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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem / Baccalaureate nurses and undergraduate students diagnostic reasoning

Rodrigues, Adriana da Silva 03 October 2012 (has links)
O conhecimento sobre o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem é importante para orientar decisões sobre a formação e educação permanente de enfermeiros. Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar o Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) para uso no Brasil, estimar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento adaptado, e analisar o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem segundo variáveis selecionadas. O DTI é um inventário de origem canadense, alicerçado na teoria da geração de hipóteses, desenvolvido para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico em dois domínios (grau de flexibilidade do pensamento e grau de estrutura de conhecimento na memória). O processo de adaptação do DTI resultou em uma versão brasileira que foi aplicada em uma amostra de 83 enfermeiros (28,9%); idade média de 29,7±,6,66 anos e 205 estudantes (71,1%); idade média de 24,7 ±5,61 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória dos 41 itens do DTI mostrou ajuste moderado do modelo (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) e consistência interna (alfa de Crombach) boa ou aceitável para o total dos itens (0,801), para o domínio de flexibilidade (0,635) e para o domínio de estrutura (0,742). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para o teste e reteste mostrou que o DTI apresenta boa reprodutibilidade (0,806; p=0,001). Não houve diferença de escores médios de flexibilidade entre os enfermeiros (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) e estudantes (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). Também não houve diferença de escores médios de estrutura do conhecimento entre os enfermeiros (4,3±0,59; IC 95% 4,1 4,4) e os estudantes (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742). Quanto às demais análises de associação entre o DTI e outras variáveis, houve significância estatística entre as seguintes: ter tido ensino sobre diagnóstico de enfermagem na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,001; estrutura p=0,009); ter tido ensino sobre raciocínio clínico na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,031; estrutura p>0,001); maior contato com diagnóstico de enfermagem por meio de leituras (estrutura p=0,001); por meio de pesquisa (estrutura p=0,001); por meio da prática clínica (estrutura p<0,001); autoavaliação de alta capacidade de raciocínio clínico (flexibilidade p= 0,003 e estrutura p< 0,001) e, para os enfermeiros, a prática diária que inclui o uso de diagnósticos de enfermagem (estrutura p<0,001). As análises realizadas permitem afirmar que o uso dos diagnósticos de enfermagem e seu ensino são importantes para o raciocínio diagnóstico na enfermagem, embora a versão brasileira do DTI ainda necessite de outros estudos para confirmar sua estrutura. / The knowledge about diagnostic reasoning of baccalaureate nurses and undergraduate students is important to the development of educational strategies. This studys objectives included to culturally adapt the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) for the Brazilian culture, analyze its psychometric properties, and describe the diagnostic rationale nurses and nursing students with selected variables. The DTI is a Canadian inventory based on the theory of hypothesis generation, created to measure the diagnostic ability. The inventory has two sub-sections (flexibility in thinking and evidence structure knowledge in memory). The DTIs translation process resulted in a Brazilian version applied to a sample of 83 nurses (28,9%); average age of 29,7 ± 6,6 years, and 205 students (71,1%); average age of 24,7 ± 5,61years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis concerning a moderate fit for the DTI model (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) and the internal consistence (Cronbachs alpha) showed a good internal consistency to total score (0,801), flexibility (0,635) and evidence (0,742). Persons coefficient of correlation showed that the DTI has good reproducibility over time (0.806; p=0,001). No have difference between nurses flexibility scores (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) and students scores (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). No have too difference between nurses evidence structure scores (4,3±0,59; IC 95%, 4,1 4,4) and students scores (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742).The variables applied together with the DTI presented significant differences: nursing diagnosis in graduate course (flexibility p=0,001; evidence structure p=0,009); clinical reasoning in graduate course (flexibility p=0,031; evidence structure p>0,001); nursing diagnosis with read and research (evidence structure p=0,001); nursing diagnosis with clinical practice (evidence structure p<0,001); self-evaluation of clinical reasoning ability (flexibility p= 0,003; evidence structure p< 0,001) and for only nurses, the diary clinical practice with use of nursing diagnosis (evidence structure p<0,001).The analysis results lead to the conclusion that to use and to teach about nursing diagnosis is very important to diagnostic reasoning in nursing, although other studies are needed to confirm or adjust the Brazilian version of the DTI.
2

Étude expérimentale des stratégies de raisonnement causal dans l’estimation de la probabilité diagnostique : stratégie abductive versus stratégie par déduction rétractable / Experimental study of causal reasoning strategies in the estimate of diagnostic probability : abductive strategy versus defeasible deduction strategy

Stilgenbauer, Jean-Louis 09 December 2016 (has links)
Le premier objectif de cette thèse consistait à tester l’existence de stratégies de raisonnements dans l’estimation de la probabilité diagnostique : P(cause|effet). A travers quatre expériences, nous montrons que l’estimation de cette probabilitépeut se réaliser selon deux voies formellement distinctes. La première consiste à évaluer P(cause|effet) à travers une forme de déduction affaiblie fondée sur un Modus Ponens rétractable (EFFET ; si EFFET alors il est probable que CAUSE ) il est probable que CAUSE). La seconde stratégie consiste à estimer la probabilité diagnostique à travers un raisonnement abductif qui correspond au schéma d’Affirmation du Conséquent probabilisé (EFFET ; si CAUSE alors il est probable que EFFET ) il est probable que CAUSE). Nous montrons que le choix de la stratégie est dépendant de la probabilité prédictive P(effet|cause) empirique présente dans les données. Quand cette probabilité est faible, les participants marquent une préférence pour la stratégie de type déduction rétractable, en revanche cette stratégie est fortement concurrencée par la stratégie abductive quand P(effet|cause) est haute. Le second objectif de cette recherche consistait à vérifier si les estimations des individus sous stratégie abductive d’une part, et sous stratégie d’estimation par Modus Ponens rétractable d’autre part, reflétaient fidèlement la probabilité diagnostique empirique. Les résultats d’une cinquième expérience infirment cette hypothèse. Quelle que soit la stratégie suivie, la probabilité diagnostique est systématiquement sous-estimée par les individus. Nos résultats indiquent toutefois que la stratégie par déduction rétractable permet d’aboutir à des estimations plus proches de la probabilité empirique. / The first goal of this thesis was to test the existence of reasoning strategies in the diagnostic probability estimate : P(cause|effect). Using four experiments, we show that the estimation of this probability can be achieved according to two formally distinct ways. The first consists in assessing P(cause|effect) through a weakened form of deduction based on a retractable Modus Ponens (EFFECT; if EFFECT then it is likely that CAUSE ) it is likely that CAUSE). The second strategy consists in estimating the diagnostic probability through abductive reasoning corresponding to the Affirmation of the Consequent probability scheme (EFFECT ; if CAUSE then it is likely that EFFECT ) it is likely that CAUSE). We show that the choice of strategy is dependent on the empirical predictive probability P(effect|cause) in the data. When this probability is low,participants show a preference for the retractable deduction strategy; On the other hand this strategy is strongly challenged by the abductive strategy when P(effect|cause) is high. The second objective of this research was to verify whether the estimates of people under abductive strategy on the one hand, and under defeasible Modus Ponens strategy on the other hand, accurately reflected the empirical diagnostic probability. The results of a fifth experiment invalidate this hypothesis. Regardless of the strategy followed, the diagnostic probability is systematically underestimated by people. Our results indicate, however, that the retractable deduction strategy provides estimates which come closer to the empirical probability
3

Raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem / Baccalaureate nurses and undergraduate students diagnostic reasoning

Adriana da Silva Rodrigues 03 October 2012 (has links)
O conhecimento sobre o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem é importante para orientar decisões sobre a formação e educação permanente de enfermeiros. Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar o Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) para uso no Brasil, estimar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento adaptado, e analisar o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem segundo variáveis selecionadas. O DTI é um inventário de origem canadense, alicerçado na teoria da geração de hipóteses, desenvolvido para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico em dois domínios (grau de flexibilidade do pensamento e grau de estrutura de conhecimento na memória). O processo de adaptação do DTI resultou em uma versão brasileira que foi aplicada em uma amostra de 83 enfermeiros (28,9%); idade média de 29,7±,6,66 anos e 205 estudantes (71,1%); idade média de 24,7 ±5,61 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória dos 41 itens do DTI mostrou ajuste moderado do modelo (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) e consistência interna (alfa de Crombach) boa ou aceitável para o total dos itens (0,801), para o domínio de flexibilidade (0,635) e para o domínio de estrutura (0,742). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para o teste e reteste mostrou que o DTI apresenta boa reprodutibilidade (0,806; p=0,001). Não houve diferença de escores médios de flexibilidade entre os enfermeiros (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) e estudantes (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). Também não houve diferença de escores médios de estrutura do conhecimento entre os enfermeiros (4,3±0,59; IC 95% 4,1 4,4) e os estudantes (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742). Quanto às demais análises de associação entre o DTI e outras variáveis, houve significância estatística entre as seguintes: ter tido ensino sobre diagnóstico de enfermagem na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,001; estrutura p=0,009); ter tido ensino sobre raciocínio clínico na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,031; estrutura p>0,001); maior contato com diagnóstico de enfermagem por meio de leituras (estrutura p=0,001); por meio de pesquisa (estrutura p=0,001); por meio da prática clínica (estrutura p<0,001); autoavaliação de alta capacidade de raciocínio clínico (flexibilidade p= 0,003 e estrutura p< 0,001) e, para os enfermeiros, a prática diária que inclui o uso de diagnósticos de enfermagem (estrutura p<0,001). As análises realizadas permitem afirmar que o uso dos diagnósticos de enfermagem e seu ensino são importantes para o raciocínio diagnóstico na enfermagem, embora a versão brasileira do DTI ainda necessite de outros estudos para confirmar sua estrutura. / The knowledge about diagnostic reasoning of baccalaureate nurses and undergraduate students is important to the development of educational strategies. This studys objectives included to culturally adapt the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) for the Brazilian culture, analyze its psychometric properties, and describe the diagnostic rationale nurses and nursing students with selected variables. The DTI is a Canadian inventory based on the theory of hypothesis generation, created to measure the diagnostic ability. The inventory has two sub-sections (flexibility in thinking and evidence structure knowledge in memory). The DTIs translation process resulted in a Brazilian version applied to a sample of 83 nurses (28,9%); average age of 29,7 ± 6,6 years, and 205 students (71,1%); average age of 24,7 ± 5,61years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis concerning a moderate fit for the DTI model (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) and the internal consistence (Cronbachs alpha) showed a good internal consistency to total score (0,801), flexibility (0,635) and evidence (0,742). Persons coefficient of correlation showed that the DTI has good reproducibility over time (0.806; p=0,001). No have difference between nurses flexibility scores (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) and students scores (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). No have too difference between nurses evidence structure scores (4,3±0,59; IC 95%, 4,1 4,4) and students scores (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742).The variables applied together with the DTI presented significant differences: nursing diagnosis in graduate course (flexibility p=0,001; evidence structure p=0,009); clinical reasoning in graduate course (flexibility p=0,031; evidence structure p>0,001); nursing diagnosis with read and research (evidence structure p=0,001); nursing diagnosis with clinical practice (evidence structure p<0,001); self-evaluation of clinical reasoning ability (flexibility p= 0,003; evidence structure p< 0,001) and for only nurses, the diary clinical practice with use of nursing diagnosis (evidence structure p<0,001).The analysis results lead to the conclusion that to use and to teach about nursing diagnosis is very important to diagnostic reasoning in nursing, although other studies are needed to confirm or adjust the Brazilian version of the DTI.
4

Daily living and coping strategies in insulin-dependent diabetics : diagnostic reasoning in nursing

Lundman, Berit January 1990 (has links)
Within a defined geographical area, all patients, 192 in total, with insulin- dependent diabetes of at least 2 years' duration and free from long-term diabetic complications were identified. Their experiences of the influence of the disease on daily living, tedium, and smoking habits were evaluated using a questionnaire and related to metabolic control. A case-referent study concerning smoking habits among 25 patients with good, and 25 with poor metabolic control was performed. The influence of mentruation on metabolic control was studied among 20 diabetic women and 20 healthy controls. Coping strategies and their outcomes were studied among 20 patients, using the interview technique. Among those with unsatifactory metabolic and/or emotional outcomes, plans for nursing intervention were agreed on, using diagnostic reasoning. Only a minority of the patients reported that the disease caused them considerable problems in their daily lives. The greatest problems occurred in connection with regularity in daily life, diet management, and exercise. Patients with good metabolic control (HbAic&lt;6.7) had a higher number of hypo-glycemic cornata (7 vs 1, p&lt;0.001). Patients with poor metabolic control (HbAic&gt;9.0) reported more often that they were smokers (pcO.Ol) and the women fertile aged in this group more often reported problems with metabolic control during menstruation (p&lt;0.05). Twenty-nine (18%) were defined as suffering from tedium. There was a higher proportion (NS) of high tedium scores among patients in both good and poor metabolic control groups than in those with intermediate metabolic control. Sixty (31%) of the patients were smokers, prevalence of smoking increased significantly with increasing HbAic- levels (17.5% among patients with the best metabolic control, 47.5% among those with the worst metabolic control). In the case referent study exposure to smoking was found to be significantly more common among those with poor control (odds ratio 6.0). No systematic change in metabolic control during the menstrual cycle could be found. Problem-solving coping strategy based on the monitoring of blood glucose in combination with sensitivity to signs of actual blood glucose level and logical reasoning, was found to have the best coping outcome, both regarding metabolic control and well-being. The results are summarized in a model for diagnostic reasoning in nursing. / <p>S. 1-46: sammanfattning, s. 47-117: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu
5

Julgamento clínico e raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem em simulação clínica de alta-fidelidade / Clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking of nursing students in high fidelity clinical simulations

Nunes, Janaina Gomes Perbone 16 February 2016 (has links)
O ensino dos processos de julgamento clínico e de raciocínio diagnóstico para estudantes de enfermagem torna-se cada vez mais importante para a qualificação dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem e alcance do compromisso com a formação clínica por excelência do enfermeiro, em uma realidade de saúde cada vez mais complexa. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar o julgamento clínico e o raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem, correlacionar estes dois processos e identificar diferenças entre estudantes da fase intermediária e os concluintes do curso, de uma Escola do interior paulista. Para avaliar o julgamento clínico, construímos um cenário de simulação clínica de alta-fidelidade, representando uma paciente com anemia falciforme em crise de dor e, ainda, traduzimos e adaptamos à cultura brasileira o instrumento Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LASATER, 2007); para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico, utilizamos o instrumento já adaptado por Rodrigues (2012) denominado de Inventário de Raciocínio Diagnóstico (BORDAGE; GRANT; MARSDEN, 1990). Os resultados demonstraram que os estudantes de enfermagem apresentaram, predominantemente, nível Proficiente na maioria das dimensões de julgamento clínico (66,7% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte e 56,5% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário). Já para o raciocínio diagnóstico, a maioria dos estudantes foi considerada com ampla habilidade para realizar diagnósticos de enfermagem (91,3% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário e 83,4% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte). Destaca-se que dos concluintes 11,1% apresentaram habilidade máxima. Os estudantes do último ano de graduação em enfermagem apresentaram desempenho superior na fase de interpretação do julgamento clínico (p=0,021). Não se observou diferença entre os grupos para o raciocínio diagnóstico (p=0,334). Houve moderada correlação entre julgamento clínico e raciocínio diagnóstico; e ainda, a fase de reconhecimento do julgamento clínico apresentou-se moderadamente correlacionada ao processo de raciocínio diagnóstico. Considerando que o raciocínio diagnóstico está presente no processo de julgamento clínico, principalmente no momento da investigação do caso clínico (fase Reconhecimento do julgamento clínico) e que as habilidades de raciocinio diagnóstico se manifestam predominantemente nesta fase, a compreensão e o desenvolvimento destes processos pelos estudantes devem ser valorizados nos currículos de graduação em enfermagem / In the increasingly more complex reality of the health field, teaching clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking to nursing students has become more relevant to the qualification of undergraduate nursing programs and the commitment to excellence in nursing clinical training. The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking skills of nursing students, find correlations between these processes and identify differences between mid-course and graduating students at a nursing school in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical judgment was assessed through a high-fidelity clinical simulation, representing a patient with sickle-cell disease in acute pain, and with the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LASATER, 2007), translated and adapted by us to the Brazilian reality. To assess diagnostic thinking, we used the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (BORDAGE; GRANT; MARSDEN, 1990), which was already adapted to Brazil by Rodrigues (2012). The results showed that most of the nursing students displayed, predominantly, Accomplished competency levels in most of the dimensions of clinical judgment (66.7% of the graduating students and 56.5% of mid-course students). Regarding diagnostic reasoning, most students displayed broad nursing diagnostic abilities (91.3% of the mid-course students and 83.4% of graduating students). It is noteworthy that, among graduating students, 11.1% presented maximum ability levels. Students taking the last year of the nursing course presented a higher performance in the phase of clinical judgment interpretation (p=0.021). No difference was observed between the groups as for diagnostic thinking (p=0.334). There was a moderate correlation between clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking; furthermore, there was a moderate correlation between the phase of clinical recognition and the diagnostic thinking process. Considering that diagnostic thinking skills are present in the process of clinical judgment, mainly in the investigation of clinical cases (the Recognition phase of clinical judgment), and that diagnostic thinking skills manifest predominantly in this phase, the understanding and development of these processes by students must be valued in the curricular programs of undergraduate nursing courses
6

Julgamento clínico e raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem em simulação clínica de alta-fidelidade / Clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking of nursing students in high fidelity clinical simulations

Janaina Gomes Perbone Nunes 16 February 2016 (has links)
O ensino dos processos de julgamento clínico e de raciocínio diagnóstico para estudantes de enfermagem torna-se cada vez mais importante para a qualificação dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem e alcance do compromisso com a formação clínica por excelência do enfermeiro, em uma realidade de saúde cada vez mais complexa. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar o julgamento clínico e o raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem, correlacionar estes dois processos e identificar diferenças entre estudantes da fase intermediária e os concluintes do curso, de uma Escola do interior paulista. Para avaliar o julgamento clínico, construímos um cenário de simulação clínica de alta-fidelidade, representando uma paciente com anemia falciforme em crise de dor e, ainda, traduzimos e adaptamos à cultura brasileira o instrumento Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LASATER, 2007); para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico, utilizamos o instrumento já adaptado por Rodrigues (2012) denominado de Inventário de Raciocínio Diagnóstico (BORDAGE; GRANT; MARSDEN, 1990). Os resultados demonstraram que os estudantes de enfermagem apresentaram, predominantemente, nível Proficiente na maioria das dimensões de julgamento clínico (66,7% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte e 56,5% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário). Já para o raciocínio diagnóstico, a maioria dos estudantes foi considerada com ampla habilidade para realizar diagnósticos de enfermagem (91,3% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário e 83,4% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte). Destaca-se que dos concluintes 11,1% apresentaram habilidade máxima. Os estudantes do último ano de graduação em enfermagem apresentaram desempenho superior na fase de interpretação do julgamento clínico (p=0,021). Não se observou diferença entre os grupos para o raciocínio diagnóstico (p=0,334). Houve moderada correlação entre julgamento clínico e raciocínio diagnóstico; e ainda, a fase de reconhecimento do julgamento clínico apresentou-se moderadamente correlacionada ao processo de raciocínio diagnóstico. Considerando que o raciocínio diagnóstico está presente no processo de julgamento clínico, principalmente no momento da investigação do caso clínico (fase Reconhecimento do julgamento clínico) e que as habilidades de raciocinio diagnóstico se manifestam predominantemente nesta fase, a compreensão e o desenvolvimento destes processos pelos estudantes devem ser valorizados nos currículos de graduação em enfermagem / In the increasingly more complex reality of the health field, teaching clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking to nursing students has become more relevant to the qualification of undergraduate nursing programs and the commitment to excellence in nursing clinical training. The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking skills of nursing students, find correlations between these processes and identify differences between mid-course and graduating students at a nursing school in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical judgment was assessed through a high-fidelity clinical simulation, representing a patient with sickle-cell disease in acute pain, and with the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LASATER, 2007), translated and adapted by us to the Brazilian reality. To assess diagnostic thinking, we used the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (BORDAGE; GRANT; MARSDEN, 1990), which was already adapted to Brazil by Rodrigues (2012). The results showed that most of the nursing students displayed, predominantly, Accomplished competency levels in most of the dimensions of clinical judgment (66.7% of the graduating students and 56.5% of mid-course students). Regarding diagnostic reasoning, most students displayed broad nursing diagnostic abilities (91.3% of the mid-course students and 83.4% of graduating students). It is noteworthy that, among graduating students, 11.1% presented maximum ability levels. Students taking the last year of the nursing course presented a higher performance in the phase of clinical judgment interpretation (p=0.021). No difference was observed between the groups as for diagnostic thinking (p=0.334). There was a moderate correlation between clinical judgment and diagnostic thinking; furthermore, there was a moderate correlation between the phase of clinical recognition and the diagnostic thinking process. Considering that diagnostic thinking skills are present in the process of clinical judgment, mainly in the investigation of clinical cases (the Recognition phase of clinical judgment), and that diagnostic thinking skills manifest predominantly in this phase, the understanding and development of these processes by students must be valued in the curricular programs of undergraduate nursing courses
7

Diagnostisches Schließen bei Widersprüchen

Bocklisch, Franziska 30 November 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem diagnostischen Schließen bei Widersprüchen. Diagnostisches Schließen wird in Anlehnung an Johnson und Krems (2001) als sequentieller Verstehensprozess aufgefasst, bei dem ein Situationsmodell aufgebaut wird, dass die Problemlösung enthält. Es wurde eine Experimentalaufgabe aus dem Bereich der medizinischen Diagnostik konstruiert, bei der sequentiell Krankheitssymptome präsentiert wurden. Die studentischen Versuchspersonen sollten auf mögliche Ursachen schließen und eine Diagnose stellen. Erfasst wurden die Häufigkeit richtiger Lösungen sowie Ratingwerte einer Plausibilitätseinschätzung über den gesamten Schlussfolgerungsprozess hinweg. Neben widerspruchsfreien Versuchsdurchgängen wurden zwei Arten von Widersprüchen erzeugt. Zum einen Widersprüche, in denen ein Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen Klassen von Hypothesen notwendig ist, und zum anderen Widersprüche, bei denen zwischen Einzelhypothesen der gleichen Hypothesenklasse gewechselt werden soll. Erwartet wurde, dass Widersprüche schwerer zu lösen sein sollten als widerspruchsfreie Durchgänge und dass sich der Prozess des Schließens je nach Widerspruchsart unterschiedlich gestaltet. Im Vergleich der Durchgänge ließen sich die Hypothesen bestätigen. Bezüglich der beiden Widerspruchsarten wurde davon ausgegangen, dass ein Wechsel zwischen Hypothesenklassen schwieriger sein sollte, als wenn Einzelhypothesen innerhalb der gleichen Klasse geändert werden müssen. Dies konnte in der experimentellen Untersuchung nicht bestätigt werden, sondern hat sich eher gegenteilig gezeigt. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens der Fuzzy Pattern Klassifikation, dass insbesondere die Unsicherheit und Unschärfe von Daten berücksichtigt, wurden die Ratings ausgewertet. Die Modellierung des Schlussfolgerungsprozesses speziell für die Fälle von Widersprüchen verdeutlicht die Ergebnisse.
8

Diagnostisches Schließen bei Widersprüchen:

Bocklisch, Franziska 28 August 2006 (has links)
Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem diagnostischen Schließen bei Widersprüchen. Diagnostisches Schließen wird in Anlehnung an Johnson und Krems (2001) als sequentieller Verstehensprozess aufgefasst, bei dem ein Situationsmodell aufgebaut wird, dass die Problemlösung enthält. Es wurde eine Experimentalaufgabe aus dem Bereich der medizinischen Diagnostik konstruiert, bei der sequentiell Krankheitssymptome präsentiert wurden. Die studentischen Versuchspersonen sollten auf mögliche Ursachen schließen und eine Diagnose stellen. Erfasst wurden die Häufigkeit richtiger Lösungen sowie Ratingwerte einer Plausibilitätseinschätzung über den gesamten Schlussfolgerungsprozess hinweg. Neben widerspruchsfreien Versuchsdurchgängen wurden zwei Arten von Widersprüchen erzeugt. Zum einen Widersprüche, in denen ein Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen Klassen von Hypothesen notwendig ist, und zum anderen Widersprüche, bei denen zwischen Einzelhypothesen der gleichen Hypothesenklasse gewechselt werden soll. Erwartet wurde, dass Widersprüche schwerer zu lösen sein sollten als widerspruchsfreie Durchgänge und dass sich der Prozess des Schließens je nach Widerspruchsart unterschiedlich gestaltet. Im Vergleich der Durchgänge ließen sich die Hypothesen bestätigen. Bezüglich der beiden Widerspruchsarten wurde davon ausgegangen, dass ein Wechsel zwischen Hypothesenklassen schwieriger sein sollte, als wenn Einzelhypothesen innerhalb der gleichen Klasse geändert werden müssen. Dies konnte in der experimentellen Untersuchung nicht bestätigt werden, sondern hat sich eher gegenteilig gezeigt. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens der Fuzzy Pattern Klassifikation, dass insbesondere die Unsicherheit und Unschärfe von Daten berücksichtigt, wurden die Ratings ausgewertet. Die Modellierung des Schlussfolgerungsprozesses speziell für die Fälle von Widersprüchen verdeutlicht die Ergebnisse.

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