This given thesis addresses the terminology of Visual Arts in the large bilingual dictionary and provides a reflection on the problem of terminology. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part gives definitions of language for special purposes, language for general purposes, term, terminology, synonymy, equivalence or terminological dictionary. The second part of the thesis analyses the given dictionary entries of the Visual Arts from the linguistic, terminological and lexicographical point of view in the large bilingual dictionary.

Η διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στη συζήτηση ζητημάτων σχεδιασμού και διδακτικής αξιοποίησης που αφορούν τους λεξικογραφικούς ορισμούς στα μονόγλωσσα ελληνικά παιδαγωγικά λεξικά. Κύριος σκοπός της είναι η διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας διαφορετικών λεξικογραφικών προσεγγίσεων στη διατύπωση των ορισμών από την πλευρά του χρήστη. Με βάση το θέμα της και τη μεθοδολογική της προσέγγιση εντάσσεται στο επίκαιρο και αναπτυσσόμενο πεδίο της λεξικογραφίας που αφορά τη χρήση του λεξικού. Η πρωτοτυπία της έγκειται στο ότι διερευνά ζητήματα σχετικά με τη χρήση του λεξικού από μια ηλικιακή ομάδα που ελάχιστα μέχρι σήμερα έχει αποτελέσει ομάδα-στόχο πειραματικών ερευνών στη διεθνή λεξικογραφική βιβλιογραφία, πολύ λιγότερο δε στην ελληνική γλώσσα, για την οποία οι ελάχιστες ερευνητικές μελέτες σε αυτό το πεδίο βασίζονται σε ερωτηματολόγια και όχι σε πειραματικά δεδομένα. Στο θεωρητικό σκέλος, παρουσιάζονται παραδοσιακές τεχνικές (αναλυτικοί ορισμοί, ορισμοί με συνώνυμα και μορφολογικοί ορισμοί) και σύγχρονες τεχνικές (ορισμοί με πλήρη πρόταση) που κρίθηκε ότι επηρεάζουν το περιεχόμενο και τη μορφή των ορισμών, και τελικά το βαθμό κατανόησής τους από τους τελικούς αναγνώστες. Στο εμπειρικό σκέλος, παρουσιάζεται η πειραματική έρευνα στην οποία συμμετέχουν 351 μαθητές των δύο τελευταίων τάξεων του δημοτικού. Στόχος της έρευνας είναι να αξιολογήσει την αποτελεσματικότητα παραδοσιακών και των πιο σύγχρονων προσεγγίσεων στη διατύπωση των λεξικογραφικών ορισμών, με βάση την επίδοση των μαθητών σε δύο τεστ (παραγωγή προτάσεων και κατανόηση σημασίας). Το ποσοστό των σωστών απαντήσεων για τους μαθητές που συμβουλεύτηκαν τους προτασιακούς ορισμούς ανέρχεται στο 72,4%, ενώ τα ποσοστά των σωστών απαντήσεων των μαθητών που συμβουλεύτηκαν τους παραδοσιακούς ορισμούς με δυσκολότερο και απλούστερο λεξιλόγιο ανήλθαν στο 22,9% και 26,6% αντίστοιχα. Ειδικότερα, παρατηρήθηκε ότι οι προτασιακοί ορισμοί βοήθησαν στην αποτελεσματικότερη κατανόηση της σημασίας μιας λέξης αλλά και στην ενεργοποίηση παραγωγικών μηχανισμών σύνδεσης της περιγραφόμενης σημασίας με τις πραγματολογικές καταστάσεις στις οποίες αυτή συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται. Η δήλωση των συμφραστικών επιλογών και των σημασιολογικών προτιμήσεων μιας λέξης μέσα στο κείμενο του ορισμού, σε ρέοντα φυσικό λόγο, βοηθά την ορθή χρήση και την ορθή αναγνώριση της σημασίας των λέξεων, ενώ ειδικότερα στην παραγωγή προτάσεων ενεργοποιεί συνδέσεις μεταξύ συστηματικών σημασιολογικών σχέσεων μέσω λογικών συναγωγών, που βοηθούν τους μαθητές να χρησιμοποιούν παραγωγικότερα τις λέξεις στα δικά τους κείμενα. Η δήλωση της συντακτικής συμπεριφοράς μέσα στο κείμενο του ορισμού βοηθά τους μαθητές να αναπαραγάγουν σε ικανοποιητικό βαθμό τη συντακτική δομή των λέξεων κατά τη δημιουργία δικών τους προτάσεων. Τέλος, με βάση και τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας, διατυπώνονται προτάσεις και δραστηριότητες για την εκπαίδευση των μαθητών στην αποτελεσματικότερη χρήση και αξιοποίηση των λεξικογραφικών ορισμών. / In the present thesis, we discuss issues concerning the design of Greek pedagogical dictionaries and the teaching of dictionary use. More specifically, emphasis is given on issues concerning the design of definitions in these dictionaries as well as students’s training for more effective use of dictionary definitions. We discuss traditional and contemporary defining approaches and we conduct an experimental research in order to investigate the effectiveness of these approaches, as they are represented by three Greek pedagogical dictionaries. The research aims at revealing which defining approach contributes more effectively in the comprehension and production of word’s meaning by students of senior primary school. In the Part I, we present the contemporary framework of pedagogical lexicography and we discuss the need for research on dictionary use. In order to better illustrate the contemporary scene of pedagogical lexicography, we present the component parts of dictionaries, as well as the structure of the lexicographic entry in the monolingual pedagogical dictionaries, and we summarise how computer has influenced the form and the content of the contemporary dictionary. In the Part II, we summarise the different views in the relevant bibliography regarding the term “definition”, and we also present traditional and contemporary defining techniques that seem to influence the content and the form of definitions, and accordingly their accessibility by the dictionary users. In the framework of traditional techniques, we examine the conventional dictionary definition, which, as regards its content, focuses in the description of the essential characteristics of the word meaning and, as regards its form is characterised by elliptical phrases, the use of synonyms and derivatives, certain formulaic defining components, and normally difficult vocabulary. As an alternative to the traditional defining approach, we examine the example of full-sentence definitions, which instead of elliptical phrases they make use of the full sentence scheme, in order to explain not only the meaning of words but also the most typical instances of the words’s use. In the Part III, we make a review of the methodological considerations on the research of dictionary use, illustrating thus the general framework according to which our own research is viewed. Next, we discuss issues concerning teaching of the so-called reference skills of the dictionary users, aiming at a most effective use of the dictionary in general and in a more effective grasp and exploitation of the dictionary definitions in particular. The Part IV presents the experimental research with 351 Greek native speakers, students of senior primary school. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the traditional and the more contemporary defining approaches that was analysed in the theoretical part of the study, measuring students’s performance in two tasks. The subjects that took part in the experiment were accidentally separated in three different teams; the first team consulted traditional definitions without vocabulary restrictions, the second team consulted traditional definitions with easier vocabulary, and the third team consulted full-sentence definitions. In the first task, students were asked to produce their own sentences, after they have read the relevant definitions for six (6) words, and in the latter task they were asked to identify the right meaning of nine (9) words in multiple choice exercises. At the end of this part we summarise the conclusions of the experiment. In both production and identification tasks, the full-sentence definitions yielded 72,4% correct answers, while the traditional definitions with difficult and less difficult vocabulary yielded 22,9% and 26,6% respectively. More specifically, it was observed that the full-sentence definitions, focusing on the description of prototypical characteristics, were proved more effective in helping students understand word meaning and also more effective in activating productive mechanisms towards linking of the described meaning to its typical instances of use. Inclusion of semantic preferences and syntactic structure of a word in its definition helped students to use the described word more effectively in their own sentences. Moreover, the definition’s simple vocabulary and simple structure made meaning of a word more accessible. Finally, the use of a full-sentence instead of an elliptical phrase directs the attention of students to the whole phrasing of the definition, thus helping them avoid basing interpretation of the word’s meaning in one word or one phrase of the definition, a behaviour that was proved to be triggered by the traditional definitions. In the Part V, taking in account the experiment’s results, we present classroom activities for training students towards more effective consulting and use of dictionary definitions.

Στην εργασία, αυτή, εξετάζονται οι μέθοδοι συμπίεσης του συνόλου δοκιμής με τη χρήση πινάκων που έχουν ήδη προταθεί και προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος συμπίεσης δεδομένων δοκιμής για πυρήνες που ο έλεγχος ορθής λειτουργίας υλοποιείται μέσω μονοπατιών ολίσθησης. Η νέα μέθοδος επαναχρησιμοποιεί μπλοκ του πίνακα για τη σύνθεση διανυσμάτων δοκιμής. Δύο νέοι αλγόριθμοι παρουσιάζονται για επιλεκτική και πλήρη καταχώρηση τμημάτων του συνόλου δοκιμής σε πίνακα. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος συγκρίνεται με τις υπάρχουσες μεθόδους ως προς το ποσοστό συμπίεσης αλλά και ως προς το κόστος υλοποίησης. Για την αξιολόγηση της μεθόδου λαμβάνονται υπόψη σύνολα δοκιμής που έχουν παραχθεί για την ανίχνευση απλών σφαλμάτων μόνιμης τιμής, απλών σφαλμάτων μόνιμης τιμής με πολλαπλότητα ανίχνευσης Ν (Ν-detect) και σφαλμάτων καθυστέρησης μετάβασης. / In this work we refer to dictionary based test data compression methods. At first the already known dictionary based test data compression methods are comparably presented. Then we propose a new method and we show that the test data compression achieved by a dictionary based method can be improved significantly by suitably reusing parts of the dictionary entries. To this end two new algorithms are proposed, suitable for partial and complete dictionary coding respectively. For the evaluation of the proposed method, test sets have been generated and used based on the stuck-at fault model for single and N detection of each fault as well as on the transition fault model.

Cette thèse porte sur la lexicographie bilingue, plus précisément entre l’islandais et le français, avec comme objectif de jeter les bases d’un nouveau dictionnaire islandais-français qui serait accessible en ligne. Pour cela, nous avons rédigé des articles de dictionnaire en nous appuyant sur une nouvelle base de données lexicographiques développée pour des dictionnaires bilingues en ligne avec l’islandais comme langue source (ISLEX). Nous nous concentrons sur les besoins des utilisateurs islandais voulant s’exprimer en français mais nous partons du principe que le dictionnaire devrait également servir aux francophones. À travers notre traitement lexicographique, nous portons une attention spéciale à la syntagmatique et au traitement des locutions plus ou moins figées dans un dictionnaire bilingue. En effet, nous estimons qu’un bon dictionnaire bilingue devrait accorder une importance particulière aux unités phraséologiques telles que les collocations et les locutions figées de sens figuré. Après avoir étudié le rôle et la structuration idéale des dictionnaires bilingues selon les différentes fonctions qu’ils peuvent avoir, celle de l’encodage et celle du décodage, nous passons ensuite à une discussion sur la phraséologie et l’importance des locutions figées et semi-figées dans les dictionnaires bilingues. Nous présentons, par la suite, la microstructure de nos articles ainsi que les outils et les ressources informatiques sur lesquels nous nous appuyons. Les résultats de notre réflexion sur l’élaboration d’un nouveau dictionnaire islandais-français sont présentés sous la forme d’articles, suivis de remarques et d’explications sur nos choix lexicographiques. / This doctoral thesis on bilingual lexicography, and more precisely on lexicography between Icelandic and French, aims to lay the foundations for a new Icelandic-French dictionary that will be available on-line. To that purpose, we write entries for an Icelandic-French dictionary based on a new lexicographical database for Icelandic (ISLEX). The focus is on the needs of Icelandic users who wish to express themselves in French. However, it is clear that an Icelandic-French dictionary will also be useful for French speakers. Through our lexicographical treatment, we pay special attention to the syntagmatic analysis and to the presentation of more or less fixed phraseological units in a bilingual dictionary such as collocations and set phrases, since we consider that a good bilingual dictionary should take phraseological units into account. Having studied the role and the ideal structure of bilingual dictionaries according to the various functions that they can have, the encoding one and the decoding one, we then discuss phraseology and the importance of set phrases in bilingual dictionaries. The microstructure of our articles is then presented as well as the tools and resources on which we base our work. The outcome of our reflection on the writing of a new Icelandic-French dictionary is shown in the form of dictionary entries followed by remarks where an account is given of the way in which some lexicographical problems are tackled and our lexicographical choices are explained.

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a elaboração da arquitetura de um dicionário eletrônico off-line em CD-ROM, pedagógico, bilíngue italiano-português, para aprendizes brasileiros adultos. Iniciando-se pela representatividade lexical nos dicionários, procurou-se abordar os critérios de eleição dos corpora de base em sua preparação e a consequente seleção de verbetes, indicativos do público-alvo destes dicionários. Após esta introdução ilustrativa feita com exemplos reais de escolhas lexicais no decorrer da história dos dicionários monolíngues e bilíngues na esfera da língua italiana e portuguesa, enfatizaram-se o valor da língua oral para os aprendizes bem como as recentes pesquisas nesta direção. No âmbito da lexicografia crítica, fez-se necessária a criação de uma metodologia de análise apropriada, aplicada a diferentes dicionários existentes, principalmente aos que utilizam mídias eletrônicas, elaborando-se formulários específicos com vistas à padronização e otimização deste processo de avaliação, e à criação de futuros produtos lexicográficos. A princípio tais formulários foram elaborados como um meio para se alcançar o objetivo final, mas acabaram se transformando naturalmente em uma nova meta criativa. O alcance da verificação foi sendo ampliado para que se pudesse catalogar qualquer dicionário, principalmente quanto às suas informações gerais, macroestrutura, microestrutura (denominadas aqui preferencialmente macroarquitetura e microarquitetura), e possibilidades e recursos oferecidos pelo formato eletrônico. A partir destes resultados, sugere-se uma proposta do modelo teórico selecionado, apresentado na forma de telasexemplo para CD-ROM, considerando-se que a estrutura digital seja uma ferramenta imprescindível à didática do ensino de línguas estrangeiras. / This dissertation\'s main objective is the development of the architecture of an off-line pedagogic, bilingual Italian-Portuguese electronic dictionary on CD-ROM for Brazilian adult learners. Starting at the lexical representation in dictionaries, it was sought to address their base corpora selection criteria and subsequent entry selection, indicative of their target audience. After this illustrative introduction made with real examples of lexical choices in the course of the history of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for Italian and Portuguese language, emphasis was given to the value of oral language to learners, as well as the recent research in this field. As part of the critical lexicography, it was necessary to create an appropriate methodology of analysis applied to various existing dictionaries, especially to those using electronic media, and to develop specific forms having in view the standardization and optimization of this evaluation process and the creation of future lexicographical \'products\'. At first these forms were prepared as a way to achieve the ultimate goal, but eventually it naturally became a new creative aim. The scope of the verification was expanded so that one could categorize any dictionary, especially regarding its general information, macrostructure, microstructure (preferably called here \'macroarchitecture\' and \'microarchitecture\'), and the resources and possibilities offered by electronic format. From these results, it is suggested a proposal of the selected theoretical model, presented as example-screens for CD-ROM, considering that the digital infrastructure is an indispensable tool to the didactic teaching of foreign languages.

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a elaboração da arquitetura de um dicionário eletrônico off-line em CD-ROM, pedagógico, bilíngue italiano-português, para aprendizes brasileiros adultos. Iniciando-se pela representatividade lexical nos dicionários, procurou-se abordar os critérios de eleição dos corpora de base em sua preparação e a consequente seleção de verbetes, indicativos do público-alvo destes dicionários. Após esta introdução ilustrativa feita com exemplos reais de escolhas lexicais no decorrer da história dos dicionários monolíngues e bilíngues na esfera da língua italiana e portuguesa, enfatizaram-se o valor da língua oral para os aprendizes bem como as recentes pesquisas nesta direção. No âmbito da lexicografia crítica, fez-se necessária a criação de uma metodologia de análise apropriada, aplicada a diferentes dicionários existentes, principalmente aos que utilizam mídias eletrônicas, elaborando-se formulários específicos com vistas à padronização e otimização deste processo de avaliação, e à criação de futuros produtos lexicográficos. A princípio tais formulários foram elaborados como um meio para se alcançar o objetivo final, mas acabaram se transformando naturalmente em uma nova meta criativa. O alcance da verificação foi sendo ampliado para que se pudesse catalogar qualquer dicionário, principalmente quanto às suas informações gerais, macroestrutura, microestrutura (denominadas aqui preferencialmente macroarquitetura e microarquitetura), e possibilidades e recursos oferecidos pelo formato eletrônico. A partir destes resultados, sugere-se uma proposta do modelo teórico selecionado, apresentado na forma de telasexemplo para CD-ROM, considerando-se que a estrutura digital seja uma ferramenta imprescindível à didática do ensino de línguas estrangeiras. / This dissertation\'s main objective is the development of the architecture of an off-line pedagogic, bilingual Italian-Portuguese electronic dictionary on CD-ROM for Brazilian adult learners. Starting at the lexical representation in dictionaries, it was sought to address their base corpora selection criteria and subsequent entry selection, indicative of their target audience. After this illustrative introduction made with real examples of lexical choices in the course of the history of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for Italian and Portuguese language, emphasis was given to the value of oral language to learners, as well as the recent research in this field. As part of the critical lexicography, it was necessary to create an appropriate methodology of analysis applied to various existing dictionaries, especially to those using electronic media, and to develop specific forms having in view the standardization and optimization of this evaluation process and the creation of future lexicographical \'products\'. At first these forms were prepared as a way to achieve the ultimate goal, but eventually it naturally became a new creative aim. The scope of the verification was expanded so that one could categorize any dictionary, especially regarding its general information, macrostructure, microstructure (preferably called here \'macroarchitecture\' and \'microarchitecture\'), and the resources and possibilities offered by electronic format. From these results, it is suggested a proposal of the selected theoretical model, presented as example-screens for CD-ROM, considering that the digital infrastructure is an indispensable tool to the didactic teaching of foreign languages.

The brain is a complex organ that is computationally strong. Recent research in the field of neurobiology help scientists to better understand the working of the brain, especially how the brain represents or codes external signals. The research shows that the neural code is sparse. A sparse code is a code in which few neurons participate in the representation of a signal. Neurons communicate with each other by sending pulses or spikes at certain times. The spikes send between several neurons over time is called a spike train. A spike train contains all the important information about the signal that it codes. This thesis shows how sparse coding can be used to do speech recognition. The recognition process consists of three parts. First the speech signal is transformed into a spectrogram. Thereafter a sparse code to represent the spectrogram is found. The spectrogram serves as the input to a linear generative model. The output of themodel is a sparse code that can be interpreted as a spike train. Lastly a spike train model recognises the words that are encoded in the spike train. The algorithms that search for sparse codes to represent signals require many computations. We therefore propose an algorithm that is more efficient than current algorithms. The algorithm makes it possible to find sparse codes in reasonable time if the spectrogram is fairly coarse. The system achieves a word error rate of 19% with a coarse spectrogram, while a system based on Hidden Markov Models achieves a word error rate of 15% on the same spectrograms. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert ist die Rede der Enzyklopädisten - gemeint sind damit alle, wohl mehrere hundert alphabetisch geordneten und umfangsstarken Wissenswerke vor und nach der französischen 'Encyclopedie' (1751- 1765) - erkennbar darin unterschiedlich, je nachdem, an welches Publikum sie sich richten. Dabei kann man vom Beispiel der französischen Akademie ausgehen und vermutungsweise zwei Haupttypen unterscheiden, nämlich das allgemeine Publikum und die Fachleserschaft. Einen charakteristischen Fall scheinen medizinische Enzyklopädien abzugeben, denn bei medizinischen Artikeln kann man sogar davon sprechen. dass die unterschiedlichen Redeweisen enzyklopädischer Werke zwei Körper konstituieren: den ärztlichen Behandlungsgegenstand und den Körper des Bürgers. Während der eine Objekt von Praktiken ist, akkumuliert der andere anatomische und chirurgische Kenntnisse als theoretisches Wissen. Die therapeutische Wirkung der Lektüre ist entsprechend verschieden. Für den Arzt bedeutet eine fachliche Auskunft immer auch eine mögliche Handlungsanweisung, für den Laien reduziert sich der praktische Anwendungsnutzen auf präventive Maßnahmen oder lediglich auf ein Verständnis ärztlicher Kunst. Der Unterschied ist einfach zu beobachten, wenn man die beiden Textsorten - den Fachartikel und den des allgemeinen Wissens - auseinander hält. Das soll im Folgenden am Beispiel einer medizinischen Enzyklopädie geschehen, deren Artikel die fachsprachlichen Vermittlungs- und Lesetechniken überschreiten und eine allgemeinbildende Wissensartikulation auch im Bereich des medizinischen Wissens durchsetzen wollen. Es handelt sich um das kurz vor der berühmten 'Encyclopedie' von Diderot und d'' Alembert veröffentliche 'Medical Dictionary' von Robert James.

This paper sets out a particular concept of intellectual history for discussion and debate concerning the guidelines for our project for the International Dictionary of Intellectual Historians. First let me advance the idea that intellectual history is written everywhere, not only in West European countries, where it emerged, but in East European countries, too, and second that it really is a concept that applies not just to Europe alone but to the whole world, although this suggestion will vastly complicate our notions of intellectual history.

Магистерская работа посвящена систематизации терминологической системы молекулярной генетики агрономии и зоотехнии и созданию англо-русского глоссария терминологии данной области знания. В работе представлена теоретическая база исследования, включающая публикации в области терминоведения и терминографии; проведена классификация терминологической системы и описан алгоритм разработки глоссария. / The master's thesis is devoted to systematization of terminological system of molecular genetics in agronomy and zootechnics and development of English-Russian glossary of terminology in this field. The paper presents the theoretical basis of the study, including publications in the field of terminology and terminography; a classification of the terminological system is made and the algorithm for developing a glossary is described.