fostered a context for social and emotional engagement that appeared to reduce older adults’ isolation. / Graduate

A segunda metade do século passado presenciou crescimento populacional e do emprego mais acelerado nos grandes centros urbanos, gerando as metrópoles brasileiras e criando grandes clusters urbanos, como no caso do Estado de São Paulo. No entanto, observa-se que, a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990, nas áreas não metropolitanas os salários têm crescido mais do que nas metropolitanas e há estados em que o volume de emprego cresce mais no seu interior do que na sua região metropolitana. O Estado de São Paulo possui uma região metropolitana federal e mais três regiões metropolitanas estaduais que detinham, em 1998, quase 72% do número de empregos formais do estado, mas este percentual caiu para 69,5% em 2012. Simultaneamente, o diferencial de salário médio real entre o empregado formal das regiões metropolitanas e não metropolitanas caiu 53% no mesmo período. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo da tese foi analisar os determinantes do emprego e do salário das pessoas empregadas formalmente nas regiões metropolitanas e não metropolitanas do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1998 a 2012, fazendo uso de dados da RAIS, que informa sobre o emprego e o salário médio por município. As equações reduzidas de salário e de emprego foram deduzidas a partir da síntese neoclássica, nas quais as variáveis explicativas abordaram aspectos regionais (alguns de primeira natureza) e econômicos (de segunda natureza), as características pessoais dos trabalhadores, bem como efeitos de inércia. Os testes de autocorrelação espacial I de Moran para os salários e para o emprego sugerem o uso de defasagem espacial nas equações de determinação de salário e emprego. As equações foram estimadas a partir de um painel balanceado de 645 municípios de 1999 a 2011, considerando o método dos momentos generalizados (GMM-SYS) dentro da econometria espacial. Concluiu-se que os coeficientes associados às defasagens espaciais na determinação dos salários são maiores do que os coeficientes relacionados aos efeitos de inércia salarial, já o inverso ocorre para o emprego. Entre as variáveis de primeira natureza, o clima não apresentou impactos estatisticamente significativos sobre os salários e o emprego. O fato de o município ter área de litoral (o que poderia implicar no trabalhador abrir mão de salário em favor de lazer) não impactou os salários, mas gerou mais emprego no município, provavelmente devido aos serviços que atendem aos turistas. Quanto às variáveis de segunda natureza, o PIB per capita teve impacto positivo sobre o salário e o emprego, bem como a participação do setor serviços no PIB do município. Os municípios mais populosos impactaram positivamente o emprego, mas não apresentaram efeitos estatisticamente significativos sobre os salários. Além disso, a variável dummy incluída para separar os municípios não metropolitanos dos demais foi estatisticamente significativa em ambas as equações estimadas, confirmando os resultados de que há maior crescimento do emprego e dos salários no interior do Estado de São Paulo. E, em relação aos efeitos de transbordamento, estes foram de maior magnitude no emprego do que nos salários. / The second half of the last century saw the most rapid population and employment growth toward to large urban centers, generating the Brazilian metropolis and continuous clusters of population, such as the case of São Paulo State. However, since the second half of the 1990s, salaries have grown more into non-metropolitan areas than into metropolitan ones and also there are states in which the number of jobs has growing further inland than into the metropolitan area. The richest Brazilian State of Sao Paulo has one federal metropolitan area and three more state-established metropolitan areas which hold 72% of the formal jobs in 1998, felling to 69.5% in 2012. Simultaneously, the average real wage gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan employees felt 53% between these two years. In this context, this papers aims to analyze the determinants of employment and wages of the formally employed persons in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions of Sao Paulo State, during the time period from 1998 through 2012. Data from Annual Report of Social Information (RAIS in Portuguese), provided by formal enterprises and aggregated by municipalities, is used. A neoclassical-based model for labor supply and demand was built up and two reduced employment and wage equations were deducted, in which the explanatory variables emphasize personal characteristics of the worker, regional and economic features (some of them are classified as first or second nature) as well as including inertia effects in determining the wages and employment. Spatial autocorrelation tests among wages paid in each city and among employment generated in each city were run using the Moran\'s I statistic and the results allowed to use spatial lags for dependent variables at both employment and wage equations. The equations were estimated considering a balanced panel comprised of 645 municipalities over 13 years. Salary and employment equations were run using the generalized method of moments (GMM-SYS) and among the results, we have: (1st) coefficient related to spatial lags in wage determination is larger than the one related to wage inertia effect; however, the opposite was verified for employment. (2nd) Among the variables of first nature, the climate has no statistically significant impact on both wages and employment. The fact that the municipality is located into the coastal area (which could result in a worker to trade off salary in favor of leisure) has no impact on wages, but it creates more jobs in that city, probably due to services that cater to tourists. Among the economics and second nature explanatory variables, the higher the municipal GDP per capita the higher its average salary and formal employment. Also, the higher share of services sector into the municipal GDP, the higher its average salary and more jobs are created. A dummy variable to separate municipalities out of metropolitan areas showed statistically significant at both wage and employment equations, confirming the evidence that both employment and salaries have grown faster in inland areas of the State of São Paulo. The spillover effects were higher for employment than for salaries.

nÃo hà / O Brasil à responsÃvel pela maior parte da carga de doenÃa relacionada Ãs DoenÃas Tropicais Negligenciadas (DTNs) na AmÃrica Latina. Foram analisadas as tendÃncias temporais, padrÃes espaÃo-temporais e fatores associados à mortalidade relacionada Ãs DTNs no Brasil. Foi realizada uma sÃrie de estudos ecolÃgicos baseados em dados secundÃrios de mortalidade provenientes do Sistema de InformaÃÃes sobre Mortalidade. Foram incluÃdos todos os Ãbitos relacionados Ãs DTNs registrados no Brasil no perÃodo de 2000 a 2011. A tese foi organizada em sete eixos temÃticos de acordo com suas especificidades metodolÃgicas e doenÃas analisadas: tendÃncias temporais e padrÃes espaÃo-temporais da mortalidade relacionada ao grupo de DTNs (Eixo 1) e DTNs especÃficas com elevado impacto de mortalidade no Brasil (esquistossomose, hansenÃase, neurocisticercose, leishmaniose visceral e coinfecÃÃo leishmaniose visceral e HIV/aids) (Eixos 2 a 6); anÃlise dos fatores socioeconÃmicos, demogrÃficos, ambientais/climÃticos e de assistÃncia à saÃde associados à mortalidade relacionada Ãs DTNs em nÃvel municipal no Brasil, utilizando modelos de regressÃo linear multivariada e regressÃo espacial local (Eixo 7). No perÃodo de estudo, 12.491.280 Ãbitos foram registrados no Brasil. Foram identificadas 100.814 (0,81%) declaraÃÃes de Ãbitos em que pelo menos uma causa de morte relacionada Ãs DTNs foi mencionada. A doenÃa de Chagas foi a DTN mais mencionada (72.827; 72,0%), seguido pela esquistossomose (8.756; 8,7%) e hansenÃase (7.732; 7,6%). O coeficiente mÃdio padronizado de mortalidade foi de 5,67 Ãbitos/100.000 habitantes (intervalo de confianÃa de 95% [IC 95%]: 5,56-5,77). Os maiores coeficientes de mortalidade foram observados em pessoas do sexo masculino, com ≥70 anos de idade, raÃa/cor preta e residente na regiÃo Centro-Oeste. Os coeficientes de mortalidade apresentaram tendÃncia de declÃnio significativo em nÃvel nacional no perÃodo (variaÃÃo percentual anual [APC]: -2,1%; IC 95%: -2,8; -1,3), com diminuiÃÃo da mortalidade nas regiÃes Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, aumento na regiÃo Norte e estabilidade na regiÃo Nordeste. Foram identificados clusters de alto risco em todas as regiÃes brasileiras, destacando-se um cluster que abrange uma ampla Ãrea geogrÃfica na regiÃo central do Brasil. A anÃlise de regressÃo linear multivariada mostrou uma associaÃÃo global positiva entre a mortalidade relacionada Ãs DTNs e a taxa de urbanizaÃÃo, migraÃÃo, Ãndice de Gini, taxa de desemprego, saneamento inadequado, populaÃÃo de raÃa/cor preta, cobertura do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia e temperatura, enquanto houve uma relaÃÃo negativa com a renda domiciliar, densidade de mÃdicos, extrema pobreza, densidade domiciliar, umidade e precipitaÃÃo. Os resultados da RegressÃo Geograficamente Ponderada (GWR) indicaram variaÃÃes espaciais significativas em todas as associaÃÃes entre as variÃveis explicativas e a mortalidade por DTNs ao longo de todo o paÃs, em que cada fator ecolÃgico teve efeito diferente sobre a mortalidade em diferentes regiÃes brasileiras. As DTNs continuam sendo importantes causas de morte prevenÃveis e um problema de saÃde pÃblica no Brasil. A sobreposiÃÃo geogrÃfica e as Ãreas de alto risco para Ãbitos relacionados Ãs DTNs chamam atenÃÃo para implementaÃÃo de medidas integradas de controle nas Ãreas com maior morbidade e mortalidade. A distribuiÃÃo espacial da mortalidade relacionada Ãs DTNs nos municÃpios brasileiros està correlacionada com indicadores socioeconÃmicos, demogrÃficos e ambientais/climÃticos, com variaÃÃes geogrÃficas significativas. EstratÃgias locais abrangentes e medidas de prevenÃÃo e controle para DTNs devem ser formuladas de acordo com essas caracterÃsticas nas regiÃes endÃmicas brasileiras. / Brazil accounts for most of the disease burden related to Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Latin America. We analyzed temporal trends, spatiotemporal patterns and associated factors to NTD-related mortality in Brazil. We performed a series of ecological studies based on secondary mortality data from the Mortality Information System. We included all NTD-related deaths recorded in Brazil from 2000 to 2011. The thesis is organized into seven Thematic Axes according to their methodological characteristics and diseases analyzed: Time trends and spatiotemporal patterns of mortality related to NTDsâ group (Axis 1) and specific NTDs with high mortality impact in Brazil (schistosomiasis, leprosy, neurocysticercosis, visceral leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS co-infection) (Axes 2 to 6); analysis of socioeconomic, demographic, environmental and health care ecological factors associated with the NTD-related mortality at municipal level in Brazil, using multivariate linear regression and local spatial regression models (Axis 7). During the study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil. We identified 100,814 (0.81%) death certificates in which at least one cause of death related to NTDs was mentioned. Chagas disease was the most commonly mentioned NTD (72,827; 72.0%), followed by schistosomiasis (8,756, 8.7%) and leprosy (7,732; 7.6%). The average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 5.67 deaths/100.000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.56-5.77). The highest mortality rates were observed in males, age group ≥70 years, black race/color and residents in the Central-West region. The mortality rates presented a significant decreasing trend at national level during the period (annual percentage change [APC]: -2.1%; 95% CI: -2.8; -1.3), with decreasing mortality in the Southeast, South and Central-West regions, increase in the North region and stability in the Northeast region. We identified high-risk clusters in all Brazilian regions, highlighting a major cluster covering a wide geographical area in central Brazil. The multivariate linear regression analysis indicated a global positive relationship between NTD-related mortality rates and urbanization, migration, Gini index, unemployment, inadequate sanitation, black population, Bolsa FamÃlia Program coverage and temperature, while there was a negative relationship with household income, density of physicians, extreme poverty, household density, humidity and precipitation. The results of the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models indicated significant spatial variations in all associations between the explanatory variables and NTD-related mortality throughout the country; each ecological factor had a different effect on mortality in the different regions. NTDs remain important causes of preventable death and a public health problem in Brazil. The geographical overlap and areas of high-risk for NTD-related deaths identified call attention to implementation of integrated measures of control in areas with higher morbidity and mortality. The spatial distribution of NTD-related mortality in Brazilian municipalities is correlated with socioeconomic, demographic and environmental/climate factors, with significant geographic variations. Comprehensive local strategies and control and prevention measures for NTDs should be planned according to these characteristics in Brazilian endemic regions.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho à apresentar o conceito de determinantes no nÃvel secundÃrio a fim de mostrar suas origens e algumas demonstraÃÃes que sÃo omitidas nos livros didÃticos. Desenvolvemos a ideia dos determinantes de ordem 2 auxiliados pelos sistemas lineares de duas equaÃÃes e duas variÃveis, associando matrizes quadradas e mostrando na sua resoluÃÃo o denominador comum que se apresenta no cÃlculo de cada variÃvel. Apresentamos a mesma ideia para os determinantes de ordem 3, associando a um sistema linear 3 por 3 para, em seguida demonstrar a regra de Sarrus e comparÃ-la com a definiÃÃo geral de determinantes dada por Laplace. No Ãltimo capÃtulo apresentamos a definiÃÃo de determinantes usando permutaÃÃes sobre linhas ou colunas com o intuito de facilitar as demonstraÃÃes de algumas propriedades importantes que simplificam o cÃlculo de determinantes de ordem superior a 3. Ainda neste capÃtulo finalizamos com exercÃcios resolvidos de algumas questÃes consideradas complexas cuja soluÃÃo fica bastante facilitada com o uso das propriedades. / The goal of this work is to present the concept of determinants in high-school level in order to show its origins and to formulate some demonstrations which are omitted in school books. The concept of second order determinants were developed using two equations and two variables linear systems, associating them to square matrices and exhibiting the common denominator which results from the calculation of each variable. The same idea was applied to develop third order determinants, this time associating with a 3 equations in 3 variables linear system to, then, demonstrate the rule of Sarrus and compare it with the general definition for determinants introduced by Laplace. In the last chapter, itâs presented the definition of determinants using permutations in rows or columns in order to favor the demonstration of some important properties which simplify the calculation of determinants of order greater than 3. The chapter ends with the resolution of some complex questions whose calculation is much easier with the use of those properties.

nÃo hà / As necessidades de saÃde da populaÃÃo nÃo sÃo atendidas de forma satisfatÃria, delineando desafios de diversas ordens Ãs prÃticas de saÃde. A superaÃÃo deste cenÃrio implica conhecer as necessidades dos grupos sociais e criar instrumentos e estratÃgias para atendÃ-las, o que requer esforÃos das ciÃncias e prÃticas em saÃde coletiva. Esta pesquisa analisa necessidades de saÃde em periferias urbanas de uma cidade mÃdia do Nordeste brasileiro. Ancorado no mÃtodo dialÃtico, as necessidades foram analisadas em sua articulaÃÃo com a totalidade, buscando a explicitaÃÃo das mediaÃÃes e contradiÃÃes envolvidas. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores, observaÃÃes de campo, aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrio, alÃm de pesquisa documental. Evidenciaram-se cinco conjuntos de necessidades: necessidade de produtos e serviÃos biomÃdicos; necessidade de dinheiro para consumir produtos e serviÃos biomÃdicos; necessidade de alimentos saudÃveis; necessidade de hÃbitos saudÃveis; e necessidade de boas relaÃÃes interpessoais com os trabalhadores dos serviÃos de saÃde. Embora agrupadas, elas sÃo singulares aos modos de vida individuais e coletivos, tecidos numa trama que articula atores sociais, polÃticos, culturais, econÃmicos, cientÃficos e midiÃticos; e revelam contradiÃÃes em sua maioria desfavorÃveis à satisfaÃÃo das necessidades de saÃde e um processo de reproduÃÃo social fortemente direcionado para a acumulaÃÃo do capital. As necessidades de saÃde sÃo multidimensionais, assumem conteÃdos e formas diversificadas, conforme as especificidades de vida e saÃde dos sujeitos individuais e coletivos. Carecem, para sua apreensÃo, de mÃtodos inscritos em diferentes tradiÃÃes de pesquisa, sendo apenas parcialmente capturadas pelos indicadores epidemiolÃgicos tradicionalmente utilizados nos sistemas de saÃde. / The health needs of the population are not answered satisfactorily, outlining challenges of various orders to health practices. Overcoming this scenario implies knowing the needs of social groups and creating tools and strategies to meet them, which requires efforts of sciences and practices in public health.This research examines health needs in urban peripheries of a midsize city in Northeast Brazil. Anchored in the dialectical method, needs were analyzed in conjunction with their entirety, seeking clarification of mediations and contradictions involved.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents,besides field observations, questionnaires, as well as documentary research. They evidenced five sets of needs: need for biomedical products and services; need for money to consume biomedical products and services; need for healthy food; need for healthy habits; and need for good interpersonal relationships with employees of health services.Although grouped together, those needs are singular to the individual and collective lifestyles, woven into a web that articulates social, political, cultural, economic, scientific and media actors; and reveal contradictions that are mostly unfavorable to meet the health needs and a process of social reproduction that is strongly targeted to the accumulation of capital.Health needs are multidimensional,they assume diverse forms and contents, according to the specificities of life and health of individuals and groups. For their recognition, they require methodsenrolled in different research traditions, being only partially captured by the epidemiological indicators traditionally used in health systems.