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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Propriedades físico-químicas da lectina KM+ monitoradas por dicroismo circular (CD) e fluorescência. Estimativa do conteúdo de estrutura secundaria por CD / Physico-chemical properties of lectin KM+ monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence. Estimative of secondary structure content by CD

Lucca, Rosemeire Aparecida da Silva de 01 July 1994 (has links)
Uma nova lectina extraída da semente de Artocarpus integrifólia, denominada KM+ foi recentemente descrita. KM+ e haptotática para neutrófilos, promove a aglutinação de hemácias dos grupos A, B, 0, estimula a proliferação de linfócitos do baço de camundongos e liga-se em &#945 D-manose, &#945 metil manosidio e &#945 D-glicose. Esta lectina é composta por quatro monômeros, com peso molecular de 13.150 daltons cada, unidos por interações não covalentes. KM+ contem 1,8% de carboidratos e apresentou quatro isoformas com pontos isoelétricos entre 4,2 e 5,2. Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar modificações estruturais de KM+ em função de parâmetros como temperatura, força iônica, pH, agentes desnaturantes, ligação com D-manose, monitoradas por dicroísmo circular (CD) e fluorescência. CD também foi utilizado para estimar o conteúdo de estrutura secundaria de KM+, utilizando-se dois programas descritos na literatura: SSE (Secondary Structure Estimation), que utiliza o método dos mínimos quadrados para a estimativa da estrutura secundaria e obtenção dos espectros básicos, baseados nos dados cristalográficos de proteínas de .estrutura resolvida; CCA (Convex Constraint Analisys) que utiliza o algoritmo simplex e a partir dos espectros de CD das proteínas de referencia calcula os espectros das componentes básicas. Para a estimativa das frações de estrutura secundária o segundo método utiliza o programa Lincomb. Os espectros de CD foram registrados no intervalo de 185 a 260 nm. O conteúdo em estrutura secundária, estimado pelo programa SSE foi: 0% de &#945-hélice, 41% de folha &#946, 27% de volta &#946 e 32,3 de estrutura desordenada; pelo programa CCA foi: 1% de &#945-hélice, 35% de folha &#946 anti-paralela, 21% de volta &#946 e/ou folha &#946 paralela, 15% de contribuições de aromáticos e/ou ligações dissulfeto, 28% de estrutura desordenada. Os desvios médios quadráticos para os programas SSE e CCA foram 12% e 1%, respectivamente. Portanto a lectina KM+ é principalmente constituída por estruturas tipo folha &#946 e tipo desordenada. A curva calculada pelo programa CCA foi mais bem estimada, pois tem o desvio médio quadrático 12 vezes menor que o do programa SSE. Este resultado, provavelmente ocorre devido aos seguintes fatores: (i) no programa CCA, o espectro da proteína a ser analisada e alinhado com os espectros das proteínas de referência, influenciando no calculo dos espectros básicos; (ii) maior número de proteínas com estrutura &#946 no grupo de referência do programa CCA. A estabilidade de KM+ em função da temperatura tem comportamento diferente em tampão sódio fosfato (PBS) daquele observado em água. Em PBS, quando a amostra esta a 70&#176C, a forma do espectro de CD mostrou-se consistente com um espectro de proteína desnaturada. Comumente, um espectro de proteína desnaturada caracteriza-se pela perda da estrutura secundaria predominante e aumento da estrutura desordenada. Em água, também a 70&#176C, na região da estrutura &#946 (216 nm) surge uma nova banda e na região da estrutura desordenada (195 nm) aparece uma banda com valores positivos mimetizando um espectro da estrutura &#945-hélice. Esta diferença de comportamento pode ser devida à força iônica. A desorganização promovida na molécula de KM+ por cloreto de guanidina foi típica de desnaturação. o máximo da emissão de fluorescência, da KM+ em PBS pH 7,2, foi a 328 nm, característico de resíduos de triptofano protegidos do solvente. Este máximo mudou para 340 nm em pH 10,5. Este resultado indica mudanças no ambiente químico do triptofano neste pH. O deslocamento para a região do vermelho indica, que em pH. os resíduos de triptofano estio em maior contato com o solvente. O número de sitios ligantes de D-manose J)a molécula de KM+, foi estimado pela supressão da fluorescência promovida pelo D-manose. Esta estimativa foi baseada na suposição de que todos os sítios ligantes de D-manose estivessem próximos aos resíduos de triptofano. A relação encontrada foi de 2 moles de D-manose/mol de KM+ / Recently a new lectin, KM+, isolated from Artocarpus integrifolia seeds was described. KM+ induces neutrophil migration, agglutination of human red blood cells, proliferation of mouse spleen cells and binding with monosacharides D-mannose, D-glicose and &#945-metil mannoside. This glycoprotein is composed of four monomers, assembled by non covalent bonds, has 500 aminoacids residues/mol, with a Molecular Weight of 52,000 Daltons and 1.8% of carbohydrates [27]. In this work structural changes of KM+ was studied as a function of temperature, pH, chemical denaturing agents as well as the binding with D-mannose. These changes were monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorimetry. Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used for the analysis of the secondary structure of KM+ in solution due do its capacity to indicate the presence and to estimate the proportion of &#945-helix, &#946-sheet, &#946-turn and unordered conformations. This measurent can be regarded as a function of the relative orientation of the chromophores responsible for their chiroptical activity. CD spectroscopy is also one of the methods of choice for monitorization of conformational changes in proteins as a function of solvents, pH, temperature, ionic strength and specific or non specific binding. Two programs which are in use for estimation of secondary structure: SSE, using the linear least squares method and CCA, using the simplex method, were evaluated in the present work. SSE uses a set of proteins with known X-ray data as the basis for evaluation while CCA uses only pure proteins experimental CD spectra. Fluorescence spectroscopy is very useful to monitore of protein conformational changes in solution due to the presence of intrinsic fluorophores. Fluorescence Measurements were performed at 25&#176C. Samples were excited at 280 nm and the emission was monitored in the range 290-450 nm. The maximum emission as a function of pH was at pH 7.0. The wavelength for maximum emission changed from 328 nm at pH 7.0 to 340 nm at pH 10.5. CD spectra were recorded over the range of 185 up to 260 nm. The Secondary structure content estimated by SSE program was: 0% &#945-helix, 41% &#946-sheet, 26% &#946-turn and 32% random with RMS of 12% and CCA program was: 1% &#945-helix, 35% antiparallel &#946-sheet, 21% &#946-turn and/or parallel B-sheet, 28% random, 15% aromatics contributions and dissulfide linkages with RMS of 1%. The fractions of secondary structure obtained when using CCA program were more consistent than those of SSE program. The simulation by CCA program was better probably due to its desconvolution of the spectral contribution of the common secondary structures using experimental CD curves of proteins. The stability of KM+, in PBS, as a function of temperature changes above 55&#176C but only at 70&#176C the shape of the CD spectrum is consistent with the loss of the native ordered secondary structure that should accompany protein unfolding. CD spectra of KM+ in water showed conformational changes as a function of temperature was not consistent with denaturated proteins. The unfolding of KM+ by GdnCl and SDS resulted in CD spectroscopic changes: consistent with the increased random structure and disappearance of beta sheet. Using the two denaturing agents together GdnCl and temperature, the denaturation was observed at lower decreased both GdnCl concentration and at lower temperature. The estimation of the number of binding sites for D-mannose was obtained through the fluorescence intensity decrease due to a quenching effect of D-mannose and showed that the stoichiometry of binding was 2 moles of D-mannoseimol of lectin
182

Metalofármacos de rutênio: síntese, caracterização, atividade frente à linhagem celular K562 e estudos de interação com albumina de soro humano (HSA) / Ruthenium metallodrugs of diclofenac, sulindac and meloxicam: synthesis, characterization, activity against K562 cell line and interaction with human serum albumin (HSA)

Renata Rolim Prudente dos Santos 05 May 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho trata do estudo de complexos de rutênio contendo antiinflamatórios não-esteróides, com o objetivo de contribuir para ampliar as pesquisas na área de potenciais metalofármacos antitumorais. A partir de reações do precursor dimetálico [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl] com os fármacos carboxílicos sulindaco (HSulin) e diclofenaco de sódio (NaDiclofen) foram isolados, respectivamente, os correspondentes complexos [Ru2(Sulin)4Cl] e [Ru2(Diclofen)4Cl]. A reação entre o monômero [RuCl2(dmso)4] e o meloxicam (H2Melox) deu origem ao derivado misto [Ru(dmso)2(HMelox)2]. Os compostos foram caracterizados por meio de análise elementar, medidas de condutância molar, medidas de susceptibilidade magnética, espectroscopia de absorção eletrônica UV-VIS-IR, espectroscopia vibracional FTIR e Raman, e estudos de análise térmica (TG/DSC/MS). As interações da albumina de soro humana HSA, importante proteína do plasma, com os complexos obtidos, com o análogo [Ru2(IBP)4Cl] (HIBP = ibuprofeno) e também com os fármacos orgânicos não-complexados foram investigadas empregando-se dicroísmo circular, SDS-Page e fluorescência. A atividade antitumoral dos metalofármacos foi avaliada, através de ensaios com MTT, com base nos seus efeitos citotóxicos para a linhagem celular de leucemia humana K562. / This work describes the study of ruthenium complexes containing non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs with the aim of helping to expand the research in the field of potential anticancer metallodrugs. Reactions of the [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl] dimetal complex with sulindac (HSulin) and sodium diclofenac (NaDiclofen) carboxylic drugs gave the correspondent complexes [Ru2(Sulin)4Cl] and [Ru2(Diclofen)4Cl], respectively. The reaction between the [RuCl2(dmso)4] monomer and the meloxicam drug (H2Melox) led to the mixed derivative [Ru(dmso)2(HMelox)2]. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility, UV-VIS-IR electronic absorption spectroscopy, Raman and FTIR vibrational spectroscopies and by studies of thermal analysis (TG / DSC / MS). The interactions of human serum albumin (HSA), the major plasma protein, with the obtained complexes, the analogous [Ru2(IBP)4Cl] (= HIBP ibuprofen) and also with the noncoordinated organic drugs have been investigated by circular dichroism, SDS-Page and fluorescence. The antitumor activity of the metallodrugs has been evaluated by MTT assays, on the basis of their cytotoxic effects on K562 human leukemia cell line.
183

Clonagem, expressão e caracterização de proteinas recombinantes de Xylella fastidiosa / Cloning, expression and characterization of Xylella fastidiosa proteins

Celia Sulzbacher Caruso 23 March 2007 (has links)
A bactéria Xylella fastidiosa (X. fastidiosa) é um patógeno de planta que causa a clorose variegada dos citros, também conhecida como amarelinho. Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria limitada ao xilema, sendo transmitida de planta a planta através de insetos vetores. Através da determinação experimental da seqüência primária de algumas proteínas marcadamente expressas pela X. fastidiosa e a comparação destas com seqüências de ácidos nucléicos do genoma identificou entre elas três ORFs codificadoras de proteínas que podem estar relacionadas à patogenicidade desta bactéria no seu hospedeiro. No entanto, a função biológica destas proteínas ainda não foi funcionalmente caracterizada. Para investigar o papel biológico e realizar estudos de estrutura e função, as ORFs correspondentes as proteínas hidroxinitrila liase, corismato sintase e proteína D do sistema de transporte e secreção Tat foram clonadas, seqüenciadas e expressas em Escherichia coli. As proteínas recombinantes expressas foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade e suas identidades verificadas por seqüenciamento. As proteínas purificadas foram encontradas como uma única banda em SDS-PAGE. As proteínas recombinantes, pela primeira vez isoladas, foram caracterizadas em termos de estabilidade conformacional e comportamento estrutural frente a mudanças de pH e temperatura utilizando-se as espectroscopias de dicroísmo circular e fluorescência. O sucesso na construção do gene sintético e na clonagem em vetores de expressão de E. coli resultou em quantidade satisfatória de expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Duas delas apresentaram-se na formas solúveis, facilmente purificadas e ativas e permitindo suas caracterizações. / Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis, also known as \"amarelinho\". Xylella fastidiosa inhabits exclusively the xylem vessels, and is transmitted by sharpshooter vectors. The experimental determination of the primary sequence of some markedly expressed proteins for X. fastidiosa and the comparison with the nucleic acids sequence of its genome aided the identification of three of them as being proteins involved in host pathogenicity. However, the biological role of these proteins should be assigned experimentally. In order to investigate the biological role, function and structure, ORFs corresponding to hydroxynitrile liase, chorismate synthase and type V secretory pathway proteins were cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed recombinant proteins were purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ni-NTA resin) and their identities were verified by protein sequencing. The purified proteins were found as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The successful cloning and heterologous expression of recombinant HNL in E. coli resulted in a satisfactory amount of expressed protein. Two of the expressed recombinant proteins were soluble, easily purified, and isolated in an active form. X. fastidiosa recombinant proteins, for the first time isolated, were characterized according to enzyme conformational stability and structural behavior as a function of pH and temperature using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy.
184

Purificação da xilanase de Thermomyces lanuginosus e suas propriedades estruturais e catalíticas / Purification of xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus and its structural and catalytic properties

Torre, Carla Lieko Della 07 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-30T18:51:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla Lieko Della Torre.pdf: 1852525 bytes, checksum: db416b0a6fe4435a764893198350dbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla Lieko Della Torre.pdf: 1852525 bytes, checksum: db416b0a6fe4435a764893198350dbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Enzymes of the xylanolytic complex, from microorganisms, have been an increasingly important biotechnological tool mainly in industrial processes that require high temperatures, such as in the baking industry, animal feed, textile, pulp and cellulose. Among the fungi producing thermostable enzymes, Thermomyces lanuginosus has been evidenced as a good producer of xylanases. In this context, xylanase from the recently isolated thermophilic fungus of the Paraná Atlantic Forest, T. lanuginosus, was purified, biochemically characterized, as well as a structureactivity correlation study of the enzyme was investigated through circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Extracellular xylanase was purified after four steps of ion exchange chromatographic columns and molecular filtration. The purity and molecular mass (21.3 kDa) of the enzyme were determined by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS. The xylanase is highly specific to the beechwood xylan substrate and generated mainly xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3), products characteristic of the action of endoxylanase. The enzyme was able to cleave the xylooligosaccharides xylotetraose and xylopentaose, except xylobiose and xylotriose. It exhibit higher activity at pH 6.5 and temperature of 75°C, with stability between pH 5.0-8.0 for 100 hours and thermostability between 40 and 75°C for 5 hours. The deconvolution of the circular dichroism spectrum (CD) enzyme revealed a secondary conformation rich in β-structures with transition midpoint temperature (Tm) of 73.0  0.2°C. In this structural study, xylanase reveals that to perform high enzymatic activity, it was necessary a conformational change. Its secondary structure is conserved even at pH extremes at temperatures up to 70°C and in the presence of MnCl2 (1 mM), DTT (5 mM) and high concentration of guanidine (6 M). Intrinsic fluorescence reveals that the tertiary structure is influenced by pH, guanidine (1 M) associated with temperature and in the presence of MnCl2 and DTT, whereas extrinsic fluorescence, using the ANS probe, shows changes in pH extremes and in the presence of MnCl2 and DTT. Fluorescence results suggest that both the increased enzymatic activity in the presence of cofactors and the loss of activity at extreme pH values are related to changes in the tertiary structure of the enzyme. Thus, T. lanuginosus xylanase has interesting biochemical characteristics for application in several industrial sectors that mainly use high temperature conditions. / As enzimas do complexo xilanolítico, provenientes de microrganismos, têm se tornado uma ferramenta biotecnológica cada vez mais importante, principalmente em processos industriais que requerem temperaturas elevadas, como na indústria de panificação, de rações animais, têxtil, polpa e celulose. Dentre os fungos produtores de enzimas termoestáveis, Thermomyces lanuginosus tem se destacado como bom produtor de xilanases. Nesse contexto, a xilanase do fungo termofílico recentemente isolado da Mata Atlântica do Paraná, T. lanuginosus, foi purificada, caracterizada bioquimicamente, bem como um estudo de correlação estruturaatividade da enzima foi investigado através das espectroscopias de dicroísmo circular e fluorescência. A xilanase extracelular foi purificada após quatro etapas cromatográficas envolvendo colunas de troca iônica e filtração molecular. A pureza e massa molecular (21,3 kDa) da enzima foram determinadas por SDS-PAGE e MALDI-TOF/MS. A xilanase é altamente específica para o substrato xilano de beechwood e gerou principalmente xilobiose (X2) e xilotriose (X3), produtos característicos da ação de endoxilanase. A enzima foi capaz de clivar os xilooligossacarídeos xitotetraose e xilopentaose, exceto a xilobiose e xilotriose. Exibe maior atividade em pH 6,5 e temperatura de 75°C, com estabilidade entre os pH 5,0-8,0 durante 100 horas e termoestabilidade entre 40 e 75°C durante 5 horas. A deconvolução do espectro de dicroísmo circular (CD) da enzima revela uma conformação secundária rica em estruturas-β, com temperatura do ponto médio da transição (Tm) de 73,0  0,2°C. Neste estudo estrutural, a xilanase revelou que, para desempenhar elevada atividade enzimática, foi necessário ocorrer mudança conformacional. Sua estrutura secundária é conservada mesmo em extremos de pH, em temperaturas até 70°C e na presença de MnCl2 (1 mM), DTT (5 mM) e elevada concentração de guanidina (6 M). A fluorescência intrínseca revela que a estrutura terciária sofre influência do pH, guanidina (1 M) associado à temperatura e na presença de MnCl2 e DTT, enquanto a fluorescência extrínseca, utilizando a sonda ANS, revela mudanças em extremos de pH e na presença de MnCl2 e DTT. Os resultados da fluorescência sugerem que tanto o aumento da atividade enzimática na presença dos cofatores quanto a perda da atividade em valores extremos de pH relacionam-se às alterações da estrutura terciária da enzima. Dessa forma, a xilanase de T. lanuginosus possui características bioquímicas interessantes para aplicação em diversos setores industriais que utilizam principalmente condições de temperatura elevada.
185

Estudos da correlação estrutura-função da enzima Clorocatecol 1,2-Dioxigenase de Pseudomonas putida / Studies of the structure-function correlation of the chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase enzyme from Pseudomonas putida

Mesquita, Nathalya Cristina de Moraes Roso 13 February 2012 (has links)
O intenso uso de compostos orgânicos em conjunto com o grande avanço industrial culminou em um enorme acúmulo de poluentes orgânicos no meio ambiente. Dentre estes poluentes têm-se destacado a presença de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos altamente tóxicos e resistentes à degradação física, química, fotolítica e biológica. Desta maneira, uma nova forma de combater a presença deste tipo de composto no meio ambiente têm sido estudada: o uso de microorganismos, naturais ou geneticamente modificados, capazes de transformá-los em substâncias inertes, como CO2 e água. Tal metodologia é denominada biorremediação. Dentres estes microorganismos destacam-se bactérias dos gêneros Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Beijerinckia, dentre outros, que têm sido estudadas para esta finalidade. A enzima clorocatecol 1,2-dioxigenase (Pp 1,2-CCD) é uma das proteínas expressas por bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas putida, sendo responsável pela clivagem de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos através da incorporação de ambos os átomos de uma molécula de oxigênio à estrutura do anel aromático, sendo a proteína escolhida para desenvolvermos o presente trabalho. Mais especificamente, nos interessa estudar como o mecanismo de ação da referida enzima é controlado por moléculas extrínsecas, como fosfolipídios. Tal interesse pela interação entre a enzima e fosfolipídios surgiu recentemente quando da obtenção da primeira estrutura cristalográfica de uma enzima da família da CCD (dioxigenases intradióis). Nesta estrutura foi observado um sítio de ligação por monômero para fosfolipídios, o que fez com que várias questões relativas à influência desses sobre a atividade da enzima fossem levantadas. Nosso objetivo foi fazer uso das técnicas de Dicroísmo Circular (CD), Calorimetria e Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) para estudar alterações conformacionais da enzima e de sua cinética induzidas por moléculas de fosfolipídio, e assim, obter informações que correlacionem as mudanças estruturais com o mecanismo de atividade enzimática da enzima. Os resultados obtidos através do uso daquelas técnicas em conjunto com protocolos que possibilitam a delipidação da enzima mostraram que a presença do fosfolipídios na estrutura da enzima tem influência sobre a atividade enzimática. Quando retiramos o fosfolipídio/ácido graxo, pudemos visualizar uma pequena mudança na estrutura secundária da enzima, um aumento da entalpia de reação, bem como um aumento na velocidade de reação, enquanto que a afinidade da enzima pelo substrato diminuiu. Pudemos também observar uma maior estabilidade térmica da enzima quando na ausência do fosfolipídio/ácido graxo e não foi observado interação da Pp 1,2-CCD com modelos micelares constituídos por lisofosfolipídios. Um breve estudo realizado sobre o papel da força iônica na atividade e na estabilidade térmica da proteína mostrou que na ausência de NaCl, em pH 8, a enzima se mostrou mais ativa, com uma afinidade pelo substrato maior e neste ambiente com baixa força iônica foi observado uma pequena interação da enzima com modelos micelares carregados negativamente. Assim, pudemos concluir que as moléculas anfipáticas, retiradas com os processos de delipidação, apesar de modificarem muito pouco a estrutura secundária da enzima, ainda assim instauram modificações na sua função de catálise do substrato catecol. Esta informação juntamente com os dados sobre inibição do processo reacional ocasionada pelo produto da reação formam um novo conjunto de dados que pode ser utilizado para se alcançar o objetivo mais geral de se controlar a atividade biológica da Pp 1,2-CCD. / The intensive use of organic compounds in conjunction with the industrial advances led to a huge accumulation of organic pollutants in the environment. Among these pollutants it has been noticed the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons that are highly toxic and resistant to physical, chemical and biological degradation. Thus, a new way to deal with the presence of this compounds in the environment has been studied: the use of microorganisms, natural or genetically modified, that can turn them into inert substances such as CO2 and water. This methodology is called bioremediation. Among those microorganisms, bacteria from the gender Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Beijerinckia, among others, have been studied for this purpose. The enzyme chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase (Pp 1,2-CCD) is one of the proteins expressed by Pseudomonas putida bacteria, being responsible for the cleavage of aromatic hydrocarbons through the incorporation of both atoms of a molecule of oxygen into the aromatic ring structure, being the protein chosen for investigation in this work. More specifically, we are interested in studying how the mechanism of action of this enzyme is controlled by extrinsic molecules such as phospholipids. The interest in the interaction between the enzyme and phospholipids arose recently when the first crystal structure of an enzyme of the intradiol dioxygenase family was reported. In this structure it was observed a binding site for a phospholipid per monomer, which raised many issues concerning its influence on the activity of the enzyme. Our goal was to use the techniques of Circular Dichroism (CD), calorimetry and Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR) to study enzyme conformational changes and kinetics alterations induced by phospholipid molecules, thus gathering information on the structure-function correlation. The results obtained through those experimental techniques in conjunction with the use of protocols for protein delipidation showed that the presence of phospholipids/fatty acids in the structure of the enzyme play a role in enzyme activity. Upon removal of the phospholipid/fatty acids, we observed small changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme, an increase of the enthalpy of reactions as well as an increase in the reaction rate, whereas the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate decreased. We also observed a higher thermal stability of the Pp 1,2-CCD in the absence of the phospholipids/fatty acids, but no interaction was observed between the Pp 1,2-CCD and lysophospholipid micelles. A brief study of the function of ionic strength on the activity and thermal stability of the protein showed that in the absence of NaCl, at pH 8, the enzyme is more active, showing a greater affinity for the substrate and a low interaction was observed between Pp 1,2-CCD and negatively charged micelles. This information along with the data on the inhibition capacity of the reaction product are a new set of data that can be used to achieve the more general goal of controlling Pp 1,2-CCD biological activity.
186

Heterocyclic Cations as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Approach that Targets G-quadruplex with Different Binding Modes

Musetti, Caterina Livia 16 April 2010 (has links)
G-quadruplex structures are found in important regions of the eukaryotic genome, such as telomeres and regulatory sequences of genes, and are likely to play important roles in regulation of biological events. The significant structural differences with duplex DNA make quadruplex DNA a very attractive target for anticancer drug design. The purpose of this study is to explore conformational space in a series of heterocyclic cations to discover novel structural motifs that can selectively bind and stabilize specific G-quadruplex arrangements. A variety of biophysical techniques such as thermal melting experiments, biosensor surface plasmon resonance, circular dichroism, fluorescence displacement assay and mass spectrometry were employed to evaluate the affinity of the compounds and their recognition properties. The screening of the molecules allowed the identification of not only selective G-quadruplex ligands but also potential quadruplex groove binders. These results can be useful for the development of new efficient telomerase inhibitors which are endowed with pharmacological activity.
187

Cyanine Dye Interactions with Quadruplex and Duplex DNA: Changes in Conformation, Stability, and Affinity

Mickelson, Leah E 17 June 2011 (has links)
There is a high demand for quadruplex-specific compounds that not only bind preferentially to quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA, but also bind to one quadruplex motif over other motifs. Quadruplex structures are recognized as common occurrences in cancer cells, and if a compound could stabilize this structure, it may serve as an effective anti-cancer treatment with minimal side effects. In this study, cyanine dyes’ interactions with DNA were analyzed with fluorescence titrations, UV-Vis thermal studies, circular dichroism titrations, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. With these techniques, binding affinity, DNA stabilization, and conformational shifts were analyzed to determine if cyanine dyes could act as quadruplex-specific binding compounds for possible cancer treatments.
188

Interactions of Amyloid-Forming Peptides with Lipid Bilayer Membranes

January 2012 (has links)
Amyloid-proteins are among the most actively researched biological topics today, because they have been associated with many serious human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. In particular the deposition of protein aggregates on cell membranes has been suspected as the causes of the diseases, although the proof is still elusive. Studying the interactions of amyloid-forming peptides with lipid-bilayer membranes may clarify the pathway of the β-aggregate formation and provide new insights into the amyloid hypothesis of diseases. In this thesis, I investigate how three peptides, penetratin, amylin, and LL-37, interact with lipid membranes by using several techniques well-developed in our lab. In the study of penetratin interacting with lipid membranes, we were able to clarify the energy pathway of amyloid formation mediated by membrane-binding. This provides the sole experimental proof for the Jarrett-Lansbury theory of β- amyloid formation. Our investigation on amylin-membrane interaction clarifies how amylin in different forms damage bilayer membranes. Between penetratin and amylin we have clarified the complicated pattern of interactions between amyloid-forming peptides and lipid bilayers. The third peptide LL-37 studied in my thesis turned out to a pore forming peptide. I found the mistake made by previous investigators in several different laboratories that made them erroneously conclude that LL-37 was not a pore forming peptide. The results of these three peptides show that methods we used are a comprehensive set of tools that can reveal a broad range of peptide properties. Both the formation of amyloid aggregates and formation of membrane pores can be explained by a two-state model proposed by Huang describing peptide-membrane interactions. For LL-37, the second state is a pore in membrane. But for penetratin and amylin the second state is an aggregation in the β form. We found that β-aggregates have low affinity within a lipid bilayer, and therefore exit from the bilayer structure. However, this exit process extracts lipid molecules from the bilayer and incorporates them in the peptide aggregates. We suggest that this is the molecular process of how amylin might damage of the membranes of β-cells.
189

Metallobiochemistry of RNA: Mg(II) and Fe(II) in divalent binding sites

Okafor, Chiamaka Denise 21 September 2015 (has links)
Cations are essential for ribonucleic acids (RNA), as they neutralize the negatively charged phosphate backbone. Divalent metals play important roles in the folding and function of RNA. The relationship between RNA and divalent cations magnesium (Mg(II)) and iron (Fe(II)) has been investigated. Mg(II) is involved in tertiary interactions of many large RNAs, and necessary for ribozyme activity. The influence of Mg(II) on RNA secondary and tertiary structure is investigated experimentally. Mg(II) binding to A-form RNA is accompanied by changes in CD spectra, indicating that Mg-RNA interactions influence the helical structure of RNA duplexes and helical regions of unfolded RNAs. Quantum mechanics calculations are used to probe the energetics of Mg(II)-chelation with phosphate oxygen atoms of nucleic acids. We identify the specific forces that contribute to stability of Mg(II)-chelation complexes in RNA. Fe(II) can serve as a substitute for Mg(II) in RNA folding and function. Fe(II) was abundant on early earth, it is plausible that RNA folding and function was mediated by Fe(II) instead of, or in combination with, Mg(II) in the anoxic environment of early earth. We have investigated oxidoreductase catalytic activity observed in RNA when in combination with Fe(II). This activity, only observed in the presence of Fe(II) and absence of Mg(II)appears to be a resurrection of ancient RNA capabilities that were extinguished upon the depletion of Fe(II) from the environment during the rise of oxygen after the great oxidation event. Finally, metal-ion based cleavage of RNA is used to identify the binding sites of Mg(II) and Fe(II). We observe that both metals cleave RNA in similar positions, providing further support for Fe(II) as a substitute for Mg(II) in RNA.
190

Chiralinių supramolekulinių tektonų, turinčių biciklo[3.3.1]nonano fragmentą, sintezė, struktūros ir asociacijos tyrimai / Synthesis, Structural and Association studies of Chiral Supramolecular Tectones Based on Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Framework

Bagdžiūnas, Gintautas 27 December 2012 (has links)
Supramolekulinė chemija – tyrimų kryptis, nagrinėjanti struktūras, sudarytas iš riboto ir neriboto skaičiaus molekulių (tektonų), sąveikaujančių tarpusavyje silpnosiomis nekovalentinėmis sąveikomis. Žinoma, kad medžiagų savybės užkoduotos ne tik molekulių struktūroje, bet ir jų tarpusavio išsidėstyme. Savo ruožtu, chirališkumas yra vienas iš faktorių, leidžiančių vienoms molekulėms atpažinti kitas. Pagrindiniai disertacijos tikslai: nustatyti 1) chiralinių, konformaciškai suvaržytų bei labilių junginių, turinčių biciklo[3.3.1]nonano fragmentą, chromoforų prigimties, tarpusavio orientacijos ir atstumo įtaką chiroptinėms savybėms, 2) chiralinių tripakeistų aromatinių, turinčių biciklo[3.3.1]nonano pakaitus, ir kompleksinių paladžiociklinių junginių chirališkumo ir struktūros įtaką formuojant įvairaus lygio tvarkias supramolekulines struktūras. Naudojantis apskritiminio dichroizmo spektroskopijair teoriškai atliktais ab initio skaičiavimais charakterizuotos molekulės, turinčios įvairios elektroninės prigimties chromoforus, bei jose vykstantys elektroniniai šuoliai. Susintetinti tripakeisti aromatiniai junginiai, turintys išorinius biciklo[3.3.1]nonano ir įvairių dydžių aromatinius fragmentus. Ištirta tokių save atpažįstančių chiralinių tripakeistų aromatinių junginių struktūros įtaka supramolekulinei asociacijai tirpale ir ant paviršiaus. Nustatyta, kad susintetinti V formos chiralinis ir raceminis dialkinbiciklo[3.3.1]nonenil- ligandai, turintys koordinuojantį piridino pakaitą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The supramolecular chemistry of assemblies composed of a limited or infinite number of the molecular tectons interacting with each other via noncovalent interactions was investigated with a special emphasize on the chirality of the building blocks. The following objectives were pursued in this work: 1) to determine the electronic structure of both conformationally rigid and labile chiral bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane compounds, the mutual orientation and distance of the chromophores and its impact on chiroptical properties, 2) to study the influence of chirality and structure of palladacycle and trisubstituted compounds, containing external bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl- and aromatic fragments of different size on the formation of various supramolecular structures. The chiral bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane compounds with chromophores of different electronic nature were synthesized. The possibilities of exciton interaction and charge transfer phenomena were studied in the obtained molecules. The influence of chirality and structure of trisubstituted compounds containing external bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl- and aromatic fragments of different size on supramolecular association in solution and on the surface was investigated. In solution, the trisubstituted compounds exist in the form of nanoparticles with regular supramolecular structure. It was shown that the V-shaped chiral and racemic dialkynbicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl- ligands having coordinating pyridine moiety, form rhomb-shaped palladacycle. The racemic and... [to full text]

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