Review of HISTORI CAL DICTIONARY OF SEXSPIONAGE. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009. 400p. bibl. index. $85.00, ISBN 978-0810859999

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) produces spatial images with pixels that, instead of consisting of three colors, consist of hundreds of spectral measurements. Because there are so many measurements for each pixel, analysis of HSI is difficult. Frequently, standard techniques are used to help make analysis more tractable by representing the HSI data in a different manner. This research explores the utility of representing the HSI data in a learned dictionary basis for the express purpose of material identification and classification. Multiclass classification is performed on the transformed data using the RandomForests algorithm. Performance results are reported. In addition to classification, single material detection is considered also. Commonly used detection algorithm performance is demonstrated on both raw radiance pixels and HSI represented in dictionary-learned bases. Comparison results are shown which indicate that detection on dictionary-learned sparse representations perform as well as detection on radiance. In addition, a different method of performing detection, capitalizing on dictionary learning is established and performance comparisons are reported, showing gains over traditional detection methods.

Data-Driven Pronunciation Generation for ASR Maria Obedkova In ASR systems, dictionaries are usually used to describe pronunciations of words in a language. These dictionaries are typically hand-crafted by linguists. One of the most significant drawbacks of dictionaries created this way is that linguistically motivated pronunciations are not necessarily the optimal ones for ASR. The goal of this research was to explore approaches of data-driven pro- nunciation generation for ASR. We investigated several approaches of lexicon generation and implemented the completely new data-driven solution based on the pronunciation clustering. We proposed an approach for feature extraction and researched different unsupervised methods for pronunciation clustering. We evaluated the proposed approach and compared it with the current hand-crafted dictionary. The proposed data-driven approach could beat the established base- lines but underperformed in comparison to the hand-crafted dictionary which could be due to unsatisfactory features extracted from data or insufficient fine tuning. 1

Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009. / Some dictionaries are presented in such a way that their target users could not easily retrieve the required semantic information with special reference to Xitsonga/English Dikixinari/Dictionary (2005). Semantic information in the dictionary is presented unsystematically. In some cases extra-linguistic information in the form of contextual guidance is presented, which is regarded as secondary information in the place of semantic information (which is primary). The study evaluates this dictionary in terms of the primary of semantic comments in Xitsonga/English Dictionary. The study finds that translation equivalents are not arranged systematically in the microstructure. The research concludes that extra-linguistic information in a form of contextual guidance must be systematical used in the microstructure of Xitsonga/English Dikixinary/Dictionary (2005) so that dictionary users could be able to retrieve systematic information that could help them to speak the target language in a communicative functional way. This as a result will lead to communicative success. / Not listed

Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / Pronunciation dictionaries or lexicons play an important role in guiding the predictive powers of an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system. As the use of automatic speech recognition systems increases, there is a need for the development of dictionaries that cover a large number of inflected word forms to enhance the performance of ASR systems. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of the morphological approach to creating a more comprehensive and broadly representative Northern Sotho pronunciation dictionary for Automatic Speech Recognition systems. The Northern Sotho verbs together with morphological rules are used to generate more valid inflected word forms in the Northern Sotho language for the creation of a pronunciation dictionary. The pronunciation dictionary is developed using the Dictionary Maker tool. The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit is used to develop a simple ASR system in order to evaluate the performance of the ASR system when using the created pronunciation dictionary.

This paper is intended to give a somewhat personal view of the new TUKI English-Swahili Dictionary (hereafter TUKI). This new dictionary is the work of many years and it`s publication is indeed to be heralded and welcomed. Both the TUKI dictionary and the publication of its earlier `companion` the Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu (KKS), which I have consulted in reviewing TUKI, are major publishing events and important contributions to Swahili lexicography. They establish the Institute of Kiswahili Research as an important, credible, and productive African research enterprise, and all of us involved in teaching Swahili owe the Institute our congratulations and support.

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Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos ontologinės ir struktūrinės metaforos, atrinktos iš Daiktavardinių frazių žodyno, kuris sudarytas iš stabiliųjų žodžių junginių (kolokacijų) ir frazių, kuriose pavartotas bent vienas daiktavardis. Kadangi abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių kolokacijos yra kalbinių metaforų išraiška, dėl to ir pasinaudota minėtu žodynu. Darbe gana išsamiai pristatyta tiek kolokacijos, tiek metaforos teorija. Apsistota ties konceptualiąja metafora. Laikomasi ir pritariama kognityvinės lingvistikos atstovų suformuluotai nuostatai, kad žmogaus konceptualioji sistema, į kurią įeina mąstymas, suvokimas, kalba, atmintis, yra iš prigimties metaforiška. Aprašius atrankos būdus ir kriterijus atrinktos ontologinės, kurios abstrakcijoms suteikia objekto ar substancijos pavidalą, sudaiktina, sumedžiagina jas, ir struktūrinės, kuriose gana aiškiai tam tikri konkretaus koncepto bruožai suteikiami abstrakčiajam, metaforos suskirstytos į semantines grupes: struktūrinės pagal tai, kokiu konkrečiu daiktu konceptualizuojami abstraktai, ontologinės – kokia konkretaus daikto savybe metaforizuojami abstraktai. Šios kiekvienos rūšies metaforos grupės skilo į dar smulkesnes semantines grupes. Išanalizavus konceptualiąsias struktūrines metaforas paaiškėjo, kad abstraktas gali būti konceptualizuojamas ir agregatinės medžiagos būsena – skysčiu, ir labai konkrečiu daiktu: taure, bagažu, skraiste. Šios metaforos įdomios tuo, kad pasirenkamu labai konkrečiu daiktu konceptualizuojami abstraktai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Present research is based on ontological and structural metaphors, manually extracted from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Nominal Phrases. The dictionary is compiled from collocations, automatically extracted from the Corpus of Present Day Lithuanian Language. All collocations contain at least one noun. The dictionary is a suitable source for the extraction of metaphors since it contains a lot of abstract noun collocations that in most cases are metaphorical. The paper presents theoretical approaches towards both issues unders analysis, i.e. metaphors and collocations. The specific object of investigation, however, is conceptual, or dead, metaphor. It is defined here as a linguistic expression of a conceptual model of a world view. Following the cognitive approach it is assumed that human conceptual system, comprising cognition, language and memory, is metaphorical in nature. After presenting the identification criteria and procedures, the outcome of analysis is presented, i.e. ontological and structural metaphors. Ontological metaphors are described as those which allow to concieve an abstract concept as a concrete tangible object or substance. Structural metaphors give a more specified and clear-cut associations with an object or entity. Both types of methaphors under analysis are subclassified according to their semantic features. In the case of ontological metaphors a semantic feature reveals just one property of an entity, in the case of structural metaphors a semantic... [to full text]

The reason for this project was the absence of a free web-based tool for terminology management that would both allow storage and management of term entries with a comprehensive set of descriptive data and incorporate a forum style discussion service for lexicographers. The goal of this project was to develop a platform independent terminology management application that would use a web interface. The objectives were to investigate into the field of electronic tools for terminology management and electronic dictionaries, to distinguish the main features of such systems that could be used in creating a free and platform independent internet based terminology management system, to put into practice the principles of dictionary making and develop a web application that would meet the requirements of easy use and the ability to provide extensive descriptive information for terms. A set of requirements was drawn, the system was designed and a working application was successfully developed using Java technology. It runs on Apache Tomcat server and uses MySQL database for storage of term data. The system was presented with an initial set of 100 terms from the field of real-time systems.

Samuel Johnson's Dictionary has long been regarded as an epoch-making book, as great a scholarly achievement as the dictionaries of the Italian, French and Spanish academies, yet more enlightened in its pretensions and its politics. For Johnson does not claim to have fixed the language; his authority is not backed by the state; his decisions as to currency, propriety, meaning, and spelling are based on a jumble of general custom, literary precedent, and reason. / I argue that the intellectual origins of Johnsonian standard English lie in Sir Edward Coke's early seventeenth-century restatement of common law doctrine and terms. Salient issues are common law's need to give an account of its antiquated, medieval vocabulary and its place in the constitutional conflict of the seventeenth century. I give an account of other possible influences on Johnson--Latin and English grammars, pedagogy, philosophical speculation on the nature of language, English prose styles, and proposals for an English academy or similar reform--but cannot find in any of them a sufficiently close conceptual parallel.